View source for Tanzania People's Defence Force

{{Short description|Armed forces of Tanzania}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2016 }}
{{Infobox national military
| country = Tanzania
| name = Tanzania People's Defence Force
| native_name = {{lang|sw|Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania}}
| image = [[File:Tanzania People’s Defence Force.svg|150px]]
| caption = Emblem of Tanzania People's Defence Force
| image2 =
| caption2 = Flag of the Tanzania People's Defence Force
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|1964|9|1}}
| current_form =
| disbanded =
| branches = {{blist|[[Land forces|Land Forces]]|[[Tanzania Naval Command|Naval Command]]|[[Tanzania Air Force Command|Air Force Command]]}}
| headquarters = Chamwino, [[Dodoma]]
| url = {{official website|https://www.tpdf.mil.tz/}}
| flying_hours = <!-- Leadership -->
| commander-in-chief = [[Samia Suluhu]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[President of Tanzania|Commander-in-Chief]]
| minister = [[Stargomena Tax]]
| minister_title = [[Ministry of Defence and National Service (Tanzania)|Minister of Defence and National Service]]
| commander = [[Jacob John Mkunda]]
| commander_title = Chief of Defence Force
| age = 18
| conscription = 2 years
| manpower_data = 2010
| manpower_age = 16–49
| available = 9,985,445
| available_f =
| fit = 5,860,339
| fit_f = 5,882,279
| reaching = 512,294
| reaching_f = 514,164
| active = 27,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/ | title=CIA World Factbook: Tanzania | date=11 February 2013 | publisher=[[The World Factbook]] | access-date=16 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| reserve = 80,000
| deployed = <!-- Financial -->
| amount = $2.2 billion (2024)
| percent_GDP =
| domestic_suppliers =
| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|Brazil}}<br>{{flag|China}}<br>{{flag|India}}<br>{{flag|Indonesia}}<br>{{flag|Israel}}<br>{{flag|Russia}}<br>{{flag|South Africa}}<br>{{flag|Turkey}}<br>{{flag|Ukraine}}<br>{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flag|United States}}<br>{{flag|Vietnam}}
<!-- Related aricles -->| history = [[World War II]] (1939-45) <br> [[Uganda–Tanzania War]] (1978-79) <br> [[Mozambican Civil War]]  <br> [[2008 invasion of Anjouan]]<br>[[M23 rebellion (2012–2013)|M23 rebellion]]<br>[[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado]]
| ranks = [[Rank and insignia of the Tanzanian Armed Forces]]
}}
The '''Tanzania People’s Defence Force''' ('''TPDF''') ({{langx|sw|Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania}}) is the [[Military|military force]] of the [[United Republic of Tanzania]]. It was established in September 1964, following a mutiny by the former colonial military force, the [[Tanganyika Rifles]]. From its inception, it was ingrained in the troops of the new TPDF that they were a people's force under civilian control. Unlike some of its neighbouring countries, Tanzania has never suffered a coup d'état or civil war.
The TPDF's mission is to defend [[Tanzania]] and every Tanzanian, especially the people and their political ideology. Conscripts are obligated to serve 2 years as of 2004.
