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{{Short description|Large Bedouin tribe}}
'''Ta'amreh''' (in [[Arabic]]: التعامرة) is a large [[Bedouin]] tribe in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. Today, most of the tribe's members live in the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] territories south and east of [[Bethlehem]], and in the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]]. Members of the tribe have established several permanent settlements in the Bethlehem area, known as the 'Arab et-Ta'amreh village cluster ([[Za'atara]], [[Beit Ta'mir]], [[Hindaza]], [[Tuqu']] with Khirbet al-Deir, [[Nuaman]], [[Ubeidiya, West Bank |Ubeidiya]], [[Al-Masara]] and [[al-Asakra]]).
==History==
{{See also|Palestinian Bedouin#Ta'amireh}}
===Nomadic Arab Origins, Lineage and Sub-tribes===
The Ta'amreh, also known as the Ta'amirah, is an Arab Tribe originating from the wilderness stretching from the Western [[Dead Sea|Dead Sea]] Shores to Bethlehem and Tekoah.<ref name=":01">{{Cite book |last=Palestine Exploration Fund|url=https://archive.org/details/lessaintslieuxp03mislgoog/page/n9/mode/2up?q=ta%27amirah |title=Les Saints Lieux |date=1858 |publisher=Paris, J. Lecoffre et cie |location=Paris |language=French |page=216}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=McCabe |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/pathways-of-the-holy-land-or-palestine-and-syria/page/630/mode/2up?q=7%E2%80%99a%C3%A9mirah |title=Pathways Of The Holy Land Or Palestine And Syria |date=1875 |publisher=Philadelphia: National Pub. Co |location=Philadelphia |language=English |page=631}}</ref> They were considered to be Bedouins (i.e. nomadic Arabs), and the tribe underwent through sedentarization alike several nomadic tribes. They were involved in the [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|Qays–Yaman rivalry]], and belonged to the Yemenite party.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mislin |first=Jacques |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme01pale/quarterlystateme01pale/page/28/mode/2up?q=ta%27amerah |title=Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund |date=1869 |publisher=London |location=London|language=English |chapter=XIII |page=28}}</ref>
The Ta'amreh tribe descend from the Bani Harith tribe of Wadi Musa. Moreover, The Ta'amreh consists of 3 sub-tribes: Bani Sa'ad, Bani Hajjaj, and Obayat-Kasaba.<ref name="zus">{{Cite book |last=Koner |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMtQAAAAcAAJ |title=Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde: NF 18. |date=1865 |publisher=Reimer |location=Berlin |language=German |page=203}}</ref>
===Mentions in Ottoman Records===
In 1531, records from the Jerusalem Sharia Court mention an individual named 'Ali al-Ta'amari of the Ta'amreh tribe. This record places the Ta'amreh in the vicinity of Bethlehem, marking their involvement in legal matters during the early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period.<ref>{{cite book |title=سجل محكمة القدس الشرعية رقم ١: قيود الوثائق والحجج الشرعية الصادرة من محكمة القدس الشريف الشرعية (١٥٣٠-١٥٣١) |last1=Bakhit |first1=Muhammad Adnan |last2=Al-Muhtadi |first2=Ablah Said |year=2008 |location=Amman, Jordan |publisher=Publications of the Center for Documents and Manuscripts, University of Jordan |page=269 |language=ar |url=https://centers.ju.edu.jo/ar/Manuscripts/records/2/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B31-3.pdf |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>
In 1603/4 (1012 A.H) a Bedouin named Sha‘ala of ‘Arab al-Ta‘āmira sold a beast of burden, originally stolen from [[Jindas]] near [[Lod|Lydda]] to Sālim b. Ghunaym, resident of the village of Dayr al-Sinna in the [[Kidron Valley]] near Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marom |first=Roy |date= |title=Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ck241hc |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=escholarship.org |page=11}}</ref>
In 1799 (1214 A.H), local leaders of the Ta'amreh tribe, along with other leaders of the Nahiyat al-Wadiyah, formed alliances to resist [[Siege of Acre (1799)|Napoleon's military campaigns in Palestine]]. This coalition was organized to muster a group of 500 warriors dedicated to defending their territory. This mobilization is documented in the Sharia court registers of Jerusalem (register number 281, page 132), which reflect the administrative efforts of the Ottoman authorities to record local responses to external threats during this period.<ref name="napoleon" />
These records highlight the Ta'amreh's active role in the social and judicial landscape of the region throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.
