View source for Suwiryo

{{short description|Indonesian politician (1903–1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix   = [[Priyayi#Raden|Raden]]
| name               = Suwiryo
| image              = Suwirjo, Kami Perkenalkan (1954), p44.jpg
| image_size         = 220px
| alt                = Official portrait of Suwiryo
| caption            = Official portrait, {{circa|1954}}
| order1             = 6th
| office1            = Indonesian National Party#Chairmen{{!}}Chairman of the<br/>Indonesian National Party
| term_start1        = 28 July 1956
| term_end1          = 29 July 1960
| predecessor1       = [[Sidik Djojosukarto]]
| successor1         = [[Ali Sastroamidjojo]]
| order2             = 5th
| office2            = Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia
| term_start2        = 6 September 1950
| term_end2          = 27 April 1951
| primeminister2     = [[Soekiman Wirjosandjojo]]
| predecessor2       = [[Hamengkubuwono IX]]
| successor2         = [[Prawoto Mangkusasmito]]
| order3             = 1st
| office3            = Governor of Jakarta{{!}}Mayor of Jakarta
| term_start3        = 30 March 1950
| term_end3          = 2 May 1951
| predecessor3       = [[Hilman Djajadiningrat]] {{small|(as Governor of the Federal Region of Batavia)}}
| successor3         = [[Sjamsuridjal]]
| term_start4        = 23 September 1945
| term_end4          = November 1947
| predecessor4       = ''Position established''
| successor4         = Elbert Marinus Stok {{small|(as Dutch Mayors of Jakarta/Batavia)}}
| birth_name         = Suwiryo
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1903|2|17|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Wonogiri]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1967|8|27|1903|2|17|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]]
| resting_place      = [[Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery]]
| party              = [[Indonesian National Party]]
| alma_mater         =
| occupation         = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Suwiryo''' ([[Van Ophuijsen Spelling System|EVO]]: '''Soewirjo'''; 17 February 1903&nbsp;– 27 August 1967) was an Indonesian politician. He served as the first [[Governor of Jakarta|Mayor]] of [[Jakarta]] following the [[proclamation of Indonesian independence]] from 1945 until 1947 and again from 1950 until 1951. Additionally, he served as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia]] under Prime Minister [[Soekiman Wirjosandjojo]] from 1951 until 1952. A member of the [[Indonesian National Party]], he was also the party's sixth chairman, serving from 1956 until his ousting by [[Ali Sastroamidjojo]] in 1960.
== Early life ==
Suwiryo was born in [[Wonogiri]], [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]), on 17 February 1903. After completing his education, he worked at the central statistical body, became a teacher, worked at an insurance company, and founded a pharmaceutical business. He became a participant in the [[Indonesian National Party]], and upon its dissolution in 1931, was one of the co-founders of the succeeding Indonesia Party.<ref name="ozone"/> During the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]], Suwiryo worked as head of economic affairs at the headquarters of the Japan-founded labor organization [[Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Indonesia)|Putera]] before later working at [[Hōkōkai|Jawa Hokokai]].<ref name="knet"/> In 1945, he became a deputy mayor of Jakarta under Japanese mayor Hasegawa Shigeo. Following the [[surrender of Japan]], a group of Indonesian officials approached Hasegawa and requested him to hand over power peacefully to Suwiryo on 7 September 1945. Though he refused the demand, Hasegawa stopped attending office, resulting in Suwiryo becoming [[de facto]] mayor.{{sfn|Cribb|1986| p = 130}}
== Political career ==
=== Mayor of Jakarta ===
Suwiryo was elected by municipal employees of Jakarta's government as the new mayor on 23 September 1945.{{sfn|Cribb|1986|p=130}} During the early parts of the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], Suwiryo continued to lead the city administration of Jakarta despite the military occupation of the [[Netherlands Indies Civil Administration|Allied forces]]. He also joined a committee that was meant to establish cooperation between the Indonesian police forces and the British military.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Robert |title=Gangsters and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution, 1945-1949 |date=2008 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780719 |pages=74, 95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcEYvqo4g6AC |language=en}}</ref> During this period, there was competition between the authorities established by the Dutch East Indies government and the Republican government, though in general the former focused on European affairs and the latter focused on the Indonesian inhabitants.{{sfn|Cribb|1986|p=133-135}}