==History==
[[File:Zanzibar, 12 Jan. 2004, celebration of 40 years' Revolution.JPG|thumb|Zanzibar, 12 Jan. 2004, celebration of 40 years of the revolution]]
After an aborted [[Tanganyika Rifles#Mutiny|mutiny]] in January 1964, the existing army was disbanded. The new force was titled the 'Tanganyika Military Force', from 25 January 1964 - 26 April 1964.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The transformation of civil-military relations in Tanzania, in Hutchful and Bathily The Military and Militarism in Africa.|last=Tungaraza, Casta.|publisher=CODESRIA|year=1998|location=Dakar}}</ref> The Tanzanian government concluded that the former British model was not appropriate for the needs of an independent African state.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Keegan|page=698|title=World Armies|year=1979|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-17236-1}}</ref> Fresh recruits were sourced from the [[Tanganyika African National Union]] youth wing.<ref>For the rebuilding programme, see Lee, J. M. (1969), African Armies and Civil Order, International Institute for Strategic Studies/Chatto and Windus, 1969, 149-150.</ref> After the merge of [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] and [[Zanzibar]], the force was renamed the United Republic Military Force on 27 April 1964.<ref name=":0" />
For the first few years of the TPDF, the army was even smaller than the disbanded 2,000-strong Tanganyika Rifles, the air force was minuscule, and no navy had yet been formed. It appears that the new TPDF had three battalions by August 1965, stationed at [[Nachingwea]], Colito Barracks (now called [[Lugalo Military Base|Lugalo]]) five miles outside Dar es Salaam, and [[Tabora]], plus the yet to be fully integrated Zanzibari force of about 1,000.<ref>United Republic of Tanzania, Assessment of Defence Forces, August 1965, on file DO 185/42, Integration, training and deployment of Tanzania People's Defence forces, Commonwealth Relations Office, 1965, held UK [[The National Archives]]</ref> However the army was four battalions strong by 1967.<ref>Parsons, 2003, 168.</ref>
From 1964 to 1974, the TPDF was commanded by [[Mrisho Sarakikya|Mrisho S.H. Sarakikya]], trained at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]], who was promoted from lieutenant to brigadier in 1964 and became the force's first commander.<ref>Irving Kaplan, Tanzania: A Country Study, [[Library of Congress Country Studies]], First Edition, 1978, p. 248–249, and [http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2011/30/Local%20News_1.htm General Sarakikya attends Royal Military Academy's 50th reunion in Sandhurst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724212646/http://www.arushatimes.co.tz/2011/30/Local%20News_1.htm|date=2013-07-24}}, [[Arusha Times]], 13–19 August 2011.</ref> He was succeeded by Major General [[Abdallah Twalipo]] in 1974.<ref>Irving Kaplan, Tanzania: A Country Study, [[Library of Congress Country Studies]], First Edition, 1978, p. 249.</ref> Twalipo was still a major general in 1975,{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} but then promoted to lieutenant general by 1978 (Kaplan, 1978, 249) and then later full general.
In 1972, the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) listed the army with 10,000 personnel, four infantry battalions, 20 [[Type 59 tank|Type 59]] [[Main battle tank|main battle tanks]], 14 [[Type 62]] light tanks, some [[BTR-40]] and [[BTR-152]] [[Armoured personnel carrier|armoured personnel carriers]], and Soviet [[field artillery]] and Chinese [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]. 'Spares [were] short and not all equipment was serviceable.'<ref>IISS, 1972-73, p. 40</ref>
[[Uganda–Tanzania War|War broke out]] between Uganda and Tanzania in October 1978, with several Ugandan attacks across the border culminating in [[Invasion of Kagera|an invasion]] of the Kagera Salient.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=54, 58, 61}} President [[Julius Nyerere]] ordered Tanzania to undertake full [[mobilisation]] for war.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=63}} In a few weeks, the Tanzanian army was expanded from less than 40,000 troops{{sfn|Lupogo|2001|p=83}}{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=27}} to over 150,000, including about 40,000 [[militia]]men{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=27}} as well as members of the police, prison services, and the [[national service]].{{sfn|Lupogo|2001|p=84}} Fighting in December was mostly limited to "[[trench warfare]]"{{sfn|Lagarde|1979|p=5}} along the border, marked by sporadic clashes and air raids.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=28}} By early January 1979 all Ugandan troops had been ejected from Kagera.<ref name=lubega2>{{cite web| url = https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Revisiting-the-Tanzania-Uganda-war-that-toppled-Amin/688342-2293306-110gxl9/index.html| title = Revisiting the Tanzania-Uganda war that toppled Amin| last = Lubega| first = Henry| date = 26 April 2014| website = Daily Monitor| access-date = 7 February 2019| archive-date = 24 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180124160036/http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Revisiting-the-Tanzania-Uganda-war-that-toppled-Amin/688342-2293306-110gxl9/index.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>
