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{{Short description|American industrial company}}
{{About|the former company|the automotive company with a similar name|TRW Automotive}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name          = TRW Inc.
| logo          = TRW_logo.svg
| caption       =
| type          =
| genre         =
| fate          = Acquired
| predecessor   =
| successor     = [[TRW Automotive]], [[Northrop Grumman]] and [[Goodrich Corporation]]
| foundation    = 1901
| founder       =
| defunct       = 2002
| location_city =
| location      = [[Euclid, Ohio]] / [[Lyndhurst, Ohio]], [[United States]]
| locations     =
| area_served   =
| key_people    = [[Simon Ramo]], [[Dean Wooldridge]]
| industry      = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]] and [[aerospace]]
| products      = [[Automotive]], [[aerospace]] and [[credit report]]ing
| services      =
| revenue       =
| operating_income =
| net_income    =
| aum           =
| assets        =
| equity        =
| owner         =
| num_employees = 122,258 (2000)<ref name=employees>{{cite news|title=CNN Money, Fortune 500, TRW, 2000 rank: 103|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/snapshots/2000/1461.html|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>
| parent        =
| divisions     =
| subsid        = [[Lucas CAV|CAV]], [[Lucas Industries#Girling|Girling]], LucasVarity Automotive and [[Lucas Aerospace]]
| website       =
| footnotes     =
| intl          =
}}
'''TRW Inc.''' was an American corporation involved in a variety of businesses, mainly [[aerospace]], [[electronics]], [[Automotive industry|automotive]], and [[Credit bureau|credit reporting]].<ref name="funding">http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/TRW-Inc-Company-History.html TRW Inc.</ref> It was a pioneer in multiple fields including electronic components, integrated circuits, computers, software and [[systems engineering]]. TRW built many [[spacecraft]], including [[Pioneer 1]], [[Pioneer 10]], and several [[space observatory|space-based observatories]]. It was #57 on the 1986 Fortune 500 list,<ref name=Fortune500>{{cite news|title=CNN Money, Fortune 500, TRW, 1986 rank: 57|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/snapshots/1986/1461.html|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> and had 122,258 employees.<ref name=employees/> The company was called '''Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.''', after the 1958 merger of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation and Thompson Products. This was later shortened to TRW.
The company was founded in 1901 and lasted for just over a century until being acquired by [[Northrop Grumman]] in 2002. It spawned a variety of corporations, including Pacific Semiconductors, [[The Aerospace Corporation]], [[Bunker Ramo|Bunker-Ramo]] and [[Experian]]. Its automotive businesses were sold off by Northrop Grumman as [[TRW Automotive]], which is now part of [[ZF Friedrichshafen]]. TRW veterans were instrumental in the founding of corporations like [[SpaceX]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CNN Money; Fortune 500; 161. TRW Automotive Holdings |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/snapshots/11190.html|year=2012|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author-first1=Ashlee|author-last1=Vance|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon-musk-spacex/|title=Elon Musk's Space Dream Almost Killed Tesla|website=Bloomberg|date=2015-05-14}}</ref>
In 1953, the company was recruited to lead the development of the United States' first [[ICBM]].<ref name=necessity>{{cite journal|title=Necessity as the Mother of Convention: Developing the ICBM, 1954-1958 |journal=Business and Economic History|volume=22|issue=1|pages=194–209|date=Fall 1993|url=http://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v022n1/p0194-p0209.pdf|issn=1941-7349|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514130407/http://thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v022n1/p0194-p0209.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury; Chapter 1 - The Lure, the lock, the Key (to 1958); Redstone and Atlas|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/ch1-5.htm|year=1989|access-date=17 February 2012}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Starting with the initial design by [[Convair]], the multi-corporate team launched [[SM-65 Atlas|Atlas]] in 1957.<ref name=atlas>{{cite web|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica; Atlas|url=http://www.astronautix.com/fam/atlas.htm|access-date=18 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114061833/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/atlas.htm|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> It flew its full range in 1958 and was then adapted to fly the [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] [[astronaut]]s into orbit.<ref name=atlas/> TRW also led development of the [[HGM-25A Titan I|Titan]] missile,<ref name= necessity/> which was later adapted to fly the [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] missions. The company served the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] as systems engineers on all subsequent ICBM development efforts<ref>{{cite web|title=TRW Inc., Company History|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/TRW-Inc-Company-History.html|year=1989|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> but TRW never produced any missile hardware because of the [[conflict of interest]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Aerospace Corp.: Profile Low, Power Great: Company is Architect of Pentagon Spacecraft and Launch Rockets|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-07-07-fi-9550-story.html|date=7 July 1985|access-date=17 February 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first=Ralph|last=Vartabedian}}</ref> In 1960, Congress spurred the formation of the non-profit [[Aerospace Corporation]] to provide systems engineering support to the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]]<ref name= necessity/> but TRW continued to guide the ICBM efforts.