===Battles===
====1605 Raid on Beit Sahour====
On May 13, 1605, the Ta'amreh tribe, in collaboration with the [[Bani Sakher|Bani Sakher]] and [[Abbadi (Bedouin) | Bani Abbad]] tribes of Jordan, conducted a raid on the village of [[Beit Sahour|Beit Sahour]] near Jerusalem. This attack was part of a series of Bedouin incursions that exploited the weakened Ottoman authority in the region. The Ta'amreh's involvement highlights their prominent role in the shifting power dynamics of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=كوهين |first1=أمنون |last2=حسون |first2=إسحاق |title=القدس: دراسات في تاريخ المدينة |trans-title=Jerusalem: Studies in the History of the City |publisher=ياد يتسحاق بن تسڤي |year=1990 |location=Jerusalem |language=Arabic |translator=سلمان مصالحة |pages=142–143 |isbn=978-965-217-090-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaJtAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9+}}</ref>
====1632 Attack on the Balaqina Arabs in Abu Dis====
In 1632, Ottoman records document an ambush in which the Ta'amreh tribe, along with the Arab tribes of Ka'abneh, Zuwaydiyin, Baraghishah-[[Hutaym]], and the Arab villagers of Ain [[Silwan]], [[At-Tur]], and [[Issawiya]], attacked a convoy of traders from the [[Balqa (region)|Balaqina]] Arabs (from Balqa in Jordan). The traders were returning to [[Abu Dis|Abu Dis]] after selling their goods in Jerusalem. The attackers killed several members of Muhammad bin Mansi’s group from the Balaqina, killed thirteen camels and seized additional camels, highlighting the ongoing tribal conflicts and the Ta'amreh's significant involvement during this period.<ref>{{cite book |page=198 |last=عبدالرحمن |first=أيوب |trans-title=Families during the Ottoman Period|title=عائلات في بلاد الشام في العهد العثماني |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMNVmAEACAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A |year=2011 |publisher=دار الافتاء للدراسات والنشر |location=Syria|isbn=978-9957-23-185-9 }}</ref>
====1799 Resisting Napoleon's Expedition of Palestine====
In 1799, leaders from the Ta'amreh tribe, together with other leaders from Nahiyat al-Wadiyah, formed alliances to resist Napoleon's campaign in Palestine. This coalition assembled a force of 500 warriors committed to defending their homeland under the Ottoman Sultan's leadership.<ref name="napoleon">{{cite book |title=Sharia Court Registers of Jerusalem, Register 281 |location=Jerusalem |publisher=Sharia Court |year=1799 |page=132}}</ref> The overall resistance was deemed to be successful, as it effectively hindered Napoleon's advance into the region and showcased the unity and strength of local tribes and groups.
====1808 Supporting Deir Dibwan====
In 1808, the Hejaya tribe launched a raid on the village of [[Deir Dibwan|Deir Diwan]] (Dibwan) part of [[Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate]]. The villagers, being allies of the Ta'amreh tribe and part of the Yemenite party, sought their support. The Ta'amreh pursued the Hejaya to Wadi Derejeh, Jerusalem, where a fierce and closely contested battle unfolded. Despite their determined efforts, the Ta'amreh were ultimately unable to overcome the Hejaya.<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Robinson
|first1=E.
|last2=E.
|first2=Smith
|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838
|year=1841
|section=X
|page=247
|volume=2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSW-OM9BB4EC}}</ref>
====1834 Revolt in Palestine (Hebron)====
The tribe participated in the [[Peasants' revolt in Palestine|1834 Peasants' Revolt]]. The Ta'amrah Bedouins and the peasants of [[Sa'ir|Sa'ir]] engaged in a fierce battle against an Ottoman Egyptian force that had been sent to pacify the Sa'ir peasants in Hebron. The battle resulted in the death of 25 Egyptian soldiers and the retreat of the remaining forces from Hebron.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Sarkees |first2=Meredith |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetointrastat0000dixo/page/326/mode/2up?q=Taamrah |title=A guide to intra-state wars : an examination of civil, regional, and intercommunal wars, 1816-2014 |date=2016|publisher=Thousand Oaks, California : CQ Press/SAGE Reference |location=USA |language=English |page=326|isbn=978-0-87289-775-5 }}</ref><ref name="asad">{{cite book
|title=كتاب المحفوظات الملكية المصرية
|script-title=ar:كتاب المحفوظات الملكية المصرية
|trans-title=The Records of the Egyptian Royal Archives
|author=أسد رستم
|volume=II
|page=398
|language=ar
|publisher=American Press Beirut
|year=1941
|url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87-v-2-pdf}}</ref>
====1834 Revolt in Palestine (Jerusalem)====
