View source for Tenedos

{{Short description|Island in Turkey}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Bozcaada|the town|Bozcaada, Çanakkale}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Tenedos
| native_name                     = Bozcaada
| native_name_lang                = tr
| official_name                   =
| image_skyline                   = Bozcaada - ISS027.JPG
| image_caption                   = Satellite view of Bozcaada
| image_shield                    =
| pushpin_map                     = Turkey Marmara#Turkey#Europe
| coordinates                     = {{coord|39|49|19|N|26|01|44|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{TUR}}
| subdivision_type2               = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]]
| subdivision_type1              = [[Regions of Turkey|Region]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Marmara Region|Marmara]]
| leader_party                    = [[Republican People's Party|CHP]]
| leader_title                    = Mayor
| leader_name                     = Yahya Göztepe
| leader_title1                   = [[Kaymakam]]
| leader_name1                    = Mehmet Halit Haydaroğlu
| area_footnotes                  = <ref name="yearbook"/>
| area_total_km2                  = 39.9
| total_type                      = &nbsp;
| elevation_m                     =
| population_footnotes            = <ref name="tuik" />
| population_as_of                = 2022
| population_total                = 3120
| population_density_km2          = auto
| postal_code_type                = Post code
| postal_code                     = 17680
| website                         = {{URL| www.bozcaada.bel.tr | www.bozcaada.bel.tr }}
}}
'''Tenedos''' ({{Langx|el|Τένεδος}}, ''Tenedhos''; {{Langx|la|Tenedus}}), or '''Bozcaada''' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], is an island of [[Turkey]] in the northeastern part of the [[Aegean Sea]]. Administratively, the island constitutes the [[Bozcaada, Çanakkale|Bozcaada district]] of [[Çanakkale Province]]. With an area of {{convert|39.9|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, it is the third-largest Turkish island after [[Imbros]] (Gökçeada) and [[Marmara Island|Marmara]].<ref name="yearbook">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0022025.pdf | title = Turkey's Statistical Yearbook 2013 | year = 2014 |page = 7| publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish, English}}</ref> In 2022, the district had a population of 3,120 inhabitants.<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=19 September 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and presently a Latin Catholic titular see.
[[File:Bozcaada - panoramio (21) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bozcaada Clock Tower]]
Tenedos is mentioned in both the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Aeneid]]'', in the latter as the site where the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Greeks]] hid their fleet near the end of the [[Trojan War]] in order to trick the [[Troy|Trojans]] into believing the war was over and into taking the [[Trojan Horse]] within their city walls. Despite its small size, the island was important throughout [[classical antiquity]] due to its strategic location at the entrance of the [[Dardanelles]]. In the following centuries, the island came under the control of a succession of regional powers, including the [[Persian Empire]], the [[Delian League]], the empire of [[Alexander the Great]], the [[Attalid kingdom]], the [[Roman Empire]] and its successor, the [[Byzantine Empire]], before passing to the [[Republic of Venice]]. As a result of the [[War of Chioggia]] (1381) between [[Genoa]] and [[Venice]] the entire population was evacuated and the town was demolished. The [[Ottoman Empire]] established control over the deserted island in 1455. During Ottoman rule, it was resettled by both Greeks and Turks. In 1807, the island was temporarily occupied by the [[Russian Empire|Russians]]. During this invasion the town was burnt down and many Turkish residents left the island.
Under Greek administration between 1912 and 1923, Tenedos was ceded to Turkey with the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] (1923) which ended the [[Turkish War of Independence]] following the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] in the aftermath of [[World War I]]. The treaty called for a quasi-autonomous administration to accommodate the local Greek population and excluded the [[Greeks]] on the two islands of [[Imbros]] and Tenedos from the wider [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchanges]] that took place between Greece and Turkey. Tenedos remained majority Greek until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when many Greeks emigrated because of better opportunities elsewhere. Starting with the second half of the 20th century, there has been immigration from mainland [[Anatolia]], especially [[Romani people in Turkey|Romani]] from the town of [[Bayramiç]].
== Name ==
[[File:Greek Silver Tetradrachm of Tenedos (Mysia, Islands off Troas), a Wonderful Janiform Head of Zeus and Hera.jpg|thumb|left|Ancient silver [[Tetradrachm]] from Tenedos, depicting [[Zeus]] and [[Hera]] and bearing the inscription "Τενεδίων" (Tenedion) on the other side]]
The island is known in English as both Tenedos (the Greek name) and Bozcaada (the Turkish name). Over the centuries many other names have been used.{{sfn|Yale|2012|ps=}} Documented [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] names for the island are Leukophrys,<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/tau/310 Suda Encyclopedia, tau.311]</ref><ref>[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/photius/conon.htm Conon, Narrations (Photius), §28]</ref> Calydna, Phoenice and Lyrnessus ([[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], HN 5,140).{{sfn|Tenedos|2012|ps=}} The official Turkish name for the island is Bozcaada; the Turkish word "boz" means either a barren land or grey to brown color (sources indicate both of these meanings may have been associated with the island) and "ada" meaning island.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=44|ps=}} The name Tenedos was derived, according to [[Apollodorus of Athens]], from the [[Greek hero]] [[Tenes]], who ruled the island at the time of the [[Trojan War]] and was killed by [[Achilles]]. Apollodorus writes that the island was originally known as Leocophrys until Tenes landed on the island and became the ruler.{{sfn|Apollodorus|1976|ps=}} The island became known as Bozcaada when the Ottoman Empire took the island over.{{sfn|Sugar|1996|ps=}} Tenedos remained a common name for the island along with Bozcaada after the Ottoman conquest of the island, often with Greek populations and Turkish populations using different names for the island.{{sfn|Bozcaada|2012|ps=}}
== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Bozcaada - panoramio (17).jpg|thumb|Rocks along the shore in Akvaryum Beach]]
Tenedos is roughly triangular in shape. Its area is {{convert|39.9|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="yearbook" /> It is the third largest Turkish island after [[Marmara Island]] and [[Imbros]] (Gökçeada).{{sfn|Yale|2012|ps=}} It is surrounded by small islets, and is situated close to the entrance of the [[Dardanelles]]. It is the only rural district (''[[Districts of Turkey|ilçe]]'') of Turkey without any villages, and has only one major settlement, the town center.
Geological evidence suggests that the island broke away from the mainland producing a terrain that is mainly plains in the west with hills in the Northeast, and the highest point is {{convert|192|m|ft}}. The central part of the island is the most amenable to agricultural activities.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|ps=}} There is a small pine forest in the Southwestern part of the island.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}  The westernmost part of the island has large sandy areas not suitable for agriculture.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|ps=}}
The island has a [[Mediterranean climate]] with strong northern winds called [[etesian]]s.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}  Average temperature is {{convert|16|°C|°F}} and the average annual precipitation is around {{convert|500|mm|in}}. There are a number of small streams running from north to south at the southwestern part of the island.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|ps=}} Freshwater sources though are not enough for the island so water is piped in from the mainland.{{sfn|ALTYAPI DURUMU|ps=}}{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Tenedos (1991–2020)
| Jan high C = 10.9
| Feb high C = 11.5
| Mar high C = 13.5
| Apr high C = 17.1
| May high C = 21.6
| Jun high C = 25.6
| Jul high C = 27.1
| Aug high C = 27.2
| Sep high C = 24.5
| Oct high C = 20.3
| Nov high C = 16.1
| Dec high C = 12.3
| year high C = 19.0
| Jan mean C = 8.4
| Feb mean C = 8.8
| Mar mean C = 10.6
| Apr mean C = 13.7
| May mean C = 17.9
| Jun mean C = 21.8
| Jul mean C = 23.5
| Aug mean C = 23.8
| Sep mean C = 21.2
| Oct mean C = 17.5
| Nov mean C = 13.5
| Dec mean C = 10.0
| year mean C = 15.9
| Jan low C = 6.1
| Feb low C = 6.4
| Mar low C = 7.9
| Apr low C = 10.8
| May low C = 14.8
| Jun low C = 18.5
| Jul low C = 20.4
| Aug low C = 20.9
| Sep low C = 18.4
| Oct low C = 15.0
| Nov low C = 11.2
| Dec low C = 7.8
| year low C = 13.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 66.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 64.74
| Mar precipitation mm = 58.89
| Apr precipitation mm = 42.45
| May precipitation mm = 20.15
| Jun precipitation mm = 12.86
| Jul precipitation mm = 3.99
| Aug precipitation mm = 6.57
| Sep precipitation mm = 20.61
| Oct precipitation mm = 45.66
| Nov precipitation mm = 63.92
| Dec precipitation mm = 91.36
| year precipitation mm = 497.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 6.4
| Feb precipitation days = 7.0
| Mar precipitation days = 5.7
| Apr precipitation days = 5.2
| May precipitation days = 3.1
| Jun precipitation days = 2.0
| Jul precipitation days = 1.2
| Aug precipitation days = 1.6
| Sep precipitation days = 2.9
| Oct precipitation days = 4.2
| Nov precipitation days = 6.1
| Dec precipitation days = 8.4
| year precipitation days = 53.8
| Jan humidity = 78.3
| Feb humidity = 76.7
| Mar humidity = 74.8
| Apr humidity = 74.0
| May humidity = 73.6
| Jun humidity = 72.3
| Jul humidity = 72.5
| Aug humidity = 73.0
| Sep humidity = 73.3
| Oct humidity = 77.2
| Nov humidity = 78.1
| Dec humidity = 78.7
| year humidity = 75.2
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Bozcaada_17111.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Bozcaada
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 13, 2024}}</ref>
}}
==History==
===Prehistory===
Archeological findings indicate that the first human settlement on the island dates back to the [[Bronze Age|Early Bronze Age II]] (ca. 3000–2700 BC). Archaeological evidence suggests the culture on the island had elements in common with the cultures of northwestern [[Anatolia]] and the [[Cycladic Islands]]. {{sfn|Sevinç|Takaoğlu|2004|ps=}} Most settlement was on the small bays on the east side of the island which formed natural harbours. Settlement archaeological work was done quickly and thus did not find definitive evidence of grape cultivation on the island during this period. However, grape cultivation was common on neighboring islands and the nearby mainland during this time.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|pp=119–120|ps=}}