== History ==
TRW originated in 1901 with the '''Cleveland Cap Screw Company''', founded by David Kurtz and four other Cleveland residents.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/850329/Charles-E-Thompson |title=Charles E. Thompson (American businessman) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=Britannica.com|access-date=2011-10-23}}</ref> Their initial products were bolts with heads electrically welded to the shafts. In 1904, a welder named Charles E. Thompson adapted their process to making automobile [[Poppet valve#Internal combustion engine|engine valve]]s <ref name="britannica.com"/> and by 1915, the company was the largest valve producer in the [[United States]].<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/industry/trw.htm TRW]</ref> Charles Thompson was named general manager of the company, which became '''Thompson Products''' in 1926.<ref name=history>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120901220008/http://tra-spacepark.org/ click on "History"]</ref> Their experimental hollow [[sodium]]-cooled valves aided [[Charles Lindbergh]]'s solo flight across the Atlantic.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/>
In 1937, Thompson Motor Products bought J.A. Drake and Sons (JADSON). The company made high-performance valves that were used in many racing engines of the day, including the [[Offenhauser|Miller Offy]]. Dale Drake (son of J.A. Drake) bought the Offy engine design with his partner Louis Meyer in 1946 and won the Indianapolis 500 twenty-seven times, more than any other engine design.<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Gordon Eliot |title=Offenhauser: The Legendary Racing Engine and the Men Who Built it |publisher=Motorbooks International |year=1996 |isbn=0879388838 |location=Wisconsin}}</ref>
During the period leading up to [[World War II]], through the end of the [[Korean War|Korean war]], Thompson Products was a key manufacturer of component parts for aircraft engines, including cylinder [[poppet valve|valves]]. The TAPCO plant, owned by the U.S. government but operated by Thompson Products, extended for almost a mile along Cleveland's Euclid Avenue. It employed over 16,000 workers at the peak of WW II production. As jet aircraft replaced piston-engined aircraft, Thompson Products became a major manufacturer of turbine blades for jet engines.
In 1950, [[Simon Ramo]] and [[Dean Wooldridge]] while working for [[Hughes Aircraft Company#Post–World War II|Hughes Aircraft]], led the development of the [[AIM-4 Falcon|Falcon radar-guided missile]], among other projects. They grew frustrated with [[Howard Hughes]]' management, and formed the '''Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation''' in September 1953,<ref name=history /> with the financial support of Thompson Products.<ref name=funding /> The detonation of a thermonuclear bomb by the Soviet Union spurred [[Trevor Gardner]] to form the [[Teapot Committee]] in October 1953. Chaired by [[John von Neumann]], its purpose was to study the development of [[ballistic missile]]s, including ICBMs. Ramo and Wooldridge were committee members, and Ramo-Wooldridge Corp. became the lead contractor of the resulting ICBM development effort, reporting to the [[United States Air Force]].
With continued backing from Thompson Products, Ramo-Wooldridge diversified into computers and [[electronic component]]s, founding Pacific Semiconductors in 1954.<ref name=Ingham>Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders, by John N. Ingham, Greenwood Publishing Group</ref><ref name=Dyer>{{cite book|last=Dyer|first=Davis|title=TRW: Pioneering Technology and Innovation Since 1900|publisher=Harvard Business Press|pages=173–174, 272–273|date=1998|isbn=0875846068}}</ref> They also produced scientific spacecraft such as [[Pioneer 1]]. Thompson Products and Ramo-Wooldridge merged in October 1958 to form Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc., unofficially known as "TRW".<ref name=history/> In February 1959, [[Jimmy Doolittle]] became chairman of the board of Space Technology Laboratories (STL), the division which continued to support the Air Force ICBM efforts.<ref name=history/>
Other aerospace companies believed TRW's Air Force advisory role granted it [[Unfair competition|unfair access]] to their technologies <ref name=Ingham/> and in September 1959, Congress issued a report recommending that STL be converted to a non-profit organization. With nearly half of STL's employees,<ref name=history/> [[The Aerospace Corporation]] was formed in June 1960. It headed the [[Atlas LV-3B|Atlas]] [[Human-rating certification|conversion]] for [[Project Mercury|Mercury]], [[Titan II GLV|Titan]] conversion for [[Project Gemini|Gemini]], and provided ongoing systems engineering support for the government. The Air Force continued its ICBM work with TRW.<ref name=funding/>
Dean Wooldridge retired in January 1962 <ref name=history/> to become a professor at [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech).<ref name=funding/> Simon Ramo became president of the [[Bunker Ramo Corporation|Bunker-Ramo Corporation]] in January 1964, jointly owned by TRW and [[Martin Marietta]] for the production of computers and [[computer monitor|monitor]]s. Thompson Ramo Wooldridge officially became TRW Inc. in July 1965.<ref name=history/> Free of anti-competitive restrictions short of ICBM hardware, STL was renamed TRW Systems Group that same month.<ref name=history/> In 1968, the company entered the credit reporting industry by purchasing Credit Data Corporation and renaming it TRW Information Systems and Services Inc. The Credit Data group was formed in 1970 <ref name=history/> to compete with [[Dun & Bradstreet]],<ref name=funding/> from the combination of TRWISS and [[ESL Incorporated]]<ref name=history/> to specialize in technical strategic [[reconnaissance]]. TRW Information Systems and Services Division (Credit Data) was [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] in 1996 to form [[Experian]].<ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Experian-Information-Solutions-Inc-Company-History.html Experian Information Solutions Inc]</ref> TRW acquired [[LucasVarity]] in 1999, then selling Lucas Diesel Systems to [[Delphi Automotive]] and [[Lucas Industries#Aerospace|Lucas Aerospace]] (then called TRW Aeronautical Systems) to [[Goodrich Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/goodrich-buys-trws-aeronautical-arm-for-1bn-180836.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/goodrich-buys-trws-aeronautical-arm-for-1bn-180836.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Goodrich buys TRW's aeronautical arm for £1bn|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=20 June 2002|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
The company was 57th <ref name=Fortune500/> on the Fortune 500 list of highest revenue American companies in 1986 and had 122,258 employees in 2000.<ref name=employees/> It operated in 25 countries.<ref name=funding/>
On 3 February 1986, the TRW plant in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], burned to the ground in an [[Multiple-alarm fire|eight-alarm fire]].<ref name="Harrisburg Plant Fire">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tg5M_ELVwWE Harrisburg Plant Fire]</ref> The damage was estimated to be greater than US$10 million and was the most serious fire to date in the area.