The Ta'amreh tribe also played a significant role in the Jerusalem front of the 1834 Peasants' Revolt. They actively participated in the capture of Jerusalem as part of the leading force against Ottoman control, standing as one of the last groups to resist the Turkish government. Their involvement highlighted their resilience and influence within the region during this tumultuous period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=E. |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 |volume=2 |location=United Kingdom |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street |year=1841 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVm2uGIozDUC |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>
====1843 Conquering Bani Sakher====
In 1843, the Ta'amreh tribe launched a significant campaign against the Bani Sakher tribe. Traveling from their homeland in Palestine into the territory of present-day Jordan, the Ta'amreh successfully overpowered the Bani Sakher. This confrontation resulted in the Ta'amreh looting 300 camels from the Bani Sakher.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Hahn-Hahn
|first=Ida von
|title=Letters from the Orient: Or, Travels in Turkey, the Holy Land, and Egypt
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCqvPuB9Q_QC
|publisher=J. C. Moore
|year=1845
|page=162}}</ref>
====1852 Druze Expedition====
In 1852, the Ta'amreh tribe participated in a conquest against the [[Druze|Druze]]. The tribe had been part of the troops of [[Nablus|Nablus]] (4,000 warriors) under the Ottoman Sultan's leadership.<ref name=":st">{{Cite book |last=Finn |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeXzhe__4TAC&q=261&pg=PA289 |title=Stirring Times Or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1855 to 1856 |date=1856|publisher=National Library of Scotland |location=London |language=English |page=261}}</ref>
====1853 Bisan Conquest====
In 1853, the Ta'amreh, [[Jahalin Bedouin|Jahalin]], and Tiyaha tribes joined forces in a campaign against the Suqur tribe, based in the regions of [[Tiberias|Tiberias]] and [[Beit She'an|Bisan]]. The allied tribes succeeded in overpowering the Suqur and looted their livestock, including 60 cows, 30 donkeys, several camels, as well as sheep and goats.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Finn
|first=James
|title=Stirring Times Or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1855 to 1856
|year=1856
|publisher=National Library of Scotland |location=London
|pages=354–356
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeXzhe__4TAC&q=356}}</ref>
====1853 Nimmr-Abdulazeez Conflict of Adwan====
In September 1853, during a period of weakened Ottoman control, the Ta'amrah tribe formed an alliance with the [[Tiyaha|Tiyaha]] Bedouins to support a regional conflict involving two rival leaders of the [[Al-Adwan|Adwan]] tribe, Nimmr and Abdulaziz. The Tiyaha moved through the Jerusalem district, gathering allies for the cause. A significant contingent approached the Ta'amrah, near Bethlehem, to join forces.<ref name="2battles">{{Cite book |last=Finn |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeXzhe__4TAC&q=327&pg=PA289 |title=Stirring Times Or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1855 to 1856 |date=1856|publisher=National Library of Scotland |location=London |language=English |page=327-328}}</ref>
====1853 Artas Invasion====
In the summer of 1853, the Ta'amreh tribe, responding to drought and the failure of springs in their usual grazing areas between Bethlehem and the Dead Sea, invaded the valley of [[Artas, Bethlehem|Artas]] (Urtas) in search of water for their flocks and herds. A large group of Ta'amreh arrived with thousands of camels, sheep, and goats, utilizing the valley's resources to sustain their animals. Historically, the Ta'amreh had dominated the valley, only withdrawing due to agreements with John Meshullam, a British subject who had settled in Artas in partnership with local peasants.<ref name="2battles"/>
====1853 Bethlehem City Occupation====
The Ta'amrah, Tiyaha, and Malikiyyah tribes, along with the [[Abu Ghosh clan|Abo Ghosh clan]], formed a coalition that occupied Bethlehem for two weeks following a series of battles. The coalition consisted of at least 800 men, half of whom were mounted and armed with spears. This alliance was led by the Ta'amrah sheikhs and Abo Ghosh leaders.<ref name=":st2">{{Cite book |last=Finn |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeXzhe__4TAC&q=378&pg=PA289 |title=Stirring Times Or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1855 to 1856 |date=1856|publisher=National Library of Scotland |location=London |language=English |page=378}}</ref>
====1853 Beit Jala Battle====
After the two-week occupation of Bethlehem, the coalition of the Ta'amrah, Tiyaha, and Malikiyyah tribes was ordered by the Pasha to evacuate the city within three hours. However, instead of complying with the order, the coalition proceeded to assault [[Beit Jala]] for three days, which had already been occupied by their rivals, the [https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86&oldid=68556321 Hassaniyah] tribe.<ref name =":st2"/>