According to a reconstruction, based on the myth of Tenes, [[Walter Leaf]] stated that the first inhabitants of the island could be [[Pelasgians]], who were driven out of the Anatolian mainland by the [[Phrygians]].{{sfn|Leaf|Strabo|1923|p=218|ps=}} According to the same author, there are possible traces of [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] and [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean Greek]] influence in the island.{{sfn|Leaf|Strabo|1923|p=220|ps=}}
===Antiquity<!--'Ancient Tenedos' redirects here-->===
[[File:Troas.svg|thumb|350px|right|Tenedos next to ancient [[Troy]], with [[Imbros]] to the north and [[Lesbos]] to the south|alt=Map of Tenedos, a small island next to Troy and the larger Lesbos]]
Ancient Tenedos is referred to in Greek and Roman mythology, and archaeologists have uncovered evidence of its settlement from the Bronze Age. It would stay prominent through the age of classical Greece, fading by the time of the dominance of [[ancient Rome]]. Although a small island, Tenedos's position in the straits and its two harbors made it important to the [[Mediterranean]] powers over the centuries. For nine months of the year, the currents and the prevailing wind, the [[etesian]], came, and still come, from the [[Black Sea]] hampering sailing vessels headed for Constantinople. They had to wait a week or more at Tenedos, waiting for the favorable southerly wind. Tenedos thus served as a shelter and way station for ships bound for the [[Hellespont]], [[Propontis]], [[Bosphorus]], and places farther on. Several of the regional powers captured or attacked the island, including the [[Athenians]], the Persians, the [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]] under [[Alexander the Great]], the [[Seleucids]] and the [[Attalids]].{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}}
=== Mythology ===
Homer mentions [[Apollo]] as the chief deity of Tenedos in his time. According to him, the island was captured by [[Achilles]] during the siege of [[Troy]].{{sfn|Cramer|1832|p=112|ps=}} [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] obtained his slave [[Hecamede]] there during one of Achilles's raids. Nestor also sailed back from Troy stopping at Tenedos and island-hopping to Lesbos.{{sfn|Neilson|2009|p=54|ps=}} ''[[The Odyssey]]'' mentions the Greeks leaving Troy after winning the war first traveled to nearby Tenedos, sacrificed there,{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}} and then went to Lesbos before pausing to choose between alternative routes.{{sfn|Tozer|1897|p=23|ps=}}
Homer, in the [[Iliad]] mention that between Tenedos and [[Imbros]] there was a wide cavern, in which [[Poseidon]] stayed his horses.<ref>[[Homer]], [[The Iliad]] Book XIII.</ref>{{sfn|Cramer|1832|p=113|ps=}}
[[Virgil]], in the ''[[Aeneid]]'', described the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] hiding their fleet at the bay of Tenedos, toward the end of the Trojan War, to trick [[Troy]] into believing the war was over and allowing them to take the [[Trojan Horse]] within Troy's city walls. In ''Aeneid'', it is also the island from which twin serpents came to kill the Trojan priest [[Laocoön]] and his sons as punishment for throwing a spear at the Trojan Horse.{{sfn|Vergil 19 BCE|ps=}} According to [[Pindar]] (Nemean Odes no. 11), the island was founded after the war by bronze-clad warriors from [[Amyclae|Amyklai]], traveling with [[Orestes]].{{sfn|Nagy|2012|ps=}}
According to myth, [[Tenes]] was the son of [[Cycnus]], himself the son of [[Poseidon]] and Calyce. Philonome, Cycnus's second wife and hence Tenes's stepmother, tried to seduce Tenes and was rejected. She then accused him of rape leading to his abandonment at sea along with his sister. They washed up on the island of Leucophrys where he was proclaimed king and the island renamed Tenedos in his honor. When Cycnus realized the lie behind the allegations he took a ship to apologize to his son. The myths differ on whether they reconciled.{{sfn|Thorburn|2005|p=163|ps=}} According to one version, when the father landed on the island of Tenedos, Tenes cut the cord holding his boat. The phrase 'hatchet of Tenes' came to mean resentment that could not be soothed.{{sfn|Lemprière|1804|ps=}} Another myth had Achilles landing on Tenedos, while sailing from [[Aulis (ancient Greece)|Aulis]] to Troy. There his navy stormed the island, and Achilles fought Tenes, in this myth a son of Apollo, and killed him, not knowing Tenes's lineage and hence unaware of the danger of Apollo's revenge. Achilles would also later kill Tenes's father, Cycnus, at Troy.{{sfn|Thorburn|2005|p=7|ps=}} In [[Sophocles]]'s ''[[Philoctetes]]'', written in 409 BC, a serpent bit Philoctetes in the foot at Tenedos. According to [[Hyginus]], the goddess [[Hera]], upset with Philoctetes for helping [[Hercules]], had sent the snake to punish him. His wound refused to heal, and the Greeks abandoned him, before going back to him for help later during the attack on Troy.{{sfn|Thorburn|2005|pp=433–434|ps=}} [[Athenaeus]] quoted Nymphodorus's remarks on the beauty of the women of Tenedos.{{sfn|Cramer|1832|p=113|ps=}}
[[Callimachus]] talked of a myth in which Ino's son Melikertes washed up dead in Tenedos after being thrown into the sea by his mother, who killed herself too; the residents, Lelegians, built an altar for Melikertes and started a ritual of a woman sacrificing her infant child when the town's need was dire. The woman would then be blinded.{{sfn|Pache|2004|ps=}} The myths also added that the custom was abolished when Orestes' descendants settled the place.{{sfn|Hughes|1991|p=86|ps=}}
[[Neoptolemus]] stayed two days at Tenedos, following the advice of [[Thetis]], before he go to the land of the [[Molossians]] together with [[Helenus]].<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/150#e.6.12 Apollodorus, Library, e.6.12]</ref>
===Archaic period===
It was at Tenedos, along with Lesbos, that the first coins with Greek writing on them were minted.{{sfn|Rose|2008|ps=}} Figures of bunches of grapes and wine vessels such as [[amphorae]] and [[Kantharos|kantharoi]] were stamped on coins.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=338|ps=}} The very first coins had a twin head of a male and a female on the obverse side.{{sfnm|1a1=Hands|1y=1907|1p=58|2a1=Ridgeway|2y=1892|2p=318|ps=}} The early coins were of silver and had a double-headed axe imprinted on them. [[Aristotle]] considered the axe as symbolizing the decapitation of those convicted of adultery, a Tenedian decree.{{sfn|Ridgeway|1892|p=318|ps=}} The axe-head was either a religious symbol or the seal of a trade unit of currency.{{sfn|Hands|1907|p=58|ps=}} Apollo Smintheus, a god who both protected against and brought about plague, was worshipped in late Bronze Age Tenedos.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1996|1p=234|2a1=Farnell|2y=1907|ps=}} [[Strabo]]'s Geography writes that Tenedos "contains an [[Aeolians|Aeolian]] city and has two harbours, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus" ([[Geographica|Strabo's Geography, Vol. 13]]). The relationship between Tenedos and Apollo is mentioned in Book I of the Iliad where a priest calls to Apollo with the name "O god of the silver bow, that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might"(''[[Iliad]]'' I).{{sfn|Price|2006|ps=}}
During the later part of the Bronze Age and during the [[Iron Age]], the place served as a major point between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' mentions the Tenedos of this era. The culture and artisanship of the area, as represented by pottery and metal vessels recovered from graves, matched that of the northeastern Aegean. Archaeologists have found no evidence to substantiate Herodotus's assertion Aeolians had settled in Tenedos by the Bronze Age. Homer mentions Tenedos as a base for the Achaean fleet during the Trojan war.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|p=120|ps=}}
The Iron Age settlement of the northeast Aegean was once attributed to Aeolians, descendants of [[Orestes]] and hence of the [[House of Atreus]] in [[Mycenae]], from across the Aegean from [[Thessaly]], [[Boiotia]] and [[Akhaia]], all in mainland Greece. [[Pindar]], in his 11th Nemean Ode, hints at a group of [[Peloponnese|Peloponnesians]], the children of the fighters at Troy, occupying Tenedos, with Orestes, the son of [[Agamemnon]], landing straight on the island; specifically he refers to a Spartan Peisandros and his descendant Aristagoras, with Peisandaros having come over with Orestes. [[Strabo]] places the start of the migration sixty years after the Trojan war, initiated by Orestes's son, Penthilos, with the colonization continuing onto Penthilos's grandson.{{sfn|Rose|2008|ps=}}
The archaeological record provides no supporting evidence for the theory of Aiolian occupation. During the pre-archaic period, adults in Lesbos were buried by placing them in large jars, and later clay coverings were used, similar to Western [[Asia Minor]]. Still later, Tenedians began to both bury and cremate their adults in pits buttressed with stone along the walls. Children were still buried covered in jars. Some items buried with the person, such as pottery, gifts and safety-pin-like clasps, resemble what is found in Anatolia, in both style and drawings and pictures, more than they resemble burial items in mainland Greece.{{sfn|Rose|2008|ps=}}
While human, specifically infant, sacrifice has been mentioned in connection with Tenedos's ancient past, it is now considered mythical in nature. The hero Paleomon in Tenedos was worshipped by a cult in that island, and the sacrifices were attributed to the cult.{{sfn|Hughes|1991|p=134|ps=}} At Tenedos, people did sacrifice a newborn calf dressed in [[buskins]], after treating the cow like a pregnant women giving birth; the person who killed the calf was then stoned and driven out into a life on the sea.{{sfn|Hughes|1991|p=86|ps=}} According to Harold Willoughby, a belief in the calf as a ritual incarnation of God drove this practice.{{sfn|Willoughby|1929|ps=}}
=== Classical period ===
From the Archaic to Classical period, the archaeological evidence of well-stocked graves establishes Tenedos's continuing affluence. Tall, broad-mouthed containers show grapes and olives were likely processed during this time. They were also used to bury dead infants. By the fourth century BC, grapes and wine had become relevant to the economy of the island. Tenedians likely exported surplus wine. Writings from this era talk of a shortage of agricultural land, indicating a booming settlement. A dispute with the neighboring island of [[Sigeum]] was arbitrated by Periander of [[Corinth]], who handed over political control of a swath of the mainland to Tenedos. In the first century BC this territory was eventually incorporated into [[Alexandria Troas]].{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|pp=121–122|ps=}}