In February 2002, [[Northrop Grumman]] launched a US$5.9 billion hostile bid for TRW. Northrop Grumman, [[BAE Systems]], and [[General Dynamics]] contended for the company with Northrop's increased bid of US$7.8 billion ultimately being accepted on July 1, 2002. Soon afterward, the automotive assets of LucasVarity and TRW's own automotive group were sold to [[The Blackstone Group]] as [[TRW Automotive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4183/is_20020701/ai_n10053896|title=FindArticles.com - CBSi|website=findarticles.com|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
A portion of TRW's Lyndhurst campus was developed as [[Legacy Village]].  The headquarters building became home to the Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute.<ref name=arcadia>{{cite book|last=Larick|first=Roy|title=Euclid Creek|year=2005|publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9780738539539|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83jNaF8cdMwC&q=legacy+village+trw&pg=PA124}}</ref> The TRW headquarters building was demolished in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of an era: The demolition of TRW's Lyndhurst Headquarters |url=https://www.freshwatercleveland.com/breaking-ground/TRW_Lyndhurst_110923.aspx |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=FreshWater Media, LLC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Cleveland Clinic Lyndhurst building being demolished |url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/cleveland-clinic-lyndhurst-building-being-demolished/article_30e3f5b8-9477-11ee-8899-97364eda0e2d.html |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Cleveland Jewish News |language=en}}</ref>
[[Bill Gates]], the founder of [[Microsoft]], says that he got "his first big break" at age fifteen, debugging energy-grid control software for TRW. "It was kind of scary", Gates said, realizing the things the program was going to help operate. "This thing ''needs'' to work".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.powermag.com/POWERnews/5438.html?hq_e=el&hq_m=2631162&hq_l=5&hq_v=30b0075194|title=Gates Calls for Increased Spending on Energy Research, Renewed Focus on Nuclear|date=8 March 2013|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
== Aerospace ==
{{Spaceflight sidebar}}TRW Inc. was active in the development of missile systems and spacecraft, notably, the early development of the U.S. ICBM program under the leadership of the [[Teapot Committee]] led by [[John von Neumann]]. TRW pioneered systems engineering, creating the ubiquitous [[N2 chart|''N''<sup>2</sup> chart]] and the modern [[functional flow block diagram]]. It served as the primary [[Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance|source of systems engineering]] for the United States Air Force ballistic missile programs.<ref>[http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070618-036.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911032526/http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070618-036.pdf|date=11 September 2008}} extract from the USAF Space and Missile Systems Center's History Office</ref>
=== Space exploration ===
Space Technology Laboratories (STL), then a division of Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., designed and produced the identical [[Payload (air and space craft)|payloads]] for [[Pioneer 0]], [[Pioneer 1]] and [[Pioneer 2]]. These were intended to orbit and photograph the [[Moon]], but [[launch vehicle]] problems prevented this. [[NASA]] launched Pioneer 1 as its first spacecraft on 11 October 1958.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pioneer0QL.html|title=Pioneer 0, 1, 2 Quicklook|access-date=2009-02-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131181021/http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pioneer0QL.html|archive-date=2009-01-31}} Pioneer 0, 1, 2</ref> It set a distance record from Earth, and provided data on the extent of [[Van Allen radiation belt|Earth's radiation belts]].
[[Pioneer 10]] and [[Pioneer 11|11]] were nearly identical spacecraft, designed and fabricated by TRW Systems Group.<ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770021111_1977021111.pdf] Page 39 {{PD-notice}}</ref> They were optimized for ruggedness since they were the first man-made objects to pass through the [[asteroid belt]] and Jupiter's radiation belt. Simplicity, [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]], and use of proven components were essential.<ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770021111_1977021111.pdf] Page 44 {{PD-notice}}</ref> As NASA's first all-atomic powered spacecraft,<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch5.htm] First into the Outer Solar System {{PD-notice}}</ref> these used [[plutonium-238]] units developed by [[Teledyne|Teledyne Isotopes]].<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/app3.htm] The Pioneer Jupiter Team {{PD-notice}}</ref> Pioneer 10 carried eleven instruments and Pioneer 11 carried twelve for investigating [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]], respectively.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html] The Pioneer Missions {{PD-notice}}</ref>  Data was transmitted back to Earth at 8 [[watt]]s, 128 [[bytes/s]] at Jupiter,<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch2.htm] The Pioneer Jupiter Mission {{PD-notice}}</ref> and 1 byte/s from further out. Pioneer 10 was the first man-made object to pass the planetary orbits and its last [[telemetry]] was received in 2002, thirty years after launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=4618|title=Farewell Pioneer 10|access-date=2011-03-08 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129144204/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=4618|archive-date=2012-01-29}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
TRW Systems Group designed and built the instrument package which performed the [[Viking biological experiments|Martian biological experiments]],<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4212/ch7-4.html] Scientists, Instruments, and Subcontractors {{PD-notice}}</ref> searching for life aboard the two [[Viking program|Viking Landers]] launched in 1975. The {{cvt|15.5|kg}} system performed four experiments on Martian soil using a [[Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry|gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer]] (GC-MS) and a combined biological instrument.[[File:Satellite reflector - 1968.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|A satellite reflector being developed by TRW near [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] (1968)]]
=== Space-based observatories ===
TRW designed and built the following [[space observatory|space observatories]]:
* [[HEAO 1]], [[HEAO 2|2]], and [[HEAO 3|3]], with HEAO 2 being the [[Einstein Observatory]], the first fully imaging [[X-ray]] telescope put into space
* [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] which is the second of four among NASA's [[Great Observatories program]]
* [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] is the third of NASA's Great Observatories
The teams developing the following observatories continued their work as part of [[Northrop Grumman#Business sectors|Northrop Grumman]] Aerospace Systems:
* [[SIM Lite]] space telescope which would have searched for Earth-sized planets in the [[habitable zone]]s around nearby stars (project canceled)
* [[James Webb Space Telescope]]<ref>[http://webbtelescope.org/webb_telescope/webb_past_and_future/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421041501/http://webbtelescope.org/webb_telescope/webb_past_and_future/|date=21 April 2017}} Webb: Past and Future {{PD-notice}}</ref> which is the successor to the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
=== Satellites ===
TRW Systems Group designed and manufactured the [[Vela (satellite)|Vela]] series of [[nuclear detection]] satellites which monitored the 1963 establishment of the nuclear [[Partial Test Ban Treaty]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020624024212/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vela.htm] Vela</ref> Subsequently, they produced the [[Vela (satellite)|Advanced Vela]] series, first launched in 1967, which could detect nuclear air bursts using instruments actually called [[bhangmeter]]s. It had the first dual-spin [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] system with the total system [[angular momentum|momentum]] controlled to zero.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020208202430/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/advdvela.htm] Advanced Vela</ref> The Vela and Advanced Vela satellites were the first to alert astronomers to the presence of [[gamma-ray bursts]]. They also reported a mysterious apparent [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear test]] now called the [[Vela incident]].
