View source for Tadjoura

{{Distinguish|Tajura|text=[[Tajura]], [[Libya]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Tadjoura
|native_name = {{Small|Tagórri<br/>{{lang|ar|تاجورة}}<br/>Tajuura}}
|settlement_type = Town
|image_skyline = Tagore.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = The port of Tadjoura in [[Djibouti]]
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|pushpin_map = Djibouti#Horn of Africa#Africa
|pushpin_map_caption = Location within Djibouti##Location within the Horn of Africa##Location within Africa
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{DJI}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Djibouti|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Tadjoura Region|Tadjoura]]
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|population_total =  18,808
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'''Tadjoura''' ({{langx|aa|Tagórri}}; {{langx|ar|تاجوراء|Tajūrā’}}; {{langx|so|Tajuura}}) is one of the oldest towns in [[Djibouti]] and the capital of the [[Tadjourah Region]]. The town rose to prominence in the early 19th century as an alterative port to nearby [[Zeila]]. Lying on the [[Gulf of Tadjoura]], it is home to a population of around 19,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadjourah (City, Djibouti) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/djibouti/admin/tadjourah/41__tadjourah/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> It is the third-largest city in the country after [[Djibouti City|Djibouti]] and [[Ali Sabieh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History Of Ethiopian Towns |page=309 |isbn=9783515032049 }}</ref>
Tadjoura has an [[airstrip]] and is linked by [[ferry]] with Djibouti City. It is also known for its [[whitewash]]ed buildings and nearby beaches, along with its [[mosque]]s.
==Etymology==
The [[Afar language|Afar]] name ''Tagórri'' derives from the noun ''tágor'' or ''tógor'', (pl. ''tágar'' meaning "outre à puiser" ("goatskin flask for drawing water"). The name ''Tagórri'' is specifically derived from *''tagór-li'', which means "qui a des outre à puiser" ("that which has goatskin flasks to draw water"), in effect meaning "abondante en eau" ("abundant with water").<ref>Didier Morin, "Tadjoura," in ''Dictionnaire historique afar (1288-1982)''. France: 2004, p. 250.</ref>
==History==
[[File:Johann Martin Bernatz, Tajura (Tadjoura) landscape with a small town beside the bay in 1841.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Drawing landscape of Tadjoura in 1841 by [[Johann Martin Bernatz]].]]
The emergence of Tadjoura occurred following the rise of the Adoh-yamara or "white house" of the [[Afar people]] who inhabited the southern part of the Danakil country and were allied to the rulers of [[Shewa]]. In 1810 they defeated their rivals, the Asa-yamara or "red house" of the Afar, which opened the way for the development of the port and the Ethiopian interior. The trade with the [[Afar Depression]] was mainly carried out by women who brought their goods to Tadjoura on camels, while the men stayed at home, as [[tribal]] feuds were not uncommon. According to Mordechai Abir, Tadjoura originally was the seat of the [[Afar people|Afar]] Ad-Ali Abli Sultanate as well as a port. This ruler, known as the ''Dardar'', "claimed authority over all of the northern Adoimara Afar to the borders of [[Shewa|Showa]]. However, although it was true that some sub-clans of the Ad-Ali and Abli Adoimara roamed as far as the borders of [[Ifat (historical region)|Ifat]], even the staunchest supporters of the Sultan agreed that his actual authority did not stretch beyond [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]], a short distance from Tadjoura."<ref>Mordechai Abir, ''Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769-1855)'' (London: Longmans, 1968), p. 20</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |year=1982 |title=History Of Ethiopian Towns |page=309 |isbn=9783515032049 }}</ref>
The [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]] notes that it differed from neighboring ports by handling almost entirely the trade of Shewa and [[Aussa Sultanate|Aussa]], "rather than that of [[Harar]] or the [[Ogaden]]." He quotes [[William Cornwallis Harris]]' description of an annual bazaar that started each September, when "for two months the beach is piled with [[merchandise]], and the suburbs are crowded with [[camel]]s, [[mule]]s and [[donkey]]s." Pankhurst also cites [[Charles Tilstone Beke|C.T. Beke]] that the trade with the inhabitants of the Afar Depression was handled entirely by women, "who loaded the camels, bought and sold while the men kept away altogether 'to avoid bloodshed, this country being the scene of constant feuds among the different tribes.'"<ref name=Pankhurst-429>Richard K.P. Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University Press, 1968), pp. 429.