According to some accounts, [[Thales]] of Greece died in Tenedos. [[Cleostratus]], an astronomer, lived and worked in Tenedos, though it is unknown whether he met Thales there. Cleostratus is one of the founders of Greek astronomy, influenced as it was by the reception of Babylonian knowledge.{{sfn|Sarton|1952|p=178|ps=}} Athens had a naval base on the island in the fifth and fourth century BC. [[Demosthenes]] mentions [[Apollodorus of Acharnae|Apollodorus]], a [[trierarch]] commanding a ship, talking of buying food during a stopover at Tenedos where he would pass the trierarchy to Polycles.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}} In 493 BCE, the Persians overran Tenedos along with other Greek islands.{{sfn|Sarton|1952|p=222|ps=}} During his reign, [[Philip II of Macedon]], father of Alexander the Great, sent a Macedonian force sailing against the Persian fleet. Along with other Aegean islands such as Lesbos, Tenedos also rebelled against the Persian dominance at this time.{{sfn|Ashley|1998|pp=161–162|ps=}} Athens seemingly augmented its naval base with a fleet at the island around 450 BC.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}}
During the campaign of Alexander the Great against the Persians, [[Pharnabazus, son of Artabazus|Pharnabazus]], the Persian commander, laid siege to Tenedos with a hundred ships and eventually captured it as Alexander could not send a fleet in time to save the island. The island's walls were demolished and the islanders had to accept the old treaty with the Persian emperor [[Artaxerxes II]]: the Peace of Antalcidas.{{sfn|Ashley|1998|pp=106–107|ps=}} Later, Alexander's commander [[Hegelochus of Macedon]] captured the island from the Persians.{{sfn|Ashley|1998|p=95|ps=}} Alexander made an alliance with the people in Tenedos in order to limit the Persian naval power.{{sfn|Engels|1980|ps=}} He also took on board 3000 Greek mercenaries and oarsmen from Tenedos in his army and navy.{{sfn|Ashley|1998|p=50|ps=}}
The land was not suitable for large-scale grazing or extensive agriculture. Local grapes and wines were mentioned in inscriptions and on coins. But Pliny and other contemporary writers did not mention grapes and wines at the island. Most exports were via sea, and both necessities and luxuries had to imported, again by sea.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}} Unlike in Athens, it is unclear whether Tenedos ever had a democracy.{{sfn|Quinn|1971|ps=}} [[Marjoram]] (Oregano) from Tenedos was one of the relishes used in Greek cuisine.{{sfn|Michell|1940|p=233|ps=}}
The Tenedians punished adulterers by cutting off their heads with an axe.{{sfn|Müller|1839|p=236|ps=}} Aristotle wrote about the social and political structure of Tenedos.{{sfn|Cramer|1832|p=112|ps=}} He found it notable a large part of the populace worked in occupations related to ferries, possibly hundreds in a population of thousands.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}} [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] noted some common proverbs in Greek originated from customs of the Tenedians. "He is a man of Tenedos" was used to allude to a person of unquestionable integrity, and "to cut with the Tenedian axe" was a full and final 'no'.{{sfn|Disraeli|Disraeli|1859|p=57|ps=}} Lykophron, writing in the second century BC, referred to the deity Melikertes as the "baby-slayer".{{sfn|Pache|2004|ps=}} [[Xenophon]] described the [[Spartiate|Spartans]]' sacking the place in 389 BC, but being beaten back by an [[Athens|Athenian]] fleet when trying again two years later.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}}
The ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'' states that the astronomer Kleostratos ({{langx|grc|Κλεόστρατος}}) was from Tenedos.<ref>[https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante06/Skylax/sky_p070.html Pseudo Scylax, Periplus, §95]</ref>
=== Hellenistic period ===
In the [[Hellenistic period]], the Egyptian goddess [[Isis]] was also worshipped at Tenedos. There she was associated closely with the sun, with her name and title reflecting that position.{{sfn|Witt|1971|ps=}}
=== Roman period ===
During the Roman occupation of Greece, Tenedos too came under their rule. The island became a part of the Roman Republic in 133 BC, when [[Attalus III]], the king of Pergamon, died, leaving his territory to the Romans.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}} The Romans constructed a new port at [[Alexandria Troas]], on the Dardanelle Strait. This led to Tenedos's decline.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=332|ps=}} Tenedos lost its importance during this period. [[Virgil]], in ''[[Aeneid]]'', stated the harbour was deserted and ships could not moor in the bay during his time. Processing of grapes seems to have been abandoned. Olive cultivation and processing did possibly continue, though there was likely no surplus to export. Archaeological evidence indicates the settlement was mostly in the town, with only a few scattered sites in the countryside.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|p=122|ps=}}
According to [[Strabo]] there was a kinship between the peoples of Tenedos and [[Tenea]] (a town at [[Corinth]]).<ref>[[Strabo]], Geography. "And it seems, also, that there is a kinship between the peoples of Tenedos and Tenea, through Tennes the son of Kyknos, as Aristotle says; and the similarity in the worship of Apollon among the two peoples affords strong indications of such kinship."</ref>
According to [[Cicero]] a number of deified human beings were worshipped in Greece: in Tenedos there was [[Tenes]].<ref>[[Cicero]], De Natura Deorum. "In Greece they worship a number of deified human beings, Alabandus at Alabanda, Tennes at Tenedos, Leucothea, formerly Ino, and her son Palaemon throughout the whole of Greece."</ref>
[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], mention at his work [[Description of Greece]] that Periklyto, who was from Tenedos, has dedicated some axes at [[Delphoi]].<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece.</ref>
During the [[Third Mithridatic War]], in around 73 BC, Tenedos was the site of a large naval battle between Roman commander [[Lucullus]] and the fleet of the [[Kingdom of Pontus|king of Pontus]], [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]], commanded by Neoptolemus. This [[Battle of Tenedos]] was won decisively by the Romans.{{sfnm|1a1=Ussher|1y=2003|2a1=Jaques|2y=2007|2p=1006|ps=}} Around 81–75 BC, [[Verres]], legate of the Governor of [[Cilicia]], Gaius Dolabella, plundered the island, carrying off the statue of Tenes and some money.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}} Towards 6 BC, geographical change made the mainland port less useful, and Tenedos became relevant again.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=332|ps=}} According to [[Dio Chrysostom]] and [[Plutarch]], Tenedos was famous for its pottery ca AD 100.{{sfn|Williams|1989|p=19|ps=}} Under Rome's protection, Tenedos restarted its mint after a break of more than a century. The mint continued with the old designs, improving on detail and precision.{{sfn|Cook|1903|p=535|ps=}} [[Cicero]], writing in this era, noted the temple built to honor Tenes, the founder whose name the island received, and of the harsh justice system of the populace.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}}
=== Byzantine period ===
When [[Constantinople]] became a prominent city in the [[Roman Empire]], from AD 350 on, Tenedos became a crucial trading post. Emperor [[Justinian I]] ordered the construction of a large granary on Tenedos and ferries between the island and Constantinople became a major activity on the island.{{sfn|Barnes|2006|ps=}} Ships carrying grain from Egypt to Constantinople stopped at Tenedos when the sea was unfavorable. The countryside was likely not heavily populated or utilized. There were vineyards, orchards and corn fields, at times abandoned due to disputes.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|p=123|ps=}}
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] placed the diocese of Tenedos under the metropolitanate of Mytilini during the ninth century, and promoted it to its own metropolitanate in early fourteenth century.{{sfn|Kiminas|2009|p=67|ps=}} By this time Tenedos was part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] but its location made it a key target of the [[Venice|Venetians]], the [[Genoa|Genoese]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The weakened Byzantine Empire and wars between Genoa and Venice for trade routes made Tenedos a key strategic location.{{sfn|Nicol|1992|ps=}} In 1304, [[Andrea Morisco]], a Genoese adventurer, backed by a title from the Byzantine emperor [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|Andronikos III]], took over Tenedos.{{sfn|Nicol|1992|p=222|ps=}} Later, sensing political tension in the Byzantine empire just before the [[Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357|Second Byzantine Civil War]], the Venetians offered 20,000 ducats in 1350 to [[John V Palaiologos]] for control of Tenedos. When John V was captured in the Byzantine civil war, he was deported to Tenedos by [[John VI Kantakouzenos]].{{sfn|Nicol|1992|ps=}}
John V eventually claimed victory in the civil war, but the cost was significant debt, mainly to the Venetians.{{sfn|Nicol|1992|ps=}} In the summer of 1369, John V sailed to Venice and apparently offered the island of Tenedos in exchange for twenty-five thousand ducats and his own crown jewels.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=780|ps=}} However, his son ([[Andronikos IV Palaiologos]]), acting as the regent in Constantinople, rejected the deal possibly because of Genoese pressure.{{sfn|Nicol|1992|ps=}} Andronikos tried but failed to depose his father. In 1376, John V sold the island to Venice on the same terms as before. This upset the Genoese of Galata. The Genoese helped the imprisoned Andronikos to escape and depose his father. Andronikos repaid the favor ceding them Tenedos. But the garrison on the island refused the agreement and gave control over to the Venetians.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=780|ps=}}
The Venetians established an outpost on the island, a move that caused significant tension with the Byzantine Empire (then represented by Andronikos IV)and the Genoese. In the [[Treaty of Turin (1381)|Treaty of Turin]], which ended the [[War of Chioggia]] between Venice and Genoa, the Venetians were to hand over control of the island to Amadeo of Savoy and the Genoese were to pay the bill for the removal of all fortifications on the island.{{sfnm|1a1=Nicol|1y=1992|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=776–781|ps=}} The Treaty of Turin specified that the Venetians would destroy all the island's "castles, walls, defences, houses and habitations from top to bottom 'in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited".{{sfn|Jacoby|2001|ps=}} The Greek populace was not a party to the negotiations, but were to be paid for being uprooted. The [[baillie]] of Tenedos, Zanachi Mudazzo, refused to evacuate the place, and the [[Doge (title)|Doge]] of Venice, Antonio Venier, protested the expulsion. The senators of Venice reaffirmed the treaty, the proposed solution of handing the island back to the Emperor seen as unacceptable to the Genoese. Toward the end of 1383, the population of almost 4000 was shipped out to [[Euboea]] and [[Crete]]. Buildings on the island were then razed leaving it empty. Venetians continued to use the harbor.{{sfn|Nicol|1992|pp=318–319|ps=}}