Nyerere decided that Tanzanian forces should occupy southern Uganda as revenge for the devastation wrought by Ugandan troops in his country and to incite a rebellion against Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=77–79}} The Tanzanians launched their offensive in mid-February 1979.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=29}} Major General [[David Musuguri]] was appointed commander of the TPDF's 20th Division and tasked with overseeing the advance into Uganda.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=78–79}} They steadily advanced, killing dozens of Ugandan soldiers and destroying large amounts of their material.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=79–82}} Following the capture of [[Masaka, Uganda|Masaka]] and [[Mbarara]], the TPDF halted to reorganise. [[Silas Mayunga]] was promoted to major general and given charge of a newly formed "Task Force", a unit consisting of the 206th Brigade and the Minziro Brigade, which was to operate semi-autonomously from the 20th Division.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=86}} While the 20th Division moved out of southeast Uganda and attacked major locations in the country, the Task Force advanced north into western Uganda in the following months, engaging Ugandan troops conducting [[rearguard]] defensive actions.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=174}}
The 20th Division captured [[Kampala]] on April 11 and overthrew Amin's government.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|pp=36–37}} The fall of Kampala marked the first time in the post-colonial history of the continent that an African state seized the capital of another African country.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=124}} The war ended on June 3, 1979; after Tanzanian forces occupied Uganda's border region with [[Sudan]] and [[Zaire]].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|pp=195–196}} Some Western military analysts attributed Tanzania's victory to the collapse of the Uganda Army, arguing that the TPDF would have been defeated by most other African armies.<ref>{{cite news| last = Lamb| first = David| title = Tanzania Keeps Strong Voice in Uganda: Post-Amin Regime Forced to Accept Plans for Sizable Army| newspaper = The Los Angeles Times| page = D1| date = 11 May 1979}}</ref> Others felt that the TPDF's success indicated substantial improvements in African military capabilities over the previous years.{{sfn|Thom|1988|pp=52–53}}
When the TPDF began returning en masse to Tanzania, only a small number of soldiers were demobilised, contrary to public expectations. Military commanders then began making accommodations to render the wartime expansions of the army permanent, creating new units and divisional headquarters. Some in the military hierarchy expressed disapproval in light of Tanzania's bleak financial situation, and the country's depressed economy eventually forced the TPDF to disband many of the extra units.{{sfn|Lupogo|2001|p=84}} Nevertheless, the TPDF retained a large number of officers in the standing army, with the assumption that they could be used to command militiamen in the event they needed to be called back into service.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=72}} The post-war size of the TPDF remained larger than the pre-war size throughout the next decade.{{sfn|Francis|1994|p=160}}
In 1992, the IISS listed the army with 45,000 personnel (some 20,000 conscripts), 3 division headquarters, 8 infantry brigades, one tank brigade, two field artillery battalions, two [[anti-aircraft artillery]] battalions (6 batteries), two mortar, two anti-tank battalions, one engineer regiment (battalion-sized), and one [[surface-to-air missile]] battalion with [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|SA-3]] and [[2K12 Kub|SA-6]] missiles.<ref>IISS Military Balance 1992-93, p. 211.</ref> Equipment included 30 Chinese Type 59 and 32 [[T-54/55]] main battle tanks.
In 2007 Tanzania pledged forces for the [[SADC Standby Brigade]] of the [[African Standby Force]].<ref>Jane's Defence Weekly</ref>
==Land Force Command==
The Land Force Command was separated from the Army and an official commander was appointed to run the operations of the Land Forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania Land Force Command|url=https://www.tpdf.mil.tz/sho-pages/land-fprce|website=Tanzania Peoples Defence Force}}</ref> In 2013, the other separated half of the army was officially incorporated as a new branch of the military to oversee strategic planning and administration of all the branches of the military called the Defence Force HQ Command.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania Defence Force HQ Command|url=https://www.tpdf.mil.tz/sho-pages/cdfhq|website=Tanzania Peoples Defence Force}}</ref>
{{Asof|2012}}, the army is gradually modernising and restructuring. Much of the inventory is in storage or unreliable.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-World-Armies/Tanzania-Tanzania.html|work=Janes World Armies|access-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126164802/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-World-Armies/Tanzania-Tanzania.html|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*5 × infantry brigades
*1 × armoured brigade