First launched in 1970, the company built all twenty-three [[reconnaissance satellites]] in the [[Defense Support Program]] (DSP), which are the principal components of the [[Missile Defense Alarm System|Satellite Early Warning System]] currently used by the United States. These are operated by the [[Air Force Space Command]], and they detect missile or spacecraft launches and nuclear explosions using sensors that detect the [[infrared]] emissions from these intense sources of heat. During [[Desert Storm]], for example, DSP satellites were able to detect the launches of Iraqi [[Scud missile]]s and provide timely warnings to civilians and military forces in [[Israel]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/spp/military/program/warning/dsp.htm|title=Defense Support program|publisher=FAS
|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409015951/https://fas.org/spp/military/program/warning/dsp.htm|archive-date=2015-04-09 }}</ref>
The initial seven [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System]] (TDRSS) were built by TRW to improve communication coverage for the [[Space Shuttle program|Space Shuttle]], [[International Space Station]] (ISS), and U.S. military satellites. When first launched in 1983, the TDRS satellites were the largest, most sophisticated [[communications satellites]] built at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tdrs.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020823060958/http://astronautix.com/craft/tdrs.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2002|title=TDRS|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> The seventh vehicle in the series was ordered as a replacement when [[TDRS-B]] was lost in the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Challenger accident]].
Launched in 2002, TRW produced the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] spacecraft based on their modular standardized [[satellite bus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/151987main_Aqua_FactSheet.pdf|title=The Earth Observing System Aqua|access-date=23 August 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> A joint project of the [[U.S. Global Change Research Program]] ([[NASA]]), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ([[JAXA]]), and [[National Institute for Space Research]] (INPE), [[Brazil]], Aqua delivers 750 [[Gigabyte]]s per day detailing the Earth's [[water cycle]] in the oceans, lakes, atmosphere, [[Polar ice packs|polar ice caps]], and [[vegetation]].
=== Rocket engines ===
TRW designed and built the [[Descent propulsion system|descent engine or (LMDE)]] for the [[Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo lunar lander]]. Due to the need for a soft landing on the Moon, it was the first [[Rocket engine#Throttling|throttleable engine]] for [[Human spaceflight|crewed space flight]]. This, and the requirements for high [[thrust]], [[Thrust-to-weight ratio#Rockets|low weight]], and crushability (in case of landing on a large rock),<ref name=Dyer/> earned surprising praise from NASA's history pages, considering the complexity of the lunar missions: "The lunar module descent engine probably was the biggest challenge and the most outstanding technical development of Apollo".<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/ch6-5.html] Engines, Large and Small {{PD-notice}}</ref> This engine was used on [[Apollo 13]] to achieve [[free return trajectory]] and make a minor course correction after damage to the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Service Module]].
After the Apollo program Moon landings, the LMDE was further developed into the TRW [[TR-201]] engine. This engine was used in the second stage Delta-P of the [[Delta (rocket family)|Delta launch vehicle]] for 77 launches between 1972–1988.
== Weapons ==
At the turn of 1964-65, the United States started the ambitious Bushmaster program to create small-caliber assault guns for arming promising [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s (IFVs) of the American Army. The result of this program was the creation of a whole series of automatic cannons with an external automatic drive in caliber from 25 to 40 mm, which received their own general name ''Bushmaster''.