The Venetians were zealous guarding the right to Tenedos the Treaty of Turin provided them. The Grand Master of the Knights of [[Rhodes]] wanted to build a fortification at the island in 1405, with the knights bearing the cost, but the Venetians refused to allow this.{{sfn|Nicol|1992|p=349|ps=}} The island remained largely uninhabited for the next decades. When [[Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo]] visited the island in 1403 he remarked that because of the Treaty of Turin "Tenedos has since come to be uninhabited."{{sfn|Clavijo|1859|ps=}} 29 May 1416 saw the first battle at sea between the Venetians and the emerging Ottoman fleet [[Battle of Gallipoli (1416)|at Gallipoli]]. The Venetian captain-general, [[Pietro Loredan (admiral)|Pietro Loredan]], won, wiped out the Turks on board, and retired down the coast to Tenedos, where he killed all the non-Turk prisoners who had voluntarily joined the Turks.{{sfn|Crowley|2011|pp=5–6|ps=}} In the treaty of 1419 between Sultan Mehmed and the Venetians, Tenedos was the dividing line beyond which the Turkish fleet was not to advance.{{sfn|Pitcher|1968|p=67|ps=}} Spanish adventurer [[Pedro Tafur]] visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted, with many rabbits, the vineyards covering the island in disrepair, but the port well-maintained. He mentioned frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor.{{sfn|Tafur|2004|ps=}} In 1453, the port was used by the commander of a single-ship Venetian fleet, Giacomo Loredan, as a monitoring point to observe the Turkish fleet, on his way to Constantinople in what would become the final defense of that city against the Turks.{{sfn|Nicol|1992|pp=396–397|ps=}}
===Ottoman period===
[[File:Bozcaada map 1.jpg|thumb|175px|Map of Tenedos (Bozcaada) by the Ottoman cartographer [[Piri Reis]] (16th century)]]
[[File:Tenedo - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg|thumb|Map of Tenedo by Flemish painter Jacob Peeters (1690)]]
Tenedos was occupied by [[Sultan Mehmet II]] in 1455, two years after his [[Conquest of Constantinople]] ending the Byzantine empire.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=332|ps=}} It became the first island controlled by the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean sea.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|pp=115–116|ps=}} The island was still uninhabited at that time, almost 75 years after it had been forcefully evacuated.{{sfn|Kiminas|2009|p=67|ps=}} Mehmet II rebuilt the island's fort.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=332|ps=}} During his reign the Ottoman navy used the island as a supply base. The Venetians, realizing the strategic importance of the island, deployed forces on it. Giacopo Loredano took Tenedos for Venice in 1464.{{sfn|Pitcher|1968|p=85|ps=}} The same year, Ottoman Admiral Mahmud Pasha recaptured the island.{{sfn|Stavrides|2001|p=156|ps=}} During the Ottoman regime, the island was repopulated (by granting a tax exemption).{{sfn|Pekin|Yılmaz|2008|ps=}} The Ottoman fleet admiral and cartographer, [[Piri Reis]], in his book ''[[Kitab-ı Bahriye]]'', completed in 1521, included a map of the shore and the islands off it, marking Tenedos as well. He noted that ships heading north from [[Smyrna]] to the Dardanelles passed usually through the seven-mile strip of sea between the island and the mainland.{{sfn|Korfmann|1986|pp=5–6|ps=}}
Tommaso Morosini of Venice set out with 23 ships from Crete on 20 March 1646, heading to Istanbul. They stopped at Tenedos, but failed to establish a foothold there when their ship caught fire, killing many of the crew.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=139|ps=}} In 1654, Hozam Ali of the Turkish fleet landed at the island, gathering Turkish forces for a naval battle against the Venetians.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=171|ps=}} This, the [[Battle of the Dardanelles (1654)]], the first of four in a series, the Ottomans won.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=172|ps=}} After the Battle of the Dardanelles in 1656, Barbaro Badoer of the Venetians seized the island on 8 July.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=184|ps=}} The Ottoman defeat weakened its Sultan [[Mehmed IV]], then aged 16,{{sfn|The Sultan's Procession: The Swedish Embassy to Sultan Mehmed IV in 1657–1658 and the Rålamb paintings|2006|p=67|ps=}} and strengthened the [[Grand Vizier]], [[Köprülü Mehmed Pasha]].{{sfn|Turnbull|2003|p=81|ps=}}
[[File:Bozcaada - panoramio (18).jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Bozcaada Castle]]]]
In March 1657, an Ottoman Armada emerged through the Dardanelles, slipping through a Venetian blockade, with the objective of retaking the island but did not attempt to do so, concerned by the Venetian fleet.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=185|ps=}} In July 1657, Köprülü made a decision to break the Venetian blockade and retake the territory.{{sfn|Setton|1991|pp=186–187|ps=}} The Peace Party in the Venetian senate thought it best to not defend Tenedos, and Lemnos, and debated this with the War Party. Köprülü ended the argument by recapturing Tenedos on 31 August 1657, in the [[Battle of the Dardanelles (1657)]], the fourth and final one.{{sfnm|1a1=Setton|1y=1991|1p=188–189|2a1=Turnbull|2y=2003|2p=81|ps=}}
[[File:Bozcaada - panoramio (19).jpg|thumb|Close up of Bozcaada Clock Tower]]
Following the victory, the Grand Vizier visited the island and oversaw its repairs, during which he funded construction of a mosque,{{sfn|Durmus|2006|ps=}} which was to be called by his name. According to the Mosque's Foundation's book, it was built on the site of an older mosque, called Mıhçı Mosque which was destroyed during Venetian occupation.{{sfn|İslam Ansiklopedisi, volume 26}} By the time Köprülü died in September 1661, he had built on the island the businesses of a coffee-house, a bakery, 84 shops, and nine mills; a watermill; two mosques; a school; a [[caravanserai|rest stop for travelers]] and a stable; and a bath-house.{{sfn|Finkel|2005|p=264|ps=}}
Rabbits which drew the attention of Tafur two-and-a-half centuries ago were apparently still abundant in the mid 17th century. In 1659 the traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]] was sent to the island with the task of collecting game for the Sultan [[Mehmed IV]].{{sfn|Dankoff|2004|ps=}} The disorder of the 1600s hampered supply lines and caused grain shortages in Bozcaada.{{sfn|White|2011|pp=277–278|ps=}}
As a result of the series of setbacks Ottomans faced in [[Rumelia]] during the later years of the reign of Mehmed IV, with the Grand Vizier being [[Sarı Süleyman Pasha]], the forces at the island are reported to have mutinied in 1687 with parts of the rest of the army. These widespread mutinies would result in the deposing of the Sultan and the Grand Vizier that year.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=287|ps=}}
In 1691 the Venetians and allies formed a war council to discuss retaking the island. The council met regularly at the galley of Domenico Mocenigo, the captain-general of the Venetian fleet. By this time, the only people on the island were those in the fort.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=382|ps=}} Mocenigo estimated their number to be around 300, and the fort to be weakly buttressed.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=382|ps=}} On 17 July 1691 the war council met off the waters of the island and decided to retake Tenedos since it was, per their estimate, weakly defended but famous.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=385|ps=}} As a first step they decided to gather information. At their next meeting, six days later, they learned from captured slaves that the Turkish garrison, numbering around 3000, had drug trenches and strengthened their defenses. The plan to retake the island was abandoned.{{sfn|Setton|1991|pp=385–386|ps=}} Venetians would try to capture Tenedos unsuccessfully in 1697.{{sfn|Finkel|2005|p=320|ps=}}
The [[Peace of Karlowitz]], which for the first time brought the Ottomans into the mainstream of European diplomacy, was signed on 26 January 1699 by the Ottomans, the Venetians, and a large number of Europeans powers. The Venetian senate sent its ambassador, Soranzo to Istanbul via Tenedos. At the island he was greeted with a royal reception of cannon fire and by the Pasha of the island himself.{{sfn|Setton|1991|p=410|ps=}}
During the classical Ottoman period, the island was a [[kadiluk]]. The Ottomans built mosques, fountains, hammams, and a [[medrese]].{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} The Ottomans adopted the Byzantine practice of using islands as places for the internal exile of state prisoners, such as [[Constantine Mourousis]] and [[Halil Hamid Pasha]].{{sfn|Bağış|1984|p=26|ps=}} In October 1633, Cyril Contari, Metropolitan of [[Aleppo]] in the Orthodox Church, was made the patriarch after promising to pay the [[Sublime Porte|Ottoman central authority]] 50,000 dollars. His inability to pay led to his being exiled to the island for a short time.{{sfn|Runciman|1968|p=283|ps=}}
In 1807, a joint fleet of the Russians and British captured the island during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)|Russo-Turkish Wars]],{{sfn|Tyrrell|1859|p=415|ps=}} with the Russians using it as their military base to achieve the victories at [[Battle of the Dardanelles (1807)|the Dardanelles]] and [[Battle of Athos|Athos]];{{sfn|McArthur|Stanier|2010|ps=}} but they ceded control as part of the Treaty of Armistice with the Ottoman Porte.{{sfn|The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year, 1807, Volume 49|1809|p=741|ps=}} However, the Russian occupations proved to be destructive for the island. The town was burnt down, the harbor was almost filled in and almost all buildings were destroyed. The islanders fled and Tenedos became deserted once more.{{sfn|McArthur|Stanier|2010|ps=}}
In 1822, during the [[Greek War of Independence]], the revolutionaries under [[Konstantinos Kanaris]] managed to attack an Ottoman fleet and burn one of its ships off Tenedos.{{sfnm|1a1=Vaughn|1a2=Allon|1y=1877|2a1=Günther|2y=2000|ps=}} This event was a major morale booster for the Greek Revolution and attracted the attention of the European Powers.{{sfn|Biographisches Lexikon|1976|ps=}} The trees that covered the island were destroyed during the war.{{sfn|Newton|1865|ps=}}
During the 19th century, the wine production remained a profitable business while the island's annual wheat production was only enough for three months of the islanders' consumption.{{sfn|Newton|1865|pp=272–273|ps=}} Apart from wine, the only export item of the island was a small quantity of wool.{{sfn|Newton|1865|ps=}} Also in the 19th century there had been attempts to introduce pear, fig and mulberry trees.{{sfn|Durmus|2006|ps=}} However, there are reports of fruit, especially fig trees being present on the island prior to those attempts.{{sfn|McArthur|Stanier|2010|ps=}}
The 1852 law of the [[Tanzimat]] reorganized Turkish islands and Tenedos ended up in the [[sanjak]] of Bosje Adassi (Bozcaada), in the [[Vilayet of the Archipelago|Vilayet Jazaǐri]].{{sfn|The Geographical Magazine: Volume V-1878|1878|p=165|ps=}} In July 1874, a fire destroyed the place.{{sfn|The Geographical Magazine: Volume V-1878|1878|p=198|ps=}} In 1876, a middle school was added to those on the island, with 22 students and teaching Turkish, Arabic and Persian.{{sfn|The Geographical Magazine: Volume V-1878|1878|p=201|ps=}} By 1878, the island had 2015 males, of whom almost a quarter were Muslim, in around 800 houses.{{sfn|The Geographical Magazine: Volume V-1878|1878|pp=167,198|ps=}} The place also hosted a company of the Ottoman foot-artillery division,{{sfn|The Geographical Magazine: Volume V-1878|1878|p=170|ps=}} along with an Austrian and French vice-consulate. The island was in the sanjak of Bigha, which seated a General Governor. Around 500 casks of gunpowder, left behind by the Russians in a military storehouse, were still there. The fort accommodated the Turkish military camp, a grain silo and two wells.{{sfn|The Geographical Magazine: Volume V-1878|1878|p=198|ps=}}