Suwiryo was arrested by Dutch forces alongside some other Republican administrators on 20 July 1947, shortly before [[Operation Product]].{{sfn|Cribb|1986|p=142}} After being arrested for several months, Suwiryo was flown to [[Yogyakarta]] - the Republic of Indonesia's new capital - in November 1947 and he became head of demographic affairs of the government, with Daan Jahja becoming the military governor of Jakarta.<ref name="ozone"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kresna |first1=Mawa |title=Ragam Profil Gubernur DKI, dari Henk Ngantung Hingga Ahok |url=https://tirto.id/ragam-profil-gubernur-dki-dari-henk-ngantung-hingga-ahok-bAJy |access-date=14 February 2019 |work=tirto.id |date=21 September 2016 |language=id}}</ref>
Following his reappointment as mayor by Sukarno on 17 February 1950 during the [[United States of Indonesia]] period,<ref name="ozone">{{cite news |last1=Suryana |first1=Dede |title=Raden Suwiryo, Walikota Pertama Jakarta |url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2012/06/28/507/655216/raden-suwiryo-walikota-pertama-jakarta |access-date=14 February 2019 |work=Okezone |date=28 June 2012 |language=id-ID}}</ref> Suwiryo began developing Jakarta as a metropolitan city, through the development of new areas and issuance of some regulations. In 1951, he was appointed as Deputy [[Prime Minister of Indonesia|Prime Minister]] and left the office, which was briefly vacant until Suwiryo was succeeded by [[Sjamsuridjal|Syamsurizal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sedyawati |first1=Edi |last2=Rahardjo |first2=Supratnikno |last3=Johan |first3=Irmawati Marwoto |last4=Ohorella |first4=G. A. Manilet- |title=Sejarah Kota Jakarta 1950-1980 |date=1986 |publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do2KCgAAQBAJ |language=id}}</ref>
===Later career===
After his time as deputy prime minister, Suwiryo worked at the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] for some time, and became head of several state-owned banks such as {{ill|Bank Industri Negara|id}} in 1953, in addition to joining the [[Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia]].<ref name="ozone"/><ref name="knet">{{cite web |title=Suwirjo - PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia) - Member Profiles |url=http://www.konstituante.net/en/profile/PNI_suwirjo |website=Konstituante.Net}}</ref>{{sfn|Rocamora|1970|pp=147-148}} In the [[Indonesian National Party]]'s July 1956 congress, he was elected party chairman following a narrow victory over [[Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro]]. Under Suwiryo's tenure, the PNI underwent a decline and it lost ground to the [[Indonesian Communist Party]] in the provincial elections of 1957, while the party's leadership remained indecisive regarding the party's position on the increased political powers of the army and [[Sukarno]]'s [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|anti-parliamentary drive]].{{sfn|Rocamora|1970|pp=147-148}}
Suwiryo was often criticized by senior [[Liberal democracy period in Indonesia|pro-parliamentary]] PNI members such as [[Sartono]] and [[Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo]] for his compromises with Sukarno. This eventually led to the fracturing of PNI's unity in its provincial branches, several members broke off and formed [[Partindo]], and multiple army-backed PNI-affiliated organizations challenged Suwiryo's chairmanship.{{sfn|Rocamora|1970|pp=149-150}} Suwiryo was defeated by [[Ali Sastroamidjojo]] in the chairman vote during the July 1960 party congress.{{sfn|Rocamora|1970|p=151}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Perpecahan Internal Muluskan Jalan Soeharto Gembosi PNI Pasca-1965 |url=https://tirto.id/perpecahan-internal-muluskan-jalan-soeharto-gembosi-pni-pasca-1965-gdAn |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=tirto.id |date=27 April 2021 |language=id}}</ref>
=== Death ===
He died on 27 August 1967 and was buried in [[Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery]].<ref name="ozone"/><ref name="knet">{{cite web |title=Suwirjo - PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia) - Member Profiles |url=http://www.konstituante.net/en/profile/PNI_suwirjo |website=Konstituante.Net}}</ref>
==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Robert|chapter=Administrative competition in the Indonesian revolution: the dual government of Jakarta, 1945-1947
|title=The Indonesian Revolution: papers of the conference held in Utrecht, 17-20 June 1986|pages=129–143|date=1986 |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYZuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rocamora |first1=J. Eliseo |title=The Partai Nasional Indonesia 1963-1965 |journal=Indonesia |date=1970 |issue=10 |pages=143–181 |doi=10.2307/3350638 |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53493/INDO_10_0_1107123622_143_182.pdf |issn=0019-7289|jstor=3350638|hdl=1813/53493 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Governors of Jakarta}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Jakarta]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Indonesian National Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Wonogiri Regency]]