*3 × artillery battalions
*2 × air defence artillery battalions
*1 × mortar battalion
*2 × anti-tank battalions
*121st Engineer Regiment (battalion size; unit identification from usaraf.army.mil and [[Flickr]])
*1 × central logistic/support group
===Equipment===
{{Main|List of equipment of the Tanzanian Army}}
==Air Force Command==
{{main|Tanzania Air Force Command}}
[[File:Kikwete and Obama at JNIA.jpg|thumb|TPDF honour guard]]
Tanzania established its air force as the "Air Wing" ([[Kiswahili]]: ''Usafirishaji wa Anga'') of the TPDF Air Defence Command in 1965.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=14}} As it was following an international policy of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]],{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=13}} Tanzania procured aircraft and trainers from a variety of countries, most notably [[China]], [[Canada]],{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|pp=14–15}} and the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=19}} By 1978, the Tanzanian Air Wing possessed 14 [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21MFs]], two MiG-21UMs, 22 [[Shenyang J-5|Shenyang F-5]]s, 12 [[Shenyang J-6|Shenyang F-6]]s, as well as several [[Military transport aircraft|transport]] and [[trainer aircraft]].{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=19}}{{efn|According to Lagarde, the TPDF had 29 combat aircraft in 1979: 11 MiG-21s, 15 MiG-19s, and 3 MiG-17s.{{sfn|Lagarde|1979|p=8}} According to Paxton, it possessed 12 [[Chengdu F-7]]s (MiG-21s), 15 F-6s (MiG-19s), and 3 F-4s (MiG-17s).{{sfn|Paxton|2016|p=1169}} }} Furthermore, the country's Air Defence had access to SA-3 [[surface-to-air missile]]s,{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=19}} [[9K32 Strela-2|SA-7]] [[Man-portable air-defense system|MANPADS]],{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=25}} 14.5mm and 37mm anti-aircraft guns,{{sfn|Lagarde|1979|p=8}}{{sfn|Legum|1981|p=B-333}} and ground support equipment—including [[early-warning radar]]s.{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=19}}
The Air Wing was eventually organised into three ''Kikosi cha Jeshi'' or KJ Brigades, with each brigade focusing on one particular element of air warfare: aircraft and helicopters (601 KJ), technical support (602 KJ), and air defence (603 KJ). The fighter aircraft unit of 601 KJ, known as "Squadron 601", was based at [[Mwanza Airport|Mwanza Air Base]] (MiG-21s) and [[Ngerengere Air Force Base]] (F-5s, F-6s).{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015|p=20}} In 1978 the Air Defence Command employed approximately 1,000 personnel.{{sfn|Paxton|2016|p=1169}}{{sfn|Lagarde|1979|p=8}}
The current commander of the now-[[Tanzania Air Force Command]] is Major General William Ingram, who replaced Major General Joseph Kapwani upon the latter's retirement in January 2016. During a visit to Zimbabwe in March 2014, Kapwani commended Zimbabweans for 'remaining resolute and firmly safeguarding the country's sovereignty despite the suffering brought on by illegal Western sanctions.'<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201403130340.html Zimbabwe: Tanzania Commander Hails Zimbabweans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502084553/http://allafrica.com/stories/201403130340.html |date=2015-05-02 }}, [[The Herald (Zimbabwe)]] via AllAfrica, 13 March 2014.</ref> He made the remarks when he paid a courtesy call on [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] Commander Air Marshal [[Perrance Shiri]] at AFZ headquarters in [[Harare]] on 12 March 2014. General Kapwani, who was then the chair of the SADC Standing Aviation Committee, said he was in Zimbabwe to share experiences and strengthen relations.
A few of the Tanzanian air wing's transport remain serviceable. However, its Shenyang F-5s, and [[Chengdu J-7|Chengdu F-7]]s are reported to fly only on rare occasions because of airworthiness problems.<ref name="Tanzanian military aviation OrBat">{{cite web|url=http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/tanzania/index.php|title=OrBat Tanzania - MilAvia Press.com: Military Aviation Publications|website=www.milaviapress.com|access-date=2008-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327110239/http://www.milaviapress.com/orbat/tanzania/index.php|archive-date=2008-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Tanzania's long coastline means that transports are also used for patrol flights.
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 060812-N-0411D-298.jpg|thumb|A TPDF soldier]]
On 14 November 2013, Helmoed-Römer Heitman reported for [[Jane's Defence Weekly]] that a 'usually reliable source' had informed Jane's that the TPDF had replaced its 12 old CAC J-7 fighters with 14 new J-7s, twelve single-seat and two dual-seat. Deliveries were completed in 2011. Heitman also reported that the aircraft were fully operational at Dar es Salaam and Mwanza air bases.<ref>Helmoed-Römer Heitman (Pretoria), Tanzania swaps old J-7 fighters for new ones, IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 14 November 2013.</ref>
Recent estimates (2014) suggest that Tanzania's air force command operates 32 aircraft in 3 different types. It is believed they are operating 14 [[fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, 11 fixed-wing [[attack aircraft]] and 7 transport aircraft.
