View source for TACK

{{Short description|Clade of Archaea}}
{{Other uses|tack (disambiguation){{!}}tack (disambiguation)}}
{{automatic taxobox
|image              = MW001-good 022-new.jpg
|image_caption      = ''[[Sulfolobus]]''
|taxon              = TACK group
|authority          = Guy & Ettema 2011
| subdivision_ranks = Phyla
| subdivision_ref   = <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castelle |first1=C.J. |last2=Banfield |first2=J.F. | year = 2018 | title = Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life | journal = Cell | volume = 172 | issue = 6 | pages = 1181–1197 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016 | pmid = 29522741| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision       =
* "[[Aigarchaeota]]"
* "[[Bathyarchaeota]]"
* "[[Culexarchaeota]]"
* "[[Geoarchaeota|Gearchaeota]]"
* "[[Geothermarchaeota]]"
* "[[Korarchaeota]]"
* "[[Marsarchaeota]]"
* "[[Nezhaarchaeota]]"
* [[Nitrososphaerota]]
* [[Thermoproteota]]
* "[[Verstraetearchaeota]]"
|synonyms =
* Crenarchaeota <small>Garrity & Holt 2002</small>
* "Eocyta" <small>Lake et al. 1984</small><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lake |first1=J.A. |last2=Henderson |first2=E. |last3=Oakes |first3=M. (Clark, M.W.) | title = Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes | journal = PNAS | year = 1984 | volume = 81 | issue = 12 | pages = 3786–3790 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786| pmid = 6587394 | pmc = 345305 |bibcode=1984PNAS...81.3786L | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lake |first=J.A. | journal = Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci | year = 2015 | volume = 370 | issue = 1678 | pages = 20140321 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2014.0321 | pmc = 4571561 | pmid = 26323753 | title = Eukaryotic origins}}</ref>
* "Filarchaeota" <small>Cavalier-Smith 2014</small>
}}
'''TACK''' is a group of [[archaea]], its name an acronym for Thaumarchaeota (now [[Nitrososphaerota]]), [[Aigarchaeota]], Crenarchaeota (now [[Thermoproteota]]), and [[Korarchaeota]], the first groups discovered. They are found in different environments ranging from [[acidophilic]] [[thermophiles]] to [[mesophiles]] and [[psychrophiles]] and with different types of [[metabolism]], predominantly anaerobic and chemosynthetic.<ref name="Guy Ettema 2011">{{cite journal | last1=Guy | first1=Lionel | last2=Ettema | first2=Thijs J.G. | title=The archaeal 'TACK' superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes | journal=Trends in Microbiology| volume=19 | issue=12 | year=2011 | doi=10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 | pages=580–587| pmid=22018741 }}</ref> TACK is a [[clade]] that is sister to the [[Asgard (archaea)|Asgard]] branch that gave rise to the [[eukaryotes]]. It has been proposed that the TACK clade be classified as '''Crenarchaeota''' and that the traditional "Crenarchaeota" (Thermoproteota) be classified as a class called "Sulfolobia", along with the other phyla with class rank or order.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7|title=Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (Eukaryotes, archaebacteria) |year=2020 |last1=Cavalier-Smith |first1=Thomas |author1-link=Thomas Cavalier-Smith |last2=Chao |first2=Ema E-Yung |journal=Protoplasma |volume=257 |issue=3 |pages=621–753 |pmid=31900730 |pmc=7203096}}</ref> After including the [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdom]] category into [[International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes|ICNP]], the proposed name of this group is kingdom '''''Thermoproteati''''' (Guy and Ettema 2024).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Göker |first1=Markus |last2=Oren |first2=Aharon |title=Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=22 January 2024 |volume=74 |issue=1 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.006242 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377596825 |pmid=38252124 |language=en |issn=1466-5026}}</ref>
== Classification ==
* [[Thermoproteota]] (formerly Crenarchaeota). It is the best known edge and the most abundant [[archaea]] in the marine ecosystem. They were previously called sulfobacteria because of their dependence on sulfur and are important as carbon fixers. There are [[hyperthermophiles]] in hydrothermal vents and other groups are the most abundant at depths of less than 100 m.
* "[[Aigarchaeota]]". It is a phylum proposed from the genome of the candidate species ''[[Caldiarchaeum]]'' subterraneum found deep within a gold mine in [[Japan]]. Genomic sequences of this group have also been found in geothermal environments, both terrestrial and marine.
* "[[Geoarchaeota]]". It includes thermophilic organisms that live in acidic environments reducing ferric iron. Alternatively it has been proposed that this and earlier group actually belong to the phylum Nitrososphaerota.