</ref> While Abir observes that the port is not mentioned in all of the material about the Red Sea in the eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries, by the mid-19th century Tadjoura was thriving, "while all the other so-called Afar sultanates along the coast were described ... as small decaying villages of no political or commercial importance."<ref>Abir, ''Era of the Princes'', pp. 20f</ref> Tadjoura owed this success to possessing a major [[slavery|slave market]]; Pankhurst suggests that a rough estimate of 6,000 [[people]] a year left Ethiopia through Tadjoura and [[Zeila]].<ref>Pankhurst, p. 83.</ref> The other important commodity sold in Tadjoura in the 19th century was [[ivory]], brought by [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]s from [[Aliyu Amba]].<ref>Pankhurst, p. 249.</ref> Other goods exported included [[wheat]], [[durra]], [[honey]], [[gold]], [[ostrich]] feathers, [[senna (plant)|senna]], [[madder]], and [[civetone]]. The value of trade in 1880-1 was estimated at the time as 29,656 [[rupee]]s in exports and 18,513 rupees in imports.<ref name=Pankhurst-429/>
===French Somaliland===
[[File:Tadjoura in 1887.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Tadjoura in 1887]]
The French interest in the coast of the [[Red Sea]] near Tadjoura began with [[Rochet d'Hericourt]]'s exploration into [[Shoa, Ethiopia|Shoa]] (1839–42). Further exploration by [[Henri Lambert]], French Consular Agent at [[Aden]], and Captain [[Fleuriot de Langle]] led to a treaty of friendship and assistance between France and the sultans of Raheita, Tadjoura, and Gobaad. A skillful [[Somalis|Somali]] merchant Haji [[Sharmarke Ali Saleh]] also collected a tribute of 1,200-1,600 [[thaler]]s annually from the inhabitants of Tadjourah, equivalent to a massive sum in modern currency and was ousted after French resident Lambert's murder.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Outre-MersRevue d'histoire|pages=87–113|year=1992|volume=294|issue=La côte africaine du golfe d'Aden au milieu du XIXe siècle|first=Roger|last=Joint-Daguenet}}</ref> Growing French interest in the area took place against a backdrop of British activity in [[Egypt]] and the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869. Between 1883 and 1887, [[France]] signed various treaties with the then ruling [[Somali people|Somali]] and [[Afar people|Afar]] [[Sultan]]s, which allowed it to expand the [[protectorate]] to include the [[Gulf of Tadjoura]].<ref name="Uwechue">Raph Uwechue, ''Africa year book and who's who'', (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209.</ref> [[Léonce Lagarde]] was subsequently installed as the protectorate's governor. In 1894, he established a permanent French administration in the [[Djibouti (city)|city of Djibouti]] and named the region ''Côte française des Somalis'' ([[French Somaliland]]). The [[History of slavery|slave trade]] was abolished by decree on 26 October 1889;<ref>Pankhurst, p. 103.</ref> however, Noel-Buxton reported that Tajoura still remained a center of the slave trade, but "limited to small though frequent shipments."<ref>Pankhurst, p. 123.</ref> While during the 1880s the port served as a distribution point for rifles and ammunition to Shewa and Ethiopia (during this period, [[Arthur Rimbaud]] lived in the city), Tajoura's importance inevitably declined with the construction of the [[Ethio-Djibouti Railways]], which connected [[Djibouti]] with the [[hinterland]]s. The [[railway]] began to carry traffic on 22 July 1901, was extended to [[Dire Dawa]] 17 months later, and finally to [[Addis Ababa]] on 3 December 1929.<ref>Pankhurst, pp. 304-334.</ref>
===Djibouti===
[[File:Tadjoura in 1971.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Tadjoura in 1971]]
The Djibouti [[government]] established various large-scale [[public]] works programmes to renovate the city. The Tadjoura port was modernized in 2000, at a cost of US $1.64 million. The work was described as part of the government's effort to help the [[economic]] development of the districts of [[Tadjourah region|Tadjourah]], [[Obock]], [[Ali Sabieh]] and [[Dikhil]]. The new Port of Tadjoura has been built to mainly focus on general [[cargo]], such as [[livestock]], [[sesame]], [[frankincense]], [[fertilizer]]s and [[grain]], at the cost of US $90 million. Initially the port has been developed in the aim to transport mainly [[potash]] from [[Ethiopia]]'s [[Afar Region]], while the mining is not yet developed. Besides that the port has a potential to provide for northern [[Djibouti]] and to its closest outlet for Ethiopia's [[Afar Region|Afar]] and [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] regions. Compared with the traditional route from ports in Djibouti via [[Galafi]], the new road [[National Highway 11|(RN-11)]] from Tadjoura to [[Balho]] shortens the driving hour significantly.
==Climate==
[[File:Tadjoura beach at sunset.jpg|thumb|250px|Tadjoura beach at sunset.]]