On October 1, 2015 a [[K-8 Karakorum|K-8]] trainer jet of Tanzania Air Force Command crashed into the sea killing both pilots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=180074|title=ASN Aircraft accident 01-OCT-2015 Hongdu K-8 Karakorum|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2016-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004120/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=180074|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Naval Command==
{{main|Tanzania Naval Command}}
The navy operates 9 [[fast attack craft]] and 12 [[Patrol boat|patrol boats]].
The current commander of the Naval Command is Rear Admiral [[Ramson Godwin Mwaisaka]].
The closing ceremony of the joint Tanzanian-Chinese exercise Beyond/Transcend 2014 was held on November 14, 2014, at [[Kigamboni Naval Base]] attended by guests that included China’s ambassador to Tanzania, the Chief of the TPDF, and the heads of the navy and air force. The exercise between the Chinese [[People’s Liberation Army Navy]] and the TPDF began on October 16 in [[Dar es Salaam]], with more than 100 navy officers and seamen participating.
[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] wrote in August 2017 that '..a People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) flotilla consisting of a destroyer, a frigate, and a supply vessel visited Dar es Salaam on 16–20 August.'<ref>{{cite news|first=Erwan|last=de Cherisey|title=China steps up training for African militaries|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=23 August 2017}}</ref> Rear Admiral Makanzo said during the visit that Tanzania currently has two marine infantry companies, both of which were trained by the PLAN, with the training of a third company planned to begin with Chinese assistance. The admiral said that Tanzanian marines were deployed at the time in peacekeeping operations in the Central African Republic, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], and South Sudan.
==United Nations missions==
[[File:FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg|thumb|Tanzanian special forces training for the MONUSCO [[Force Intervention Brigade|FIB]] mission]]
As of 30 June 2019, the TDPF is involved in the following [[United Nations]] [[UN peacekeeping|peacekeeping]] missions:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/jun13_3.pdf |title=UN Mission's Summary detailed by Country |date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Page 33, [[UN]] |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012235105/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/jun13_3.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/tanzania|access-date=2020-06-13|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission !! Location !! scope="col" width="110px" | Number
|-
| [[United Nations Force Intervention Brigade]] ([[MONUSCO]]) || [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] || align=center | 970
|-
|[[United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur|United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur]] ([[UNAMID]]) || [[Darfur]], [[Sudan]] || align=center | 700
|-
|[[MINUSCA]] || |[[Bangui]], [[Central African Republic]] || align=center | 445
|-
| [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL) || [[Lebanon]] || align=center | 159
|-
|[[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNMISS) ||[[South Sudan]]|| align="center" | 10
|-
| [[United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei]] (UNISFA) || [[Abyei]] || align=center | 5
|}
==Leadership==
Current Commanding Officers
*'''Chief of Defence Forces (CDF):''' General Jacob John Mkunda<ref name="Mkunda_22" />
*'''Chief of Staff:''' Lieutenant General Salum Haji Othman<ref name="dailynews" />
*''' TPDF Sergeant Major:''' Warrant Officer Class One (WO1) Martine Peter Kaziro
*'''Commander of Military Headquarters:''' Major General Nkambi
*'''Commander of Land Forces:''' Major General Fadhil Omary Nondo