In 1854, there were some 4,000 inhabitants on the island of Tenedos, of which one-third were Turks. Also, there was only one Greek school on the island with about 200 students.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris">{{Cite web |url=http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10066/13027/ |title=Imbros and Tenedos:: A Study of Turkish Attitudes Toward Two Ethnic Greek Island Communities Since 1923 by Alexis Alexandris |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206004046/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3A5Qn4SHMxRjAJ%3Atriceratops.brynmawr.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10066%2F13027%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Newton|1865|pp=273–274|ps=}}
According to the Ottoman general census of 1893, the population of the island was divided as follows: 2,479 Greeks, 1,247 Turks, 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/>
By the early 20th century, the island, still under the Turks, had around 2000 people living in wooden houses with gardens. The port provided shelter for ships from the violent northerly winds. The British had a vice consul at the island. The town served as a telegraph station, with an Austrian ship coming in every two weeks. In 1906 the town imports were at 17, 950 liras and exports, mainly wine and raisins, worth 6,250 liras. There were telegraph cables laid in the sea near the port.{{sfn|Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, Great Britain|1908|p=109|ps=}}
===Between Turkey and Greece===
==== 1912–1921 ====
[[File:Averof in January 1913 between Tenedos and Lemnos.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Naval battle between Greek and Ottoman fleets near Tenedos]]
During the [[First Balkan War]], on 20 October 1912, Tenedos was the first island of the north Aegean that came under the control of the Greek Navy.{{sfn|Hall|2000|ps=}} The Turks that constituted part of Tenedos' population did not welcome the Greek control.{{sfn|The Governor of Tenedos|1912|ps=}} By taking over the islands in the Northern Aegean sea, the Greek Navy limited the ability of the Ottoman fleet to move through the Dardanelles.{{sfnm|1a1=Hall|1y=2000|2a1=Veremis|2a2=Thanos|2y=2010|ps=}} Greek administration of the island lasted until 12 November 1922.{{sfn|Kiminas|2009|ps=}}
Negotiations to end the Balkan war started in December 1912 in London and the issue of the Aegean islands was one persistent problem. The issue divided the great powers with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy supporting the Ottoman position for return of all the Aegean islands and Britain and France supporting the Greek position for Greek control of all the Aegean islands.{{sfn|Kaldis|1979|ps=}} With Italy controlling key islands in the region, major power negotiations deadlocked in London and later in Bucharest. Romania threatened military action with the Greeks against the Ottomans in order to force negotiations in Athens in November 1913.{{sfn|Kaldis|1979|ps=}} Eventually, Greece and the United Kingdom pressured the Germans to support an agreement where the Ottomans would retain Tenedos, [[Kastelorizo]] and [[Imbros]] and the Greeks would control the other Aegean islands. The Greeks accepted the plan while the Ottoman Empire rejected the ceding of the other Aegean islands.{{sfn|Kaldis|1979|ps=}} This agreement would not hold, but the outbreak of World War I and the Turkish War of Independence put the issue to the side.
During the [[World War I]] [[Gallipoli Campaign]], the [[British Empire|British]] used the island as a supply base and built a 600 m long airstrip for military operations.{{sfn|Jones|1928|ps=}}
After the [[Turkish War of Independence]] ended in Greek defeat in [[Anatolia]], and the fall of [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]] and his Middle Eastern policies, the western powers agreed to the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] with the new [[Turkey|Turkish Republic]], in 1923. This treaty made Tenedos and [[Imbros]] part of [[Turkey]], and it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status there to accommodate the local Greek population.{{sfn|Babul|2004|ps=}}{{sfn|Clogg|2003|ps=}} The treaty excluded the Orthodox Christians on the islands from the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] that took place between [[Greece]] and Turkey. Article 14 of the treaty provided specific guarantees safeguarding the rights of minorities in both the nations.{{sfn|Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, Volume 2|2005|ps=}}
In 1912, when the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] conducted its own census, the population of the island was estimated to be: 5,420 Greeks and 1,200 Turks.<ref name="assembly.coe.int">[http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/News/FeaturesManager-View-EN.asp?ID=782 Gökçeada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos): preserving the bicultural character of the two Turkish islands as a model for co-operation between Turkey and Greece in the interest of the people concerned]</ref><ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/>
==== 1922 and later ====
Greece returned the island to Turkey in 1922.{{sfn|Kiminas|2009|ps=}} The inhabitants, substantially Greek Orthodox, were exempt from compulsory expulsion per the Lausanne Treaty's article 14, paragraph 2.{{sfn|Oran|2003|p=100|ps=}} Despite the treaty, the state of international relations between Greece and Turkey, wider world issues, and domestic pressures influenced how the Greek minority of Tenedos was treated.{{sfn|Alexandris|2003|p=120|ps=}} Acting reciprocally with Greece, Turkey made systematic attempts to evacuate the Greeks on the isle.{{sfn|Oran|2003|p=102|ps=}} Turkey never implemented either the Article 14 guarantee of some independence for the place in local rules, or the Article 39 guarantee to Turkish citizens, of all ethnicities, of the freedom to choose the language they wanted to use in their daily lives.{{sfn|The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey|2012|p=291|ps=}}
In early 1926, conscripts and reservists of the army from Tenedos were transported to Anatolia. Great panic was engendered, and Greek youths fearing oppression fled the island. Others, who tried to hide in the mountains, were soon discovered and moved to Anatolia.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/>
Turkish law 1151 in 1927 specifically put administration of the islands in the hands of the Turkish government and not local populations,{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|1992|ps=}} outlawed schooling in the Greek language and closed the Greek schools.{{sfn|Oran|2003|p=102|ps=}}<ref>{{cite book| last = Miszczak| first =  Izabela | title = Gallipoli Peninsula and the Troad: TAN Travel Guide| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1AncDQAAQBAJ| isbn =  9788394426927 | date =  2017-01-09 | publisher = ASLAN }}</ref> According to the official Turkish census, in 1927 there were 2,500 Greeks and 1,247 Turks on the island.<ref name="europarl.europa.eu">[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2003-3623+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN Discriminatory policy against the Greek inhabitants of Imbros and Tenedos in Turkey]</ref>
The Greco-Turkish rapprochement of 1930, which marks a significant turning point in the relations of the two countries, helped Tenedos reap some benefits too. In September 1933, moreover, certain islanders who had emigrated to America were allowed to return to and settle in their native land.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/> Responding to the Greek good will over the straits, Turkey permitted the regular election of a local Greek mayor and seven village elders as well as a number of local employees.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/>
In the 1950s, tension between Greece and Turkey eased and law 1151/1927 was abolished and replaced by law no. 5713 in 1951, according to the law regular Greek language classes were added to the curriculum of the schools on Tenedos.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/> Also, as restriction of travel to the island was relaxed, a growing number of Greek tourists from Istanbul and abroad visited Tenedos. These tourists did not only bring much needed additional revenues, but they also put an end to the twenty-seven-year long isolation of the islands from the outside world.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/>
However, when tensions increased in 1963 over [[Cyprus]], the Turkish government again invoked a ban against Greek language education,{{sfn|Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict|2010|p=137|ps=}} and appropriated community property held by Greeks on the island.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|1992|ps=}} In 1964 Turkey closed the Greek-speaking schools on the island again.<ref name="assembly.coe.int"/> Furthermore, with the 1964 Law On Land Expropriation (No 6830) the farm property of the Greeks on the island was taken away from their owners.<ref name="Human_Rights_in_Turkey">{{cite book| last = Arat| first = Zehra F. Kabasakal| title = Human Rights in Turkey| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AWIUBAAAQBAJ| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press|date=April 2007| page = 65| isbn = 978-0812240009}}</ref> These policies, better economic options elsewhere, presence of a larger Greek community in Greece, fear and pressure, resulted in an exodus of the Greek population from the isle. The migrants retain Turkish citizenship but their descendants are not entitled to it.{{sfn|Oran|2003|p=102|ps=}} Greeks who left the island in the 1960s, often sold their properties, at particularly low prices, to their Turkish neighbours, which reflected the situation of duress under which they had to leave.<ref name="assembly.coe.int"/>
In 1992, the [[Human Rights Watch]] report concluded that the Turkish government has denied the rights of the Greek community on [[Imbros]] and Tenedos in violation of the Lausanne Treaty and international human rights laws and agreements.<ref name = "Helsinki_Watch_Report_1992">[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY923.PDF DENYING HUMAN RIGHTS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE GREEKS OF TURKEY - A Helsinki Watch Report 1992]</ref>
In recent years there has been some progress in the relations between the different religious groups on the islands. In 2005, a joint Greek and Turkish delegation visited Tenedos and later that year Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] visited the island. After that visit, the Turkish government funded the restoration of the bell tower of the Orthodox Church in Tenedos (built originally in 1869).{{sfn|Çaliskan|2010|ps=}} In 1925 the Orthodox church became part of the Metropolis of Imbros and Tenedos.{{sfn|Kiminas|2009|ps=}} Cyril Dragounis has been its bishop since 2002.{{sfn|Kiminas|2009|p=68|ps=}} In 2009, the Foundation of the Bozcaada Koimisis Theotokou Greek Orthodox Church won a judgement in the European Court of Human Rights for recognition and financial compensation over their degraded cemetery.{{sfn|Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi Vakfi v. Turkey (no. 2)|ps=}}