Featuring an arid climate, the town sees on average 186&nbsp;mm (7.31&nbsp;in) of [[rainfall]] per year. Average [[temperature]]s range from {{convert|26|C|F}} in winter to {{convert|36|C|F}} in summer.
{{Weather box|location = Tadjoura
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour=
|Jan high C = 29.0
|Feb high C = 29.2
|Mar high C = 31.1
|Apr high C = 33.1
|May high C = 36.0
|Jun high C = 39.7
|Jul high C = 41.7
|Aug high C = 40.6
|Sep high C = 37.6
|Oct high C = 34.0
|Nov high C = 31.3
|Dec high C = 29.7
|Jan mean C = 25.6
|Feb mean C = 26.3
|Mar mean C = 27.9
|Apr mean C = 29.7
|May mean C = 32.4
|Jun mean C = 35.7
|Jul mean C = 36.4
|Aug mean C = 35.6
|Sep mean C = 34.2
|Oct mean C = 30.3
|Nov mean C = 27.8
|Dec mean C = 26.2
|Jan low C = 22.2
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 24.6
|Apr low C = 26.2
|May low C = 28.7
|Jun low C = 31.7
|Jul low C = 31.1
|Aug low C = 30.5
|Sep low C = 30.7
|Oct low C = 26.5
|Nov low C = 24.2
|Dec low C = 22.7
|rain colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 13
|Feb precipitation mm = 10
|Mar precipitation mm = 17
|Apr precipitation mm = 14
|May precipitation mm = 9
|Jun precipitation mm = 2
|Jul precipitation mm = 2
|Aug precipitation mm = 27
|Sep precipitation mm = 12
|Oct precipitation mm = 18
|Nov precipitation mm = 35
|Dec precipitation mm = 27
|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'', altitude: 12m<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Tadjoura - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/31637/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=25 September 2013}}</ref>
|source 2= ''Levoyageur''<ref name="Levoyageur">{{cite web|title=DJIBOUTI - TADJOURAH : Climate, weather, temperatures|url=http://www.levoyageur.net/weather-city-TADJOURAH.html|publisher=Levoyageur|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>
}}
==Transportation==
===Sea transport===
From [[Djibouti City]] to Tadjoura, it takes a two and a half hour ferry ride.
===Land transport===
The distance between Djibouti City is 130&nbsp;km.
===Air transport===
For air transportation, Tajdoura is served by the [[Tadjoura Airport]]. [[File:Tadjoura Airport.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of a landing strip at the [[Tadjoura Airport]].]] It takes 30 minutes to travel from Djibouti City to Tadjoura.
==Sultans==
The following is a list of [[Suldaan|Sultans]] of Tadjoura:<ref name="Wsdjib">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html Worldstatesmen - DJibouti]</ref>
*1620 Burhan bin Muhammad
*1630 Dini bin Muhammad
*1655 Kamil bin Burhan
*1655 Hamad bin Dini (or Muhammad bin Dini)
*1680 Musa bin Kamil
*1680 Dini bin Hamad (or Nasser bin Hamad)
*1705 Hamad bin Musa
*1705 Muhammad bin Dini
*1740 Muhammad bin Hamad
*1770 Hamad bin Naser
*1770 Hummad bin Muhammad
*1800-1820 Mandaytu bin Hamad
*1821-1859 Ad'allom Muhammad bin Hummad
*1860-9 Mar 1862 Muhammad bin Mandaytu
*1863-1879 Hummad bin Ad'allom Muhammad
*1880-24 Aug 1912 Hummad bin Muhammad
*2 Dec 1913-6 Aug 1927 Muhammad bin Arbahim
*Dec 1928-21 Apr 1962 Hummad bin Muhammad bin Arbahim
*18 May 1964 – 1984 Habib bin Hummad bin Muhammad
*1985 - 17 May 2019 Abd'ul Kadir bin Hummad bin Muhammad bin Arbahim
==Notable people==
*[[Dileita Mohamed Dileita]], Former Prime Minister of Djibouti
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{webarchive |date=2013-02-09 |url=https://archive.today/20130209174724/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1153974253&men=gpro&lng=en&dat=32&geo=347097831&srt=npan&col=aohdq&geo=366466289 |title=World Gazetteer entry on Tajurah}}
* [http://itouchmap.com/?c=dj&UF=-2037463&UN=-2829571&DG=PPLA iTouchMap]
{{coord|11|47|N|42|53|E|region:DJ_type:city|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Populated places in Djibouti]]
[[Category:Tadjourah Region|.]]
[[Category:Gulf of Aden]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Former national capitals]]
[[Category:Former sultanates in the medieval Horn of Africa]]
[[Category:Monarchies of Africa]]