View source for Tödi

{{short description|Mountain in Switzerland}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Tödi
| native_name_lang = de
| highest = Piz Russein
| photo = Tödi.jpg
| photo_size = 285
| photo_caption = Tödi and Biferten Glacier (left)
| elevation_m = 3613
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1570
| mountain_type = [[Limestone]]
| prominence_ref = <ref>Retrieved from the [[Swisstopo]] topographic maps. The key col is the [[Oberalp Pass]] (2,044&nbsp;m).</ref>
| isolation_km = 42.1
| isolation_ref = <ref>Retrieved from [[Google Earth]]. The nearest point of higher elevation is east of the [[Dammastock]].</ref>
| parent_peak = [[Finsteraarhorn]]
| map = Switzerland
| map_caption = Location in Switzerland
| listing = [[List of highest points of the cantons of Switzerland|Canton high point]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]<br />[[List of mountains of the Alps above 3000 m|Alpine mountains above 3000 m]]
| subdivision2_type = Cantons
| subdivision2 = {{hlist|[[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]]|[[Canton of Graubünden|Graubünden]]}}
| country = [[Switzerland]]
| parent = [[Glarus Alps]]
| coordinates = {{coord|46|48|40|N|8|54|53|E|type:mountain_region:CH_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| first_ascent = In 1824 by Augustin Bisquolm and Placi Curschellas
| topo_map = Swiss Federal Office of Topography [[swisstopo]]
| easiest_route =
}}
The '''Tödi''' ({{convert|3613|m}}), is a [[mountain massif]] and with the [[mountain peak]] '''Piz Russein''' the highest [[mountain]] in the [[Glarus Alps]] and the highest summit in the [[canton of Glarus]], [[Switzerland]]. It is located on the border between the cantons of [[canton of Graubünden|Graubünden]], to the south, and Glarus, to the north, close to the point where those two cantons meet the [[canton of Uri]], to the west. Although not the culminating point of Graubünden, it is its highest peak outside the [[Bernina range]].
== Geography ==
[[File:Tödi2.jpg|thumb|left|Tödi (middle) in the far back with the prominent Sandgipfel (right) and Glarner Tödi (left) from the upper Linth Valley. To the left the 2750&nbsp;m high [[Vorder Selbsanft]] and to the right the 2644&nbsp;m [[Zuetribistock]]]]
The Tödi lies in the west part of the Glarus Alps, between [[Linthal, Glarus|Linthal]] on the north and [[Disentis]] on the south. The Tödi is a vast mountain massif projecting as a promontory to the north from the range that divides the basin of the [[Linth]] from that of the [[Rhine]].
There are three principal peaks. The lowest, and northernmost, which is that seen from the Ober Sand Alp, is called ''Sandgipfel'' ({{convert|3398|m|ft|0}}). The ''Glarner Tödi'' ({{convert|3571|m|ft|0}}), long supposed to be the highest, and most conspicuous from Stachelberg and other points of view to the north, is actually the second in height. The highest summit (3,613&nbsp;m) lies west of the Glarner Tödi, and is distinguished by the Grison name ''Piz Russein''. Politically, the Tödi is split between the municipalities of [[Disentis]] and [[Sumvitg]] (Graubünden), and [[Glarus Süd]] (Glarus).
The central mass of the mountain is enclosed between two glaciers, of which the most considerable is the [[Biferten Glacier]]. This originates in a vast snow-basin south-east of the Tödi, bounded to the south by the peaks of Stoc Grond, [[Piz Urlaun]] and [[Bifertenstock]], forming the boundary of the two cantons. The last-named peak is connected with the [[Selbsanft]] by a massive wall of precipitous rocks enclosing the glacier on the east side, and forcing it, after descending at first nearly due east, to bend round first to north-east, and then due north. On the opposite side a ridge of rocks called Bifertengrätli, descending north-east from the Tödi, forms the boundary of the Biferten Glacier. The end of this nearest the Tödi is the Grünhorn, whereon stood the first hut of the [[Swiss Alpine Club]]. The Biferten Glacier is difficult to access, owing to its steepness. It includes some ice-falls, with intermediate steeps, and is much crevassed. On the west side of the Tödi lies the Sand Glacier or ''Sandfirn'', which descends towards the Sand Alp from the dividing ridge forming the pass to the south. This does not extend so far south as the head of the Biferten Glacier. The ridge running due north from the Stoc Grond to the summit of the Tödi overlooks the head of the [[Val Russein]] on the Graubünden side of the chain, but it appears that the main mass of the Tödi lies altogether on the north side of the watershed.