=== Turkish rule ===
Turkey continued the old practice of exiling people to the island. The Democratic Party exiled [[Kemal Pilavoğlu]], the leader of a religious sect, ''Ticani'', to Tenedos for life{{when?|date=September 2023}}, for sacrilege against Atatürk.{{sfn|Jenkins|2008|p=120|ps=}} Foreigners were prohibited from visiting the islands until the 1990s.{{sfn|Rutherford|2009|ps=}} However, in the mid-1990s, the Turkish government financially supported the expansion of wineries and tourist opportunities on the island.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} Today the island is a growing summer tourist location for wine enthusiasts and others.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}}
Since 2011 an annual half marathon has been run on the island.{{sfn|Calendar, 2012—Overviews and Downloads|ps=}}
===Proverbs of ancient Greeks regarding the island===
Greeks used the proverb "Tenedian human" ({{langx|grc|Τενέδιος ἄνθρωπος}}) in reference to those with frightening appearance, because when [[Tenes]] laid down laws at the island he stipulated that a man with an axe should stand behind the judge and strike the man being convicted after he had spoken in vain.<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/240#tau.310 Suda, tau.310]</ref>
In addition, they used the proverb "Tenedian advocate" ({{langx|grc|Τενέδιος συνήγορος}}), meaning a harsh advocate. There are many explanations regarding this proverb. Some say because the Tenedians honor two axes in their dedications. [[Aristotle]] said because a Tenedian king used to try lawsuits with an axe, so that he could execute wrongdoers on the spot, or because there was a place in Tenedos called Asserina, where there was a small river in which crabs have shell which was like an axe, or because a certain king laid down a law that adulterers should both be beheaded, and he observed this in the case of his son. Others said because of what Tenes suffered at the hands of his stepmother, he used to judge homicide suits with an axe.<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/240#tau.311 Suda, tau.311]</ref>
==Population==
[[File:Bozcaada, Çanakkale, 2019 16.jpg|thumb|left|A street in Bozcaada]]
[[File:Bozcaada, Çanakkale, 2019 03.jpg|thumb|right|A street in Bozcaada]]
[[File:Bozcaada, Çanakkale, 2019 14.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional houses on a street of Bozcaada]]
In 1854, there were some 4,000 inhabitants on the island of Bozcaada, of which one-third were Turks. According to the Ottoman general census of 1893, the population of the island was divided as follows: 2,479 Greeks, 1,247 Turks, 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/> In 1912, when the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] conducted its own census, the population of the island was estimated to be: 5,420 Greeks and 1,200 Turks.<ref name="Alexis_Alexandris"/> In 1927, according to the official Turkish census, there were 2,500 Greeks and 1,247 Turks on the island.<ref name="europarl.europa.eu"/>
By 2000, the official count of ethnic Greeks permanently residing on the island had dropped to 22.{{sfn|NÜFUS DURUMU|ps=}} As of 2022, Bozcaada's population was 3,120.<ref name="tuik" /> During summer, many more visit the island, ballooning its population to over 10,000 people. Historically the Turkish ''mahalle'' (quarter) has been located to the south and the Greek one to the north. Each quarter has its own religious institutions, mosques on the Turkish side and churches on the Greek side. The Greek quarter was burned to the ground in the fire of 1874 and rebuilt, while the Turkish quarter has an older design. The houses are architecturally different in the two districts.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} The grid-planned Greek district has businesses, galleries and hotels.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}} This district is dominated by the bell tower of the Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God. On 26 July every year, the Greeks gather here to eat, dance and celebrate the feast day of St. Paraskevi.{{sfnm|1a1=Yale|1y=2012|2a1=Levine|2y=2010|2p=49|ps=}}
The Turkish quarter has largely houses.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}} The district, in its present version, dates to 1702, and contains the grave of a grand vizier, [[Halil Hamid Pasha]]. Pasha was executed on Tenedos after being exiled for scheming to replace sultan [[Abdülhamid I]], with the "șehzade" (crown prince) Selim, the future [[Selim III|Sultan]].{{sfn|Yale|2012|ps=}} The grave is in the courtyard of the Alaybey Mosque, a historical monument. Another mosque, Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Mosque (also called Yali Mosque), is also a monument.{{sfn|İslam Ansiklopedisi, volume 26}} The Turkish district, Alaybey, also has hammams and the Namazgah fountain.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=333|ps=}}
The island has native islanders from families who have lived on the island for centuries, new wealthy immigrants from [[Istanbul]], and wage labor immigrants from mainland Anatolia, especially [[Romani people in Turkey]] from [[Bayramiç]].{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}}
==Economy==
[[File:Bozcaada - panoramio (10).jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Bozcaada Castle]] and the port of the island]]
Traditional economic activities are fishing and wine production. The remainder of arable land is covered by olive trees and wheat fields.  Most of the agriculture is done on the central plains and gentle hills of the island. Red poppies of the island are used to produce small quantities of sharbat and jam.  Sheep and goats are grazed at hilly northeastern and southeastern part of the island which is not suitable for agriculture.{{sfn|Takaoğlu|Bamyacı|2007|pp=115–116|ps=}} The number of farmers involved in grape cultivation has gone up from 210 to 397 in the recent years, though the farm area has gone down from {{convert|1800|ha|km2}} to {{convert|1200|ha|km2}}.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=339|ps=}}
Tourism has been an important, but limited, economic activity since the 1970s but it developed rapidly from the 1990s onwards.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}} The island's main attraction is the castle last rebuilt in 1815, illuminated at night, and with a view out to the open sea.{{sfn|Rutherford|2011|pp=189–192|ps=}} The island's past is captured in a small museum, with a room dedicated to its Greek story.{{sfn|Yale|2012|ps=}} The town square boasts a "morning market" where fresh groceries and seafood are sold, along with the island's specialty of tomato jam. Mainlanders from Istanbul run some bars, boutiques and guesthouses.{{sfn|Rutherford|2011|pp=189–192|ps=}}  In 2010, the island was named the world's second most-beautiful island by [[Condé Nast Publications|Condé Nast]]'s Reader Choice award.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=340|ps=}} The next year, the island topped the reader's list in the same magazine for the top 10 islands in Europe.{{sfn|Top 10 Islands in Europe|2011|ps=}} In 2012, Condé Nast again selected Bozcaada as one of the 8 best islands in the world on account of its remnants of ancient buildings, less-crowded beaches, and places to stay.{{sfn|Condé Nast Traveler: Reader's Choice Awards|2012|ps=}}
[[File:Bozcaada windfarm.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Wind farm]]s are a common sight in Bozcaada, which is located on the path of strong wind currents, such as [[etesian]]s, along the northeastern shoreline of the [[Aegean Sea]].]]
Fishing plays a role in the island's economy,{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=341|ps=}} but similar to other Aegean islands, agriculture is a more significant economic activity.{{sfn|Acer|2003|p=10|ps=}} The local fishing industry is small, with the port authority counting 48 boats and 120 fishermen in 2011. Local fishing is year-round and seafood can be obtained in all seasons. The fish population has gone down over the years, resulting in a shrinking fishing industry, though increase in tourism and consequent demand for more seafood has benefited the industry. The sea off the island is one of the major routes by which fish in the Aegean sea migrate seasonally. During the migration period, boats from the outside come to the island for fishing.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|p=341|ps=}}
[[File:Turkish pottery.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Handmade ceramics at a shop in Bozcaada]]
In 2000, a [[wind farm]] of 17 turbines was erected at the western cape.{{sfn|Bozcaada Wind Farm|ps=}} It has a nominal power capacity of 10.2 MW energy, and produces 30 GWh of electricity every year.{{sfn|Ozerdem|Turkeli|2005|ps=}} This is much more than what the island needs, and the excess is transferred to mainland [[Anatolia]] through an underground and partly undersea cable. Overhead cables and pylons were avoided for esthetic reasons, preserving the scenic view.{{sfn|Bozcaada Wind Farm|ps=}} The land has an average wind speed of 6.4&nbsp;m/s and a mean energy density of 324&nbsp;W/<sup>m</sup>at its meteorological station. This indicates significant wind energy generation potential.{{sfnm|1a1=Gungor|1y=2012|2a1=İncecİk|2a2=Erdoğmuş|2y=1995|ps=}}
A United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) project, the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) set up an experimental renewables-hydrogen energy facility at the Bozcaada Governor's building on 7 October 2011. The project, supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), is the first of its kind in the country. The power plant produces energy via a 20&nbsp;kW solar photovoltaic array, and uses a 50&nbsp;kW electrolyzer to store this energy as hydrogen. A fuel cell and hydrogen engine can convert this stored energy back into electricity when needed, and the experimental system can supply up to 20 households for a day.{{sfn|First hydrogen energy production on a Turkish Island has started on Bozcaada|2011|ps=}}
{{As of|2011}}, the town's hospital and governor's mansion were the only two buildings in the world using hydrogen energy. A boat and a golf cart are also powered by the same system. At the governor's place, energy is captured with a rooftop 20&nbsp;Kw solar array and a 30&nbsp;Kw wind mill. The electricity produced is used to electrolyze water into hydrogen. This gas is stored compressed, and can be used later to generate energy or as fuel in hydrogen-powered cars.  In June 2011, Henry Puna, the [[Prime Minister of the Cook Islands]] traveled to Tenedos to investigate how the island uses hydrogen energy.{{sfn|Harte|2011|ps=}}
In 2012, the Turkish government opened a customs office on the island, possibly opening the way for future direct travel between Greek ports and the island.{{sfn|Tsolakidou|2012|ps=}}
==Wine production==
[[File:Bozcaada - panoramio (22).jpg|thumb|A restaurant in Bozcaada, which is famous for its local varieties of wine.]]