*'''Commander of Air Forces:''' Major General Shabani Baraghashi Mani<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Abdu|first=Fatma|date=1 February 2016|title=Tanzania: President Picks New TPDF Chief of Staff|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201602011052.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128234002/http://allafrica.com/stories/201602011052.html|archive-date=28 January 2017|access-date=22 February 2017|via=AllAfrica|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*'''Commander of Naval Forces:''' Rear Admiral Ramson Godwin Mwaisaka<ref>{{cite web|title=Rear Admiral R S Laswai, Commander, Tanzanian Navy Visits India from 29 Aug to 01 sep 16|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149290|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125545/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149290|archive-date=2017-02-23|access-date=2017-02-22|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
*'''Chief of National Service:''' Major General Rajabu Mabele<ref name="auto" />
===Chief of Defence Force===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(birth–death)}}
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|Refences}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
| 1
|
| [[General]]<br />'''[[Mrisho Sarakikya|Mirisho Sarakikya]]'''
| 8 January 1964
| 12 February 1974
| {{ayd|1964|01|08|1974|02|12}}
| <ref name="Commanders">{{cite web |title=Historia ya Viongozi |url=http://www.tpdf.mil.tz/index.php?id=5 |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124190927/http://www.tpdf.mil.tz/index.php?id=5 |archive-date=24 November 2011 |language=sw}}</ref><ref>Ghulila, Anderson, George Mwashiga, Joseph Masanja, Mohamed Adam, Sylvester Mangure, and Jane Kipengele. TPDF: An Operational History. Dubai: Creo Ltd, 2012, 123.</ref>
|-
| 2
|
| General<br />'''[[Abdallah Twalipo]]'''
| 13 February 1974
| 8 November 1980
| {{ayd|1974|02|13|1980|11|08}}
| <ref name="Commanders"/>
|-
| 3
|
| General<br />'''[[David Musuguri]]'''<br />{{small|(1920-2024)}}
| 9 November 1980
| 1 September 1988
| {{ayd|1980|11|09|1988|09|01}}
| <ref name="Commanders"/>
|-
| 4
|
| General<br />'''[[Ernest M. Kiaro]]'''
| 1 September 1988
| 27 January 1994
| {{ayd|1988|09|01|1994|01|27}}
| <ref name="Commanders"/>
|-
| 5
|
| General<br />'''[[Robert P. Mboma]]'''
| 28 January 1994
| 30 June 2001
| {{ayd|1994|01|28|2001|06|30}}
| <ref name="Commanders"/>
|-
| 6
|
| General<br />'''[[George M. Waitara]]'''
| 1 July 2001
| 13 September 2007
| {{ayd|2001|07|01|2007|09|13}}
| <ref name="Commanders"/>
|-
| 7
| [[File:Davis Mwamunyange.png|80px]]
| General<br />'''[[Davis Mwamunyange]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1959)}}
| 13 September 2007
| 2 February 2017
| {{ayd|2007|09|13|2017|02|02}}
| <ref name="Commanders"/><ref name="dailynews">{{cite news |author1=DAILY NEWS REPORTER |title=JPM appoints Mabeyo new CDF |url=http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/48306-jpm-appoints-mabeyo-new-cdf |access-date=6 October 2021 |work=dailynews.co.tz |date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203162117/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/48306-jpm-appoints-mabeyo-new-cdf |archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| [[File:Venance Salvatory Mabeyo.png|80px]]
| General<br />'''[[Venance Salvatory Mabeyo]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1956)}}
| 2 February 2017
| 1 July 2022
| {{ayd|2017|02|02}}
| <ref name="dailynews"/>
|-
| 9
| [[File:Jacob John Mkunda in New Delhi.jpg|80px]]
| General<br />'''[[Jacob John Mkunda]]'''<br />{{small|(born )}}
| 1 July 2022
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|2022|07|01}}
| <ref name="Mkunda_22">{{cite news |title=Mkunda takes oath as new CDF, Mabeyo lands new job |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/mkunda-takes-oath-as-new-cdf-mabeyo-lands-new-job-3865704 |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]] |publisher=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]] |date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704091934/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/mkunda-takes-oath-as-new-cdf-mabeyo-lands-new-job-3865704 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}
==See also==
* [[Rank and Insignia of the Tanzanian Armed Forces]]
* [[Tanzanian Armed Forces Uniform]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
Irving Kaplan, Tanzania: A Country Study, [[Library of Congress Country Studies]], First Edition, 1978.
*Elise Forbes Pachter, 'Contra-Coup: Civilian Control of the Military in Guinea, Tanzania, and Mozambique.' ''The Journal of Modern African Studies,'' Vol. 20, No. 4 (December 1982), p606 on 1975 personnel reshuffle.