* [[Nitrososphaerota]] (formerly Thaumarchaeota). It includes mesophilic or psychrophilic organisms (medium and low temperatures), of ammonia-oxidant chemolytoautotrophic metabolism (nitrifying) and that can play an important role in biochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
* "[[Bathyarchaeota]]". It is abundant in the sediments of the seabed with a shortage of nutrients. At least some lineages develop through homoacetogenesis, a type of metabolism hitherto thought unique to bacteria.
* "[[Korarchaeota]]". They have only been found in hydrothermal environments and in low abundance. They seem diversified at different phylogenetic levels according to temperature, salinity (fresh or marine water) and geography.
== Phylogeny ==
The relationships are roughly as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | McKay et al. 2019<ref>McKay, L.J., Dlakić, M., Fields, M.W. et al. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0362-4 Co-occurring genomic capacity for anaerobic methane and dissimilatory sulfur metabolisms discovered in the Korarchaeota]. Nat Microbiol 4, 614–622 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0362-4</ref>
! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_06_2022<ref>{{cite web|title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP |website=[[The All-Species Living Tree Project]] | access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_all tree in newick format| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_06_2022.ntree |website=[[The All-Species Living Tree Project]] |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_06_2022 Release Notes| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_06_2022_release_notes.pdf |website=[[The All-Species Living Tree Project]] |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>
! colspan=1 | 53 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 08-RS214<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 08-RS214 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=ar53_r214.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r214.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade|style= font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|label1="TACK"
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Korarchaeota]]"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Bathyarchaeota]]"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Aigarchaeota]]"
|2=[[Nitrososphaerota]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Verstraetearchaeota]]"
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Thermoproteota]]
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Geoarchaeota]]"
|2="[[Marsarchaeota]]"
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1="TACK"
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Nitrososphaerota]]
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Conexivisphaeria]]
|1=[[Conexivisphaerales]]
|label2=[[Nitrososphaeria]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Nitrososphaerales]]
|2=[[Nitrosopumilales]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Thermoproteota]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Thermoprotei|Thermoproteia]]
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Thermoproteales]]
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Fervidicoccales]]
|2=Desulfurococcales 2
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Desulfurococcales]]
|2=[[Sulfolobales]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1="TACK"
|sublabel1=[[Thermoproteota]]
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1="[[Korarchaeia]]"
|1="[[Korarchaeales]]"
}}
|2={{Clade
|label1="BAT"
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Bathyarchaeia]]" (MCG)
|2={{Clade
|label1=Nitrososphaeria_A
|sublabel1=("[[Aigarchaeota]]")
|1="[[Caldarchaeales]]"
|label2=[[Nitrososphaeria]]
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Geothermarchaeales]]"
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Conexivisphaerales]]
|2=[[Nitrososphaerales]] <br />(Thaumarchaeota)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2="Sulfobacteria"
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1="[[Methanomethylicia]]"
|sublabel1=("Verstraetearchaeota")
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Methanomethylicales]]"
|2="[[Nezhaarchaeales]]"
}}
|label2="[[Thermoprotei]]a"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Gearchaeales]]"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Thermofilales]]"
|2=[[Thermoproteales]]
}}
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|label1="Sulfolobia"
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Marsarchaeales]]"
|2=[[Sulfolobales]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|}
[[File:Eocyte hypothesis.png|400px|thumb|right|Eocyte hypothesis<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Cox, C. J. |author2=Foster, P. G. |author3=Hirt, R. P. |author4=Harris, S. R. |author5=Embley, T. M. | year = 2008 | title = The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 105 | issue = 51 | pages = 20356–61 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0810647105 | pmid = 19073919 | pmc = 2629343|bibcode = 2008PNAS..10520356C |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
==Eocyte hypothesis==
The [[eocyte hypothesis]] proposed in the 1980s by [[James Lake]] suggests that [[eukaryotes]] emerged within the [[prokaryotic]] eocytes.<ref>[http://genomics.ucla.edu/eocyte/ (UCLA) The origin of the nucleus and the tree of life ] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20030207012259/http://genomics.ucla.edu/eocyte/ |date=2003-02-07 }}</ref>
One piece of evidence supporting a close relationship between TACK and eukaryotes is the presence of a homolog of the [[POLR2H|RNA polymerase subunit Rbp-8]] in Thermoproteota but not in Euryarchaea.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=18384908 | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2008.02.002 | volume=24 | issue=5 | title=Early evolution of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases | year=2008 | journal=Trends Genet. | pages=211–5 | last1 = Kwapisz | first1 = M. | last2 = Beckouët | first2 = F. | last3 = Thuriaux | first3 = P.}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==See also==
* [[List of Archaea genera]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Archaea classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q47002232}}
[[Category:Archaea taxa]]