The [[1 E3 m|1,570-metre]] prominence is particularly visible from the Glarus side, where the difference of altitude between the summit and the Linth Valley is almost 3&nbsp;km. The difference is smaller on the south side as the Rhine Valley is above 1,000 metres.
== Geology ==
On the south side, the massif of the Tödi is mainly composed of [[gneiss]], which, according to [[Arnold Escher von der Linth|Escher von der Linth]], overlies a pioritic [[granite]] with large [[felspar]] crystals. The summit and the northern flank are mainly composed of metamorphic [[slate]], in which [[talc]] predominates, but is sometimes replaced by felspar, so that the rock sometimes approaches the condition of gneiss and sometimes that of [[mica slate]]. There are manifest traces of [[anthracite]], especially at the Bifertengrätli, where the rock in some places assumes the appearance of a [[quartzite]] mixed with fragment of talc, which has elsewhere in this region been referred to the Verrucano. To these strata succeed [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] and [[Jurassic]] [[limestone]], similar in character to those developed on a large scale in the canton of Glarus.<ref name="Ball">[[John Ball (naturalist)|John Ball]], ''The Alpine guide, Central Alps'', 1866, London</ref>
== Climbing and skiing ==
The first recorded attempts to reach the summit were made by [[Placidus a Spescha]], one of the founders of mountaineering. He was born in 1752 and entered the monastery of [[Disentis]]. It was not until 1824 that the peak was climbed, when Placidus a Spescha, accompanied by a servant and two chamois-hunters, made his sixth and final assault from the south side. On the way up they spent a night at the Russein huts and the next day, on September 1, they climbed to the gap called ''Porta da Spescha'' where Placidus and the servant watched the two hunters complete the climb to the top. They were Augustin Bisquolm and Placi Curschellas<ref>{{cite peakware|id=1365|name=Tödi|accessdate=2010-02-10}}</ref><ref>William Martin Conway, ''The Alps from End to End'', p. 158</ref>
On April 19, 1863, the [[Swiss Alpine Club]] is founded. Rudolf Theodor Simler became central president, and designated the Tödi and [[Clariden]] region as the first area of exploration. A simple shelter was made at the foot of the mountain near the Biferten Glacier, the ''Grünhorn Hut'', which was the first mountain hut of the Swiss Alpine Club.<ref>[http://www.myswitzerland.com/en/home/summervacations/adventure-sports-summer/first-ascents/first-ascent-toedi-the-alpine-club-s-first-mountain.html Tödi, the Alpine Club's first mountain] myswitzerland.com. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref>
Europe contains some of the world's largest vertical relief available to mountaineers, including lines that exceed the scale of Himalayan routes. According to Reudi Beglinger, mountain guide and founder of Selkirk Mountain Experience, ski-mountaineering options on the Tödi include what is "generally considered one of the most technically difficult lines in the Alps, almost a 10,000-foot descent".
{|style="margin:1em auto;"
| [[File:Glarus Alps.jpg|thumb|View from the east side]]
| [[File:Tödi SW.jpg|thumb|View from the southwest side]]
| [[File:Toedi.jpg|thumb|View from the northwest side]]
|}
== See also ==
*[[List of mountains of the canton of Glarus]]
*[[List of mountains of Switzerland]]
*[[List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tödi}}
* [http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150898/toedi.html Tödi on Summitpost]
{{Ultras of Europe}}
{{Swiss cantons highest points}}
{{Mountains of Switzerland|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Todi}}
[[Category:Mountains of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Alps]]
[[Category:Alpine three-thousanders]]
[[Category:Mountains of the canton of Glarus]]
[[Category:Highest points of Swiss cantons]]
[[Category:Mountains of Graubünden]]
[[Category:Glarus–Graubünden border]]
[[Category:Sumvitg]]