View source for Synod of Worms (868)

The '''Synod of Worms''' of May 868 was a council of the church in [[East Francia]], convoked by King [[Louis the German]] at the request of Pope [[Pope Nicholas I|Nicholas I]]. It condemned the [[Council of Constantinople (867)|Synod of Constantinople]] of 867 as heretical and condemned [[Great Moravia]] for rebelling against Louis.<ref name=EJG>Eric J. Goldberg, ''Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876'' (Cornell University Press, 2006), pp. 282–283.</ref>
The synod was attended by two archbishops, twenty bishops, a [[chorbishop]] and seven abbots. This was a high level of attendance for the ninth century in East Francia.<ref name=RS>Robert Somerville, "Review of Hartmann, ''Das Konzil von Worms 868''", ''Speculum'' '''55''':3 (1980), pp. 578–580. {{JSTOR|2847261}}</ref> It was under the presidency of Archbishop [[Liutbert of Mainz]]. Held in the aftermath of the [[Photian Schism]], which had divided the [[Greek East and Latin West]], it sought to uphold Western teaching and [[Papal primacy]]. It issued a ''Response against the Heresy of the Greeks'' ([[Latin]] ''Responsio  contra Grecorum heresim'') to refute the council of 867. In response to years of unrest in Moravia and the marches of [[March of Pannonia|Pannonia]] and [[March of Carinthia|Carantania]], the synod authorized the confiscation of the rebels' [[Allod|private property]] and their [[excommunication]]. Rebellious clergy were to be deposed from their offices. It is probable that the synod had in mind the Byzantine missionaries [[Constantine and Methodius]], who had been working in Moravia, but by 868 they had the support of Pope [[Hadrian II]] in Rome.<ref name=EJG/>
The synod issued 44 [[Canon (canon law)|canons]]. Seven of them found their way into [[Decretum Gratiani|Gratian's ''Decretum'']], a higher number than for any other Frankish synod save the [[Synod of Tribur]]. The bishops at Worms were influenced by the [[councils of Toledo]]. On matters of episcopal authority, the canons cite the ''[[Collectio Hispana]]'' and not the [[False Decretals]], either because the latter were unknown in East Francia or else were not considered authoritative there. Copies of the canons were regularly extended, however, so that some have as many as 80 canons (36 spurious). There are almost 100 surviving manuscript sources for the canons of Worms. Besides Gratian, they are also quoted in [[Regino of Prüm]], [[Burchard of Worms]], [[Bonizo of Sutri]] and [[Ivo of Chartres]].<ref name=RS/>
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==Signatories==
The signatories of the acts of the synod were:<ref>The ''acta'' are found at [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_conc_4/index.htm#page/(246)/mode/1up pp. 246–311] in [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]], Concilia 4, ''Die Konzilien der karolingischen Teilreiche 860–874'', ed. Wilfried Hartmann.</ref>
{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
*[[Liutbert of Mainz]]
*[[Adalwin of Salzburg]]
*[[Rimbert|Rimbert of Hamburg]]
*[[Altfrid of Hildesheim]]
*[[Gunzo of Worms]]
*[[Solomon I (bishop of Constance)|Salomon of Constance]]
*[[Anno of Freising]]
*[[Lantfrid of Säben]]
*[[Ermanrich of Passau]]
*[[Otgar of Eichstätt]]
*[[Witgar of Augsburg]]
*[[Ratold of Strasbourg]]
*[[Gebhard of Speyer]]
*[[Arn of Würzburg]]
*[[Liutbert of Münster]]
*[[Theoderic of Minden]]
*[[Hildegrim of Halberstadt]]
*[[Liuthard of Paderborn]]
*[[Gerolf of Verden]]
*[[Egibert of Osnabrück]]
*Bernard, ''[[chorepiscopus]]''
*Heito of [[Reichenau Abbey|Reichenau]], abbot and priest
*[[Adalgar of Corvey]], abbot and priest
*Theotroch of [[Lorsch Abbey|Lorsch]], abbot and priest
*[[Theoto|Theoto of Fulda]], abbot and priest
*Brunward of [[Hersfeld Abbey|Hersfeld]], abbot
*Egilbert (of Utrecht?), abbot
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Hartmann, Wilfried. ''Das Konzil von Worms 868: Überlieferung und Bedeutung''. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977.
[[Category:868]]
[[Category:9th-century church councils]]
[[Category:9th century in East Francia]]
[[Category:Byzantine Empire–Holy Roman Empire relations]]
[[Category:Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Great Moravia]]