At the early stage of American research, TRW was one of the companies involved in the development of automatic guns of the Bushmaster program, where, under the leadership of engineer [[Eugene Stoner]], the author of the famous [[M16 rifle|M16]] rifle, a 25 mm automatic cannon was developed under the internal designation [[TRW model 6425]], an ordinary system with automatic gas venting and locking the barrel with a rotary bolt is enough.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oerlikon KBA(KBB) 25-мм автоматическая пушка|url=http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/guns/kba.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.airwar.ru}}</ref>
The TRW-6425 design was later bought from [[Oerlikon Contraves|Oerlikon]]-Bührle, it was improved and manufactured as the [[Oerlikon KBA]] 25&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitchett|first=Bev|date=2021-03-08|title=Mm Trw Automatic Cannon - Machine Gun V5|url=https://www.bevfitchett.us/machine-gun-v5/mm-trw-automatic-cannon.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Bev Fitchett's Guns|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitchett|first=Bev|date=2021-03-08|title=Trw-6425 Cannon - Machine Gun V5|url=https://www.bevfitchett.us/machine-gun-v5/info-jnt.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Bev Fitchett's Guns|language=en}}</ref>
== Semiconductors and computers ==
The Ramo-Wooldridge Corp formed Pacific Semiconductors in June 1954, under the leadership of Harper North who had been head of electronics [[Research and development|R+D]] at [[Hughes Aircraft Company]]. The funding for this endeavor from Thompson Products was about ten times their initial investment in Ramo-Wooldridge.<ref name=Ingham/><ref name=Dyer/> The original goal was to produce the recently invented transistor for commercial sales.
In 1957, Howard Sachar and Sanford "Sandy" Barnes invented the [[Varicap]] electronic component (also known as the varactor diode) at Pacific Semiconductors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.easyreadernews.com/story.php?StoryID=20032122&IssuePath= |title=Local man wins Emmy |date=2007-09-20 |publisher= Easy Reader News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050231/http://archive.easyreadernews.com/story.php?StoryID=20032122&IssuePath |archive-date=2018-09-27}}</ref> This device reduced the physical size of radio tuners and eliminated the need for moving mechanical parts. This simplified the implementation of remote control TV tuners. Sachar and Barnes were awarded an Emmy in 2007.<ref>[http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/d6tv/CTA59themmywinners_0.pdf] 2007 Emmy winners</ref>
The company manufactured the RW-300 for sales in 1959, one of the first [[List of transistorized computers|"all-transistor" computers]]<ref name=Ingham/> with a [[power supply]] that used [[vacuum tube]]s. The computer was targeted at [[process control|industrial control]] applications, with 1024 [[analog signal|analog]] inputs [[multiplexer|multiplexed]] to a 1.9K [[Sampling rate|sample/s]] 10-bit [[analog-to-digital converter]] which was [[Transparency (human–computer interaction)|transparent]] to the programmer. It weighed about {{cvt|600|lb|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-r.html#RW-300|title=RW 300|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=Mar 1961|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems}}</ref><ref>[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/trw/rw-300/] RW-300 info</ref> The [[real-time operating system]] was written by John Neblett, and was the intellectual precursor of the [[RSX-11]] operating system for the [[PDP-11]].<ref>[[RSX-11#External links]] Wikipedia RSX-11 External links</ref>
The TRW-130 computer was introduced in 1961,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvq.com/docs/misc/an_uyk-1.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=2011-10-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930122620/http://www.dvq.com/docs/misc/an_uyk-1.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-30}} AN/UYK-1</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcBYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22TRW-130%22|title=An introduction to automatic computers|last=Chapin|first=Ned|date=1963|publisher=Van Nostrand|page=193}}</ref> and designated the [[Transit (satellite)#The AN/UYK-1 (TRW-130) Computer|AN/UYK-1]] by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] as part of its pre-GPS [[Transit (satellite)|TRANSIT (NAVSAT)]] [[Satellite navigation|satellite-based location system]]. It used [[Doppler effect|Doppler shifts]] to compute a location in about 15 minutes, and had rounded corners to allow installation in submarines.
The [[Transistor Transistor Logic]] (TTL) logic gate, which was the electronics industry standard for two decades, was invented by TRW's [[James L. Buie]] in 1961.
In 1965, engineers Don Nelson and Dick Pick at TRW developed the Generalized Information Retrieval Language and System, for use by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] to control the inventory of [[Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne|Cheyenne helicopter]] parts. This developed into the [[Pick operating system|Pick Database Management System]] which is still in use as of 2016.<ref>[http://www.computerhope.com/history/1965.htm] Computer History - 1965</ref>
TRW LSI Products, Inc. was a wholly owned subsidiary formed to commercialize the integrated circuit technology the company had developed in support of its aerospace business. They produced some of the first commercially available [[digital signal processing]] ICs including the [[Digital signal processor#History|TDC1008]] [[multiplier-accumulator]].<ref>TRW LSI Products VLSI Data Book, 1984</ref> They also made the first 8-bit [[flash ADC]] IC, the TDC1007,<ref>[http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/tutorials/MT-020.pdf] ADC Architectures 1</ref> resulting in an [[Emmy Award]] for analog/digital video conversion technology.<ref name="emmyonline.tv">[http://www.emmyonline.tv/tech/applications/engineering_award_winners_rev3.pdf] Outstanding Achievement in Technical/Engineering Development Awards {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414233617/http://www.emmyonline.tv/tech/applications/engineering_award_winners_rev3.pdf|date=April 14, 2010}}</ref> TRW also pioneered [[gallium arsenide]] (GaAs) chip applications for [[Local Multipoint Distribution Service|local multipoint distribution service (LMDS)]] systems, radios, and satellite communications.<ref>https://www.thefreelibrary.com/New+TRW+Gallium+Arsenide+Multichip+Power+Amplifier+Modules+Deliver...-a020768036 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
== Music ==
Bel Canto Stereophonic Recordings, a TRW subsidiary, was a record label active from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 4, 1960 |title=Bel Canto to move Midwest Offices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |magazine=Billboard |pages=18}}</ref>
== In the media ==
[[Christopher John Boyce]] was a TRW employee convicted of [[United States government security breaches#1970s|selling security secrets]] to the [[Soviet Union]] via the Soviet embassy in [[Mexico City]] in the mid-1970s. Boyce and his accomplice, [[Andrew Daulton Lee]], were the subjects of the best-selling 1979 [[Robert Lindsey (journalist)|Robert Lindsey]] book ''[[The Falcon and the Snowman]]'', and the 1985 film of the same title.