The island is windy throughout the year and this makes the climate dry and warm enough to grow grapes.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}} In classical antiquity wine production was linked with the cult of [[Dionysus]], while grapes were also depicted in the local currency. The local wine culture outlived the Ottoman period.{{sfn|Manheim|1996|ps=}} [[Vineyards]] have existed on the island since antiquity and today occupy one-third of the total land of the island and 80% of its agricultural land,{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} In the mid-1800s, the island exported 800,000 barrels of wine annually and was revered as the best wine in the Eastern Mediterranean.{{sfn|Morewood|1838|ps=}} Ottoman traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]] wrote in the 16th century that the finest wines in the world were being produced in Tenedos.{{sfn|Madd River Designs|ps=}} Today, the island is one of the major [[Turkish wine|wine producing areas in Turkey]] and grows four local strains of grape: [[Çavuş (grape)|Çavuş]], [[Karasakız]] (Kuntra), Altınbaş (Vasilaki), and Karalahna. However, in recent years traditional French varieties have increased in prominence, namely [[Cabernet Sauvignon]].{{sfnm|1a1=Akpınar|1a2=Saygın|1a3=Karakaya|1y=2011|2a1=Parla|2y=2012|ps=}}
Prior to 1923, wine production on the island was exclusively done by the Greek population; however, after this point, Turkish domestic wine production increased and Greeks on the island taught the Turkish population how to manufacture wine.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} By 1980, there were 13 wine production plants on the island.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} High taxes caused many of these to go out of business until 2001 when the state decreased taxes on wine and subsidized some of the producers on the island.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} In recent years, newer producers have relied upon Italian and French experts to improve production.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}} In 2010, the island produced a record 5,000 tons of wine.{{sfn|Akpınar|Saygın|Karakaya|2011|ps=}} [[Corvus]] has introduced modern wine making techniques{{which?|date=September 2023}} to Tenedos.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}} Grape harvest festivities are held the first week of September annually.{{sfn|BAĞ BOZUMU FESTİVALİ|ps=}}
==Transportation==
The main transportation from mainland Turkey is by ferries from [[Geyikli]] and from the town of [[Çanakkale]].{{sfn|Rutherford|2009|ps=}} The island is roughly {{convert|5|km}} from mainland Turkey.{{sfn|Acer|2003|p=260|ps=}} From the Geyikli pier, ferry travel is available for both passengers and automobiles, and takes about 35 minutes.  A passenger-only ferry service from Çanakkale began running in 2009.  Both run less often during the winter months.{{sfnm|1a1=Bozcaada Ferry Timetable|2a1=Getting to Bozcaada|ps=}} The island is seven hours by bus and then ferry from Istanbul.{{sfn|Parla|2012|ps=}} In 2012, [[Seabird Airlines]] began offering flights from [[Golden Horn|Istanbul's Golden Horn]] to the island.{{sfn|Turkish Weekly|2012|ps=}}
==Culture==
The Turkish film ''Akıllı Köpek Max'' (Max the Smart Dog) was filmed in Bozcaada in 2012.{{sfn|Akilli Köpek Mexin Çekimlerine Başlandi|2011|ps=}} Another Turkish film, ''Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi'' (A Small September Affair) was filmed on the island in 2013.<ref>[[Hürriyet|Hürriyet newspaper]], 16 February 2014, ''Pazar Keyfi'' supplement, p. 8.</ref>
The Australian author [[Dmetri Kakmi]] was born on Tenedos of Greek parents in 1961. His acclaimed  memoir [[Mother Land]] about his childhood on the island was published in 2008 and reissued in a new edition in 2015.
==Notable people==
*[[Abudimus]], 4th-century Christian martyr
*[[Bozcaadalı Hasan Hüsnü Pasha]] (1832–1903), son of Bozcaadalı Hüseyin Pasha, Naval Minister, founder of the [[Istanbul Naval Museum]]{{sfn|ERÜNSAL|2004|ps=}}
*Bozcaadalı Hüseyin Pasha, 19th-century Ottoman staff admiral (''Riyale'')
*[[Cleostratus]], ancient Greek astronomer
*Democrates ({{langx|grc|Δημοκράτης}}), [[Ancient Olympic Games|ancient Olympic]] winner in the men's wrestling. At [[Leonidaion]] there was a statue of him which was made by Dionysicles ({{langx|grc|Διονυσικλῆς}}) of [[Miletus]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.17.1 Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.17.1]</ref>
*[[Harpalus (engineer)|Harpalus]], ancient Greek engineer
*Meletius II, [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] (1768–1769){{sfn|Κατάλογος Πατριαρχών: Μελέτιος Β'|ps=}}
*[[Phoenix of Tenedos]], ancient Greek general<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg041.perseus-grc1:7 Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, § 7]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc2:18.40 Diodorus Siculus, Library, 18.40.1 ]</ref>
*Aristagoras of Tenedos, [[prytanis]]<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Odes_of_Pindar_(Myers)/Nemean_Odes/11 Pindar, Nemean Odes, 11, For Aristagoras of Tenedos on his election to the presidency of the senate]</ref>
*[[Leontios Chatziapostolou]] (1894-1980) - politician and lawyer
==See also==
*[[Greco-Turkish relations]]
*[[Greek wine]]
*[[Imbros]]
*[[Treaty of Lausanne]]
*[[Treaty of Sèvres]]
*[[Turkish wine]]
*[[Bozcaada Castle]]
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
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| pages = 272–273
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| title = Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War
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| publisher = New York, NY: Routledge
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*{{cite book |title     = Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, Volume 2
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|year      = 2005
|url       = https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt
|isbn      = 978-1576077962
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}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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| title = İslam Ansiklopedisi, volume 26
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| editor1= Angeliki E. Laiou | editor1-link=Angeliki Laiou
| editor2=Roy Parviz Mottahedeh | editor2-link=Roy Mottahedeh
| publisher = Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
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}}
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| publisher = Cambridge University Press
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| publisher=Berghahn Books
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| pages=97–115
| chapter=The Story of Those who Stayed: Lessons from Articles 1 and 2 of the 1923 Convention
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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| title = Homeric Whispers: Intimations of Orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey
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| quote = The line "of the silver bow" is a specific reference to the Sminthian cult of Apollo, as opposed to other Greek versions of the God.
| isbn = 9780910865111
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict
|editor1= Erica Chenoweth and Adria Lawrence
| year = 2010
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}}
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*{{cite book
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|editor1= Metin Heper |editor2=Sabri Sayari
| publisher = New York, NY: Routledge
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| year = 1952
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| title = Venice, Austria and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century
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| publisher = American Philosophical Society
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}}
*{{cite book
| title = Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule: 1354–1804
| last = Sugar
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| publisher = University of Washington Press
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*{{cite book
| title = The Sultan's Procession: The Swedish Embassy to Sultan Mehmed IV in 1657–1658 and the Rålamb paintings
| editor = Karin Ådahl
| publisher = Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul
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}}
*{{cite book
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| title = Travels and Adventures 1435–1439
| year = 2004
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*{{cite book
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| chapter = Continuity and change in rural land use on Tenedos/Bozcaada
| editor = Takaoğlu
| title = Ethnoarcheological Investigations in Rural Anatolia
| chapter-url = https://comu.academia.edu/TuranTakaoglu/Papers/743946/Continuity_and_Change_in_Rural_Land_Use_on_Tenedos_Bozcaada
| access-date = 31 October 2017
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| chapter = Tenedos
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*{{cite book
| title = Facts on File Companion to Classical Drama
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*{{cite book
| title = A History of Ancient Geography
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| title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society
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| title = The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699
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| publisher = Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing
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}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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| publisher = The London Publishing Company
| year = 1859
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*{{cite book
| title = The Annals of the World
| last = Ussher
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| publisher = Master Books
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
| title = The Aeneid (Book 2)
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*{{cite book
| title = Anemurium: The Roman and Early Byzantine pottery
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| title = Isis in the Ancient World
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| title = In Search of the Trojan War, Updated Edition
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'''Journals'''
*{{cite journal
|last=Babul
|first=E.
|title=Belonging to Imbros: Citizenship and Sovereignty in the Turkish Republic
|journal=European Studies Centre
|date=May 2004
|series=Nationalism, Society and Culture
|page=4
|url=http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/esc/esc-lectures/babul.pdf
|quote=As opposed to all the appointed structure of an ordinary district administration in Turkey, the two islands were to have a semi-autonomous administrative structure, organized around a district council composed of ten members all of whom would be elected by and among the islanders for two years.