== Works cited ==
* {{cite book| last1 = Avirgan| first1 = Tony|author-link=Tony Avirgan | last2 = Honey| first2 = Martha|author2-link=Martha Honey| title = War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin| location= Dar es Salaam|publisher = Tanzania Publishing House| date = 1983| isbn = 978-9976-1-0056-3}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Cooper|first1 = Tom|last2 = Fontanellaz|first2 = Adrien|title= Wars and Insurgencies of Uganda 1971–1994|date= 2015|publisher= Helion & Company Limited|location= [[Solihull]]|isbn= 978-1-910294-55-0}}
* {{cite thesis |last= Francis|first= Joyce L.|date= 1994|title= War as a social trap: The case of Tanzania|publisher=American University |type= PhD thesis|oclc= 33488070|url= https://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/thesesdissertations:2786}}
* {{cite book | last= Lagarde| first= Dominique| chapter= Ugandan-Tanzanian war examined. Amin Dada: His War in Tanzania| title = Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, No. 2073| publisher = United States Joint Publications Research Service| date = 8 March 1979| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DlxEAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA1| pages= 1–9 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Legum |editor-first=Colin |title=Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents: 1979–1980 |publisher=Africana Publishing Company |volume=XII |date=1981 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8419-0160-5 }}
* {{cite journal| last = Lupogo| first = Herman| title = Tanzania: Civil-military Relations and Political Stability| journal = African Security Review| volume = 10| issue = 1| pages = 75–86| date = 2001| url = http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/10No1/Lupogo.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130417020918/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/10No1/Lupogo.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2013-04-17| doi = 10.1080/10246029.2001.9628102| s2cid = 218648473}}
* {{cite book| editor-last = Paxton| editor-first = J.| title = The Statesman's Year-Book 1978-79| publisher = Springer| edition = reprint|location= London| date = 2016| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YI3LDQAAQBAJ| isbn = 978-0-230-27107-4}}
* {{cite journal| last = Thom| first = William G.| title = Judging Africa's Military Capabilities| journal = Journal of Third World Studies| volume = 5| issue = 1| pages = 52–65| date = 1988| jstor = 45192991}}
==Further reading==
* {{CIA World Factbook|year=2005}}
* [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/tno9.html Tanzania Refutes Cross Border Shelling]
* Simon Baynham, [https://archive.today/20030928170817/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/SADR3/Baynham.html Civil-Military Relations in Post-Independent Africa]
* Donovan C. Chau, "Exploiting Africa: The Influence of Maoist China in Algeria, Ghana, and Tanzania," Naval Institute Press; 1st ed. (April 15, 2014)
* {{cite book|author=Michael G. Brooks, Kendall D. Gott|title=Security Assistance, U.S. and International Historical Perspectives: Proceedings of the Combat Studies Institute 2006 Military History Symposium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRUH7MLttEAC&pg=PA278|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-087349-2}} - includes China/Tanzania study
* Christopher Gallop, 'Letters from East Africa' Grosvenor House, UK, 2013 {{ISBN|978-1781486283}}
*Allison Herrick, Area Handbook for Tanzania, [[American University]], 1968
*Irving Kaplan, Tanzania: A Country Study, [[Library of Congress Country Studies]], Second Edition, 1987.
* Nestor Luanda, ''A changing conception of defence: A historical perspective of the military in Tanzania,'' in ''Evolutions and Revolutions,'' 2005.
* {{cite book |editor=Murdo Morrison) |title=[[Flight International]] |edition=Number 5063|year=2006|publisher=Flight Global|location=London |issn=0015-3710 |chapter=World Air Forces |page=82}}
* {{cite book |author=Brian S. MacDonald |title=Military spending in developing countries |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryspending0000macd |url-access=registration |edition=Number 5063|year=1990|location=London |isbn=978-0-88629-314-7  |chapter=Africa armed forces}}
* A.H. Omari, 2001. Civil–military Relations in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Centre for Foreign Relations.
* Timothy Parsons, The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa
* {{cite thesis |last=Thomas |first=Charles G. |date=May 2012 |title=The Tanzanian People's Defence Force : an exercise in nation-building |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]] |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/22096 |access-date=2019-05-03}}
==External links==
*[http://www.modans.go.tz/ Official website of the Ministry of Tanzanian Defence and National Service Tanzania]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110925043846/http://www.tpdf.mil.tz/ Official website of the Tanzania People's Defence Forces]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417020918/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/10No1/Lupogo.html Tanzania Civil-military Relations and Political Stability]
*Lillian Kingazi, [http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA457499 Enhancing Human Resource Capabilities in the TPDF]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
{{Military of Tanzania}}
{{Tanzania topics}}
{{Military of Africa}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Military of Tanzania| ]]