Representatives from Space Technology Laboratories (STL) present their ICBM expertise to Don and Pete in ''[[Mad Men]]'' season 2 episode "[[Mad Men season 2#Episodes|The Jet Set]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1118053/synopsis|title="Mad Men" The Jet Set (2008) - Synopsis|publisher=IMDb|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
The ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' season 1 episode "[[Operation -- Annihilate!]]" (13 April 1967) was filmed on the then-TRW campus (now Northrop Grumman's [[Space Park]]) in [[Redondo Beach, California]]. The two sets of stairs shown are those leading to the cafeteria of Building S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708441/trivia|title="Star Trek" Operation - Annihilate! (TV Episode 1967)|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> [[William Shatner]] had previously filmed at the TRW campus for the ''[[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|Outer Limits]]'' episode "Cold Hands, Warm Heart". In the episode, he plays an astronaut for "Project Vulcan". The 1967 sci-fi film [[Countdown (1967 film)|Countdown]], also filmed at the TRW Space Park.
The TRW building is supposedly one of the credit company buildings demolished in the 1999 film ''[[Fight Club]]''. This is because at the time the book was written, TRW was in the business of credit reporting.  However, there is no TRW building in [[Delaware]], where the demolition purportedly happens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/page2/s/closer/021025.html|title=ESPN.com - Page2 - Reel Life: 'Fight Club'|website=[[ESPN]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
TRW equipment/boxes can be seen stored and being unloaded in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind during scenes filmed at Devils Tower.
== Awards ==
* 1974 – Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award to TRW Systems Group with [[Ames Research Center|NASA Ames Research Center]] for Pioneer 10<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4304/app.g.htm] Major Professional Awards Won by AMES Personnel 1940–1980 {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* 1978 – Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award for [[HEAO Program]]<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-466/ch5.htm] Mission Planning {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* 1988–1989 – Emmy Award for analog/digital video conversion technology to TRW LSI Products<ref name="emmyonline.tv" />
* 1990 – Goddard Award for Quality and Productivity to Space and Technology Group <ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4314/Chap4.pdf] Chapter 4: Ames in the 1990s {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* 1992 – Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award to Space and Technology Group with [[NASA]] for [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uVb4cngcEQ8C&dq=Nelson+P.+Jackson+Aerospace+Award&pg=PA60] US Black Engineer & IT 1994</ref><ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000NASSP4028.....G] Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1991–1995 NASA SP-2000-4028 {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* 1997 – TRW Systems Integration Group receives an award for the successful development, deployment and operation of one of the nation's most vital space systems <ref>Deutch, J., "End of an Era" certificate, January 15, 1997, in recognition of "Outstanding and Dedicated Service to the United States National Security Space Program" presented to TRW Systems Integration Group</ref>
* 2001 – Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award to TRW Systems Group with [[Marshall Space Flight Center|NASA Marshall Space Flight Center]] for [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]]<ref>[http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/00_releases/press_111300.html] Chandra X-ray Observatory team wins Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum Trophy {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* 2004 – Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award to Northrop Grumman (formerly TRW) Space Technology Sector with [[Goddard Space Flight Center|NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]] for [[TDRSS]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = NASA Goddard Captures Prestigious Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award | publisher = SpaceRef | date = Mar 22, 2004 | url = https://spaceref.com/press-release/nasa-goddard-captures-prestigious-nelson-p-jackson-aerospace-award/ | access-date = October 11, 2023}}</ref>
* 2007 – Emmy Award for Varicap to Sycom (formerly Pacific Semiconductors)<ref>[http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/d6tv/CTA59themmywinners_0.pdf] 2007 Emmy winners]</ref>
== Superfund site ==
In the 1960s and 1970s, TRW stored [[trichloroethylene]] (TCE), a critical chemical for cooling and degreasing [[Integrated circuit|computer chips]], in tanks deep underground in [[Sunnyvale, California]] for later use.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref> TCE is also found in household cleaners.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-12-10 |title=Trichloroethylene - Cancer-Causing Substances - NCI |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/trichloroethylene |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en}}</ref> As a result of pipe and tank degradation, the tanks leaked into the ground, resulting in contaminated soil and groundwater.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref> TCE was later determined to be toxic to humans at high concentrations. In 2013, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' referred to the site as a "paved-over environmental disaster zone".<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Madrigal |first=Alexis C. |date=2013-07-23 |title=Not Even Silicon Valley Escapes History |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/not-even-silicon-valley-escapes-history/277824/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>
In the 1980s, the US introduced the federal [[Superfund]] program to clean up the country's toxic waste sites.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref> The site TRW (now Northrop Grumman) is responsible for is called the ''''TRW Microwave''' '''site'''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{cite news |last=McGee |first=Patrick |date=2021-09-03 |title=US labour board examines retaliation claims against Apple |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/484fa8be-925e-495c-91ff-54950b112754 |access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McGee |first1=Patrick |date=13 December 2021 |title=Apple faces probe over whether it retaliated against whistleblower |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/973aae8d-21d9-4e84-8912-ead071c7935d |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nieves |first=Evelyn |date=2018-03-26 |title=The Superfund Sites of Silicon Valley |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/lens/the-superfund-sites-of-silicon-valley.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) worked with TRW to treat the water with [[ultraviolet]] light and [[Oxygenation (environmental)|oxygenation]] and excavate the contaminated soil.