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219230918/http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/esc/esc-lectures/babul.pdf
|archive-date=19 February 2012
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite journal
| journal = Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
| last = Barnes
| first = C.L.H.
| title = The ferries of Tenedos
| year = 2006
| volume = 55
| issue = 2
| pages = 167–177
| jstor=4436806
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=ERÜNSAL
|first=I.E.
|title=Ottoman Foundation Libraries in the Age of Reform: The Final Period
|journal=Libri
|year=2004
|volume=54
|issue=4
|url=http://www.librijournal.org/pdf/2004-4pp247-255.pdf
|pages=247–255
|doi=10.1515/libr.2004.247
|s2cid=144628109
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209080345/http://www.librijournal.org/pdf/2004-4pp247-255.pdf
|archive-date=9 December 2006
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite journal
| title = Evaluation of the studies carried out on wind characteristics of the western part of Turkey
| last = Gungor
| first = Afsin
| journal = Niğde Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| year = 2012
| pages = 41–49
| url = http://dergi.nigde.edu.tr/index.php/muhendislikdergisi/article/download/392/228
| access-date = 23 September 2012
| archive-date = 11 April 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180411141854/http://dergi.nigde.edu.tr/index.php/muhendislikdergisi/article/download/392/228
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite journal
| title = An investigation of the wind power potential on the western coast of Anatolia
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| last2 = Erdoğmuş
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| journal = Renewable Energy
| year = 1995
| volume = 6
| issue = 7
| pages = 863–865
| doi = 10.1016/0960-1481(94)00058-E
}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Kaldis
| first = W.P.
| title = Background for Conflict: Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Islands, 1912–1914
| journal = Journal of Modern History
| year = 1979
| volume = 51
| issue = 2
| pages = D1119–D1146
| doi=10.1086/242039
| jstor = 1881125
| s2cid = 144142861
}}
*{{cite journal
| title = Wind energy potential estimation and micrositting on İzmir Institute of Technology Campus, Turkey
| journal = Renewable Energy
| last1 = Ozerdem
| first1 = B.
| last2 = Turkeli
| first2 = H.M.
| year = 2005
| volume = 30
| issue = 10
| pages = 1623–1633
| doi = 10.1016/j.renene.2004.11.010
| hdl = 11147/2009
| url = http://openaccess.iyte.edu.tr/bitstream/11147/2009/1/2009.pdf
| hdl-access = free
}}
*{{cite journal
| journal = Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
| last = Quinn
| first = T.J.
| title = Political groups in Lesbos during the Peloponnesian war
| volume = 20
| issue = 4
| year = 1971
| pages = 405–417
| jstor=4435207
}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Rose
| first = C.B.
| title = Separating fact from fiction in the Aiolian migration
| journal = Hesperia
| volume = 77
| issue = 3
| year = 2008
| pages = 399–430
| doi=10.2972/hesp.77.3.399
| s2cid = 59428004
}}
*{{cite journal
| title = The early bronze age on Tenedos/Bozcaada
| last1 = Sevinç
| first1 = N.
| last2 = Takaoğlu
| first2 = T.
| journal = Studia Troica
| date = 1 January 2004
| pages = 135–140
| url = https://comu.academia.edu/TuranTakaoglu/Papers/731178/THE_EARLY_BRONZE_AGE_ON_TENEDOS_BOZCAADA
}}
*{{cite book
| last1 = Vaughn
| first1 = Robert
| last2 = Allon
| first2 = Henry
| title = British Quarterly Review
| volume = 66
| year = 1877
| page = 456
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia7QAAAAMAAJ
}}
*{{cite journal
| journal = Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures
| last = Çaliskan
| first = V.
| title = Opportunism for Tourism and Dialogue between Civilisations
| volume = 4
| issue = 2
| year = 2010
| url = http://www.shimajournal.org/issues/v4n2/f.%20Caliskan%20Shima%20v4n2%2065-87.pdf
}}
'''Newspapers and magazines'''
*{{cite news
| title = The Governor of Tenedos
| work = [[New York Times]]
| date = 23 December 1912
| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/12/23/100565084.pdf
| ref = {{sfnRef|The Governor of Tenedos|1912}}
}}
*{{cite news
| title = Amid doubts, Turkey powers ahead with hydrogen technologies
| work = InsideClimate News
| last = Harte
| first = J.
| url = http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20110805/turkey-powers-ahead-hydrogen-technologies-fuel-cell-ichet-electric-cars
| date = 5 August 2011
}}
*{{cite news
| last = Parla
| first = Katie
| title = On a Turkish Isle, Winds Tend the Vines
| url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/travel/on-a-turkish-isle-winds-tend-the-vines.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.levart
| work = The New York Times
| date = 6 July 2012
}}
*{{cite news
| last = Rutherford
| first = T.
| title = Unspoilt and Cheap, can Bozcaada really be in the Med?
| work = The Independent
| date = 12 September 2009
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/unspoilt-and-cheap-can-bozcaada-really-be-in-the-med-1785745.html
}}
*{{cite news
| last = Tsolakidou
| first = Stella
| title = Customs Offices to Open in Gökçeada and Bozcaada Islands
| url = http://eu.greekreporter.com/2012/02/16/customs-offices-to-open-in-gokceada-and-bozcaada-islands/
| work = Greek Reporter
| date = 16 February 2012
}}
'''Web sources'''
*{{cite web
|title=Akilli Köpek Mexin Çekimlerine Başlandi
|publisher=Ezine Türk
|year=2011
|url=http://www.ezineturk.com/haberdetay.asp?id=4129
|access-date=6 September 2012
|ref={{sfnRef|Akilli Köpek Mexin Çekimlerine Başlandi|2011}}
}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web
| title = Altyapi durumu
| publisher = Bozcaada Kaymakamligi
| url = http://www.bozcaada.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx?content=1011
| access-date = 6 September 2012
| ref = {{sfnRef|ALTYAPI DURUMU}}
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120707165637/http://www.bozcaada.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx?content=1011
| archive-date = 7 July 2012  }}
*{{cite web
|title=BAĞ BOZUMU FESTİVALİ
|publisher=Bozcaada Belediyesi'ne aittir
|url=http://www.bozcaada.bel.tr/bagbozumu.html
|access-date=30 October 2012
|ref={{sfnRef|BAĞ BOZUMU FESTİVALİ}}
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025181630/http://www.bozcaada.bel.tr/bagbozumu.html
|archive-date=25 October 2012
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite web
|title=Bozcaada Ferry Timetable
|publisher=GESTA. Deniz Ula..m Tur
|url=http://www.gestasdenizulasim.com.tr/en/bilgiler.php?mid=97
|access-date=6 September 2012
|ref={{sfnRef|Bozcaada Ferry Timetable}}
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608052650/http://www.gestasdenizulasim.com.tr/en/bilgiler.php?mid=97
|archive-date=8 June 2012
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite web
|title=Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi Vakfi v. Turkey (no. 2)
|publisher=European Court of Human Rights
|url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/Hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/ebdfdca89787b93cc125756e0041e84a?OpenDocument
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222163559/http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/Hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/ebdfdca89787b93cc125756e0041e84a?OpenDocument
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 February 2013
|access-date=13 August 2012
|ref={{sfnRef|Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi Vakfi v. Turkey (no. 2)}}
}}
*{{cite web
| title = Bozcaada Wind Farm
| url = http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_920_bozcaada.php
| publisher = The Wind Power
| access-date = 6 September 2012
| ref = {{sfnRef|Bozcaada Wind Farm}}
}}
*{{cite web
|title=Calendar, 2012-Overviews and Downloads
|publisher=European Athletics
|url=http://www.european-athletics.org/calendar/calendar-2012.html?suche=05
|access-date=23 September 2012
|ref={{sfnRef|Calendar, 2012—Overviews and Downloads}}
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830013130/http://www.european-athletics.org/calendar/calendar-2012.html?suche=05
|archive-date=30 August 2012
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite web
|title=Condé Nast: Reader's Choice Awards, Top Islands in the World
|publisher=Condé Nast
|url=http://www.cntraveler.com/readers-choice-awards/top-islands-in-the-world-maui-bermuda-nevis-vancouver-photos#slide=8
|access-date=30 October 2012
|ref={{sfnRef|Condé Nast Traveler: Reader's Choice Awards|2012}}
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025075551/http://www.cntraveler.com/readers-choice-awards/top-islands-in-the-world-maui-bermuda-nevis-vancouver-photos#slide=8
|archive-date=25 October 2012
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite web
| title = First hydrogen energy production on a Turkish Island has started on Bozcaada
| publisher = [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]
| date = 7 October 2011
| url = http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=7881&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=952&cHash=dae841994255b1cad8deba7ad8a4298e
| access-date = 22 September 2012
| ref = {{sfnRef|First hydrogen energy production on a Turkish Island has started on Bozcaada|2011}}
}}
*{{cite web
|title=Getting to Bozcaada
|publisher=Bozcaada Rehberi
|url=http://en.bozcaadarehberi.com/nm-GETTING_THERE-cp-27
|access-date=6 September 2012
|ref={{sfnRef|Getting to Bozcaada}}
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206165843/http://en.bozcaadarehberi.com/nm-GETTING_THERE-cp-27
|archive-date=6 December 2011
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite web
| title = Κατάλογος Πατριαρχών: Μελέτιος Β'
| publisher = Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
| url = http://www.ec-patr.org/list/index.php?lang=gr&id=274
| access-date = 6 September 2012
| ref = {{sfnRef|Κατάλογος Πατριαρχών: Μελέτιος Β'}}
}}
*{{cite web
| last = Madd River Designs
| title = Tenedos–Bozcaada Grape & Wine
| publisher = Tenedos-ege.com
| url = http://www.tenedos-ege.com/eng_grape_wine.htm
| access-date = 6 January 2009
| archive-date = 20 February 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120220001411/http://www.tenedos-ege.com/eng_grape_wine.htm
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite web
|title       = NÜFUS DURUMU
|publisher   = T.C. BOZCAADA KAYMAKAMLIĞI
|url         = http://www.bozcaada.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx?content=1017
|access-date  = 30 October 2012
|ref         = {{sfnRef|NÜFUS DURUMU}}
|url-status     = dead
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120707165103/http://www.bozcaada.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx?content=1017
|archive-date = 7 July 2012}}
*{{cite web
| title = Top 10 Islands in Europe
| publisher = Conde Nast Traveler
| url = http://www.cntraveler.com/readers-choice/2011/europe/top-10-islands-europe#slide=1
| year = 2011
| ref = {{sfnRef|Top 10 Islands in Europe|2011}}
| access-date = 23 September 2012
| archive-date = 13 October 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121013133342/http://www.cntraveler.com/readers-choice/2011/europe/top-10-islands-europe#slide=1
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite web
|title      = Seaplane Company Ready to Fly to Dry Capital Ankara
|publisher  = The Journal of Turkish Weekly
|url        = http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/144462/seaplane-company-ready-to-fly-to-dry-capital-ankara-.html
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130222075706/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/144462/seaplane-company-ready-to-fly-to-dry-capital-ankara-.html
|url-status   = dead
|archive-date = 22 February 2013
|year       = 2012
|access-date = 8 November 2012
|ref        = {{sfnRef|Turkish