====1856 Battle Near Bethlehem====
In 1856, the Ta'amrah tribe attacked and defeated an Ottoman [[Agha (title)|Agha]] and his troops near Bethlehem. This battle occurred in the same region as a later conflict in 1858, reinforcing the Ta'amrah’s resistance to Ottoman authority.<ref name="letters">{{Cite book |last=Great Britain. Foreign Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnge1chHwvsC |title=Despatches from Her Majesty's Consul in the Levant, Respecting Past Or Apprehended Disturbances in Syria, 1858-1860 |date=1860|publisher=Harrison |language=English |pages=39–40}}</ref>
====1858 Battle of Rachel's Tomb====
On September 23, 1858, Sheikh Safi ez-Zeer led the Ta'amrah in an ambush against an Ottoman force near [[Rachel's Tomb|Rachel's Tomb]], just outside Bethlehem. The Ottoman force, led by Shakir Agha, the governor of Bethlehem and an officer of the [[Bashi-bazouk|Bashi-Bazouk]] with the rank of Yüz-Başı (captain), was escorting Ta'amrah prisoners to Jerusalem when over 100 Ta'amrah fighters attacked. During the battle, Shakir Agha was severely wounded; his arm was cut across by a sword, and his side was pierced by a spear thrown by Safi ez-Zeer. Shakir Agha was killed, the prisoners were freed, and the Ottoman forces suffered significant casualties.<ref name="letters" /><ref name=":carlo">{{Cite book |last=Guarmani |first=Carlo |url=https://archive.org/details/32882019291304-northernnajdajo/page/n4/mode/1up?q=Taamri |title=Northern Najd; a journey from Jerusalem to Anaiza in Qasim |date=1866|publisher=The Argonaut Press |location=London |language=English |pages=116–117}}</ref>
====1859 Raid near Walls of Jerusalem====
In 1859, the Ta'amreh tribe launched a raid near the Walls of Jerusalem, a fortified area surrounding the city. During this attack, they plundered the area, looting 400 sheep.<ref>{{cite book |last=Great Britain. Foreign Office |title=Despatches from Her Majesty's Consul in the Levant, Respecting Past or Apprehended Disturbances in Syria, 1858-1860 |year=1860 |publisher=Harrison |pages=72
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnge1chHwvsC }}</ref>
====1860 Al-Khader Raid====
In 1860, the Ta'amreh tribe mounted a successful raid on the village of [[Al-Khader]], seizing control and plundering its crops in the process.<ref>{{cite book |last=Great Britain. Foreign Office |title=Despatches from Her Majesty's Consul in the Levant, Respecting Past or Apprehended Disturbances in Syria, 1858-1860 |year=1860 |publisher=Harrison |pages=101
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnge1chHwvsC }}</ref>
===Population and Numbers===
====In 1922====
The tribe numbered a total of 6000 people, of whom were 2800 men and 3200 women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barron |first=J. B. |title=Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922: Taken on the 23rd of October, 1922 |date=1922 |location=Palestine |publisher=Government of Palestine |page=26 |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/PalestineCensus1922.pdf |access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref>
====In 1875====
The Ta'amreh tribe numbered a total of 5,000 people, of whom 1,000 were men. They had around 400 tents at that time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gottheil |first=F. M. |year=1979 |title=The population of Palestine, Circa 1875 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.1080/00263207908700414}}</ref>
====In 1864====
The Ta'amreh were numbered 1700 gunmen and 10 horsemen.<ref name="zus"></ref>
====In 1847====
The tribe had 300 tents.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolff |first=Philipp |title= Reise in das gelobte Land |publisher=verlag der J.B. Metzler 'schen buchhandlung |language=German |date=1849 |page=126 |url=https://archive.org/details/reiseindasgelob00wolfgoog/page/n17/mode/2up}}</ref>
===Dead Sea Scrolls (1940s)===
Members of the Ta'amra tribe were involved in the discovery of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] in the [[Qumran caves]] and the [[Wadi Murabba'at|Murabba'at]] caves in the [[Judaean Desert]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=حاج طاهر |first=زكية |date=2018 |title=مخطوطات البحر الميت:, مقاربة جديدة للنقد التوراتي |trans-title= The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Approach to Biblical Criticism |publisher= Abdellah Morsli University Center |location=[[Tipaza]], Algeria |journal=مجلة دفاتر البحوث العلمية [(Journal of) Scientific Research Notebooks] |page=151 |doi=10.37218/1426-000-012-009}}</ref>
==See also==
* Other Arab and Bedouin tribes
** [[Tiyaha]], Negev Bedouin tribe
** [[Bani Sakher]], Jordanian Bedouin tribe
** [[Hanajira]], Negev Bedouin tribe
* [[Palestinian Bedouin]]
== References ==
{{Reference list}}
[[Category:Bedouin groups]]