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref> In 1994, a public health study determined that the groundwater was still unacceptably contaminated, which can cause [[vapor intrusion]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=[[California Department of Health Services]] |date=1994-01-10 |title=Public health assessment for TRW Microwave, Inc. (building 825), Sunnyvale, Santa Clara County, California, Region 9. Cerclis No. CAD009159088. Final report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5176565-public-health-assessment-trw-microwave-inc-building-sunnyvale-santa-clara-county-california-region-cerclis-cad009159088-final-report |journal=[[Office of Scientific and Technical Information]] |language=English |osti=5176565}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=US EPA |first1=OLEM |date=23 September 2015 |title=What is Vapor Intrusion? |url=https://www.epa.gov/vaporintrusion/what-vapor-intrusion |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> The EPA says the site has institutional controls to protect people from contact with affected water. Drinking water in the area comes from [[Hetch Hetchy]] and municipal wells.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRW MICROWAVE, INC (BUILDING 825) Site Profile |url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.Healthenv&id=0901181 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=[[Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref>
In the 2000s, a [[bioremediation]] method developed by [[Stanford University]] using bacteria in molasses to naturally breakdown the TCE into harmless sub-compounds was implemented.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Madrigal |first=Alexis C. |date=2013-07-23 |title=Not Even Silicon Valley Escapes History |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/not-even-silicon-valley-escapes-history/277824/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Other measures included engineering vapor pathways to avoid direct human contact by releasing it into the air.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRW MICROWAVE, INC (BUILDING 825) Site Profile |url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.Healthenv&id=0901181 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=[[Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> Jared Blumenfeld, the former EPA director, said that TCE released in the air after the cleanup efforts reduces the concentrations to levels that eliminate health risks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref> Blumenfeld said that airborne TCE is not ideal, but the cleanup has reduced the toxins by 90% {{As of|2013|lc=y}}, according to Max Shahbacian, the project's lead at [[California State Water Resources Control Board]] before it was transferred to the EPA, and geologist Michael Calhoun.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madrigal |first=Alexis C. |date=2013-07-23 |title=Not Even Silicon Valley Escapes History |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/07/not-even-silicon-valley-escapes-history/277824/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref>
In 2014 and 2015, a newly required vapor intrusion test of the surrounding residential area, including homes, apartment buildings, and four schools, showed unacceptable levels of TCE.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=Dell |date=2021-10-15 |title=Apple Wanted Her Fired. It Settled On an Absurd Excuse |url=https://gizmodo.com/apple-wanted-her-fired-it-settled-on-an-absurd-excuse-1847868789 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref> A 2011 study had revealed TCE caused birth defects and [[Carcinogen|cancer]] by all pathways of exposure.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=Dell |date=2021-10-15 |title=Apple Wanted Her Fired. It Settled On an Absurd Excuse |url=https://gizmodo.com/apple-wanted-her-fired-it-settled-on-an-absurd-excuse-1847868789 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nieves |first=Evelyn |date=2018-03-26 |title=The Superfund Sites of Silicon Valley |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/lens/the-superfund-sites-of-silicon-valley.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2014, the region's congressional representative [[Anna Eshoo]] expressed concerns that the EPA had not been properly monitoring the site and notififying residents of a possible health issue.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hepler |first=Lauren |date=April 1, 2014 |title=Toxic Silicon Valley sites connected to HP, Intel spur new federal inquiry |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2014/04/01/toxic-silicon-valley-sites-connected-to-hp-intel.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> The EPA litigated with the responsible parties in order update its notification and testing measures to warn residents about possible exposure as early as possible and keeping people away from any unsafe areas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref>
{{As of|2016}}, the site is owned by GI Partners, an investment company, and has been leased by [[Apple Inc.]] since 2015 for research and development {{As of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Donato-Weinstein |first=Nathan |date=2015-07-09 |title=Exclusive: Apple signs major lease in north San Jose, marking first significant entry into city |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/07/09/exclusiveapple-signs-major-lease-in-north-san-jose.html |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=[[Business Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=Dell |date=2021-10-15 |title=Apple Wanted Her Fired. It Settled On an Absurd Excuse |url=https://gizmodo.com/apple-wanted-her-fired-it-settled-on-an-absurd-excuse-1847868789 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Donato-Weinstein |first=Nathan |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Apple leases lead to big paydays for value-add real estate investors |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2016/06/03/apple-leases-lead-to-big-paydays-for-value-add.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> The octagonal glass building<ref name=":1" /> was renovated in 2014 and made available for occupancy in 2015. The safety of the site was verified by the EPA.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRW MICROWAVE, INC (BUILDING 825) Site Profile |url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.redevelop&id=0901181 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=cumulis.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump administration]] cut funding the Superfund program by $330 million and EPA funding by more than 30%, resulting in a significant reduction in enforcement and testing.<ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |date=2017-05-24 |title=Trump Wants to Give the EPA Its Smallest Budget in 40 Years |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/trump-epa-budget-noaa-climate-change/527814/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lipton |first1=Eric |last2=Ivory |first2=Danielle |date=2017-12-10 |title=Under Trump, E.P.A. Has Slowed Actions Against Polluters, and Put Limits on Enforcement Officers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/10/us/politics/pollution-epa-regulations.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During his presidency, the EPA increased its use of consent decrees, or administrative settlements, to ensure progress continued under the budget cuts, forcing responsible parties to pay for the cleanup. Scott Pruitt, Trump's head of the EPA threatened to cut budgets again for the enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |orig-date=July 2018 |title=Superfund and Natural Resource Damages Litigation Committee Newsletter |url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/nr_newsletters/snrdl/201807_snrdl_joint.pdf |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.americanbar.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Irfan |first=Umair |date=2018-01-29 |title=Scott Pruitt is slowly strangling the EPA |url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/1/29/16684952/epa-scott-pruitt-director-regulations |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosin |first=Bob |date=1985 |title=EPA Settlements of Administrative Litigation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24112799 |journal=Ecology Law Quarterly |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=363–398 |jstor=24112799 |issn=0046-1121}}</ref> In 2019, the EPA and [[Philips Semiconductors]] agreed to a consent decree, with Northrop Grumman as a signatory, to fund the remaining cleanup and monitoring of the site, along with two nearby sites collectively known as the "Triple Site".<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. EPA reaches settlements to study and mitigate indoor air and groundwater contamination in Sunnyvale, California {{!}} Regional Associations Information Network |url=https://regionalassociations.org/u-s-epa-reaches-settlements-to-study-and-mitigate-indoor-air-and-groundwater-contamination-in-sunnyvale-california/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=regionalassociations.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winegarner |first=Beth |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's Toxic Past Haunts Sunnyvale Neighborhood |url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/388730/silicon-valleys-toxic-past-haunts-sunnyvale-neighborhood |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=KQED |language=en-us}}</ref>
In March 2021, [[Ashley Gjøvik]], a former Apple program manager, publicized concerns that the site had not been properly tested since 2015 after receiving an email from Apple notifying employees of forthcoming vapor intrusion testing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGee |first1=Patrick |date=13 December 2021 |title=Apple faces probe over whether it retaliated against whistleblower |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/973aae8d-21d9-4e84-8912-ead071c7935d |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=Dell |date=October 14, 2021 |title=Apple Wanted Her Fired. It Settled On an Absurd Excuse |url=https://gizmodo.com/apple-wanted-her-fired-it-settled-on-an-absurd-excuse-1847868789 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015034030/https://gizmodo.com/apple-wanted-her-fired-it-settled-on-an-absurd-excuse-1847868789 |archive-date=October 15, 2021 |access-date=December 30, 2021 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |language=en-us}}</ref> An EPA study in 2019 had confirmed the previous remedies effective,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cameron |first1=Dell |date=15 October 2021 |title=Apple Wanted Her Fired. It Settled On an Absurd Excuse |language=en |work=Gizmodo |url=https://gizmodo.com/apple-wanted-her-fired-it-settled-on-an-absurd-excuse-1847868789 |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> but Gjøvik told ''[[TechCrunch]]'' cracks in the floor were exposing employees to carcinogenic fumes.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Silberling |first1=Amanda |date=31 January 2023 |title=Labor officials found that Apple execs infringed on workers' rights |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/30/labor-officials-found-that-apple-execs-infringed-on-workers-rights/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref> She filed a [[Whistleblowing|whistleblower]] complaint with the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] against Apple,<ref name=":14">{{cite news |last1=McGee |first1=Patrick |last2=Temple-West |first2=Patrick |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Apple faces probe over whether it retaliated against whistleblower |url=https://www.ft.com/content/973aae8d-21d9-4e84-8912-ead071c7935d |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026153033/https://www.ft.com/content/973aae8d-21d9-4e84-8912-ead071c7935d |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=August 7, 2024 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> which was investigated and dismissed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Stephen R. |date=January 19, 2024 |title=Ashley M. Gjovik v. Apple, Inc (Case No. 2024-CER-00001) |url=https://www.oalj.dol.gov/DECISIONS/ALJ/CER/2024/Gjovik_v_APPLE_INC_2024CER00001_(JAN_19_2024)_123139_ORDER_PD.PDF |access-date=August 7, 2024 |website=United States Department of Labor Office of Administrative Law Judges}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeMaio |first=Jerry R. |date=August 7, 2024 |title=Ashley M. Gjovik v. Apple, Inc (Case No. 2024-CER-00001) |url=https://www.oalj.dol.gov/DECISIONS/ALJ/CER/2024/Gjovik_v_APPLE_INC_2024CER00001_(AUG_07_2024)_134607_CADEC_PD.PDF |access-date=August 7, 2024 |website=United States Department of Labor Office of Administrative Law Judges}}</ref> A site evaluation by the EPA done in August 2021 found that the likelihood for vapor intrusion was low and not expected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulman |first=Michael |date=October 7, 2021 |title=EPA Site Visit and Vapor Intrusion Field Assessment, 825 Stewart Avenue Sunnyvale, CA, TRW Microwave Superfund Site (CERCLIS ID#CAD009159088) |url=https://semspub.epa.gov/work/09/100025885.pdf |website=epa.gov}}</ref> Based on field testing done between April 24, 2023 and May 5, 2023, the EPA concluded that vapor intrusion was being prevented.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abreu |first=Lilian |date=August 31, 2023 |title=Northrop Grumman Vapor Intrusion Evaluation Report. Former TRW Microwave Site, 825 Stewart Dr., Sunnyvale, California, TRW Microwave Superfund Site (CERCLIS ID#CAD009159088) |url=https://semspub.epa.gov/work/09/100034523.pdf |website=epa.gov}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of Superfund sites in California]]
* [[Semiconductor industry]]
* [[History of personal computers]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100316174653/http://www.northropgrumman.com/heritage/index.html#2002 Northrop Grumman.com: TRW Heritage webpage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100911001130/http://www.astronautix.com/mfrs/trw.htm Astronautix.com: TRW webpage]
* [http://www.trw.com TRW Automotive website]
* [http://www.conekt.co.uk TRW Conekt Automotive Research, Test and Development website]
{{Commons category|position=right|TRW Inc.}}
{{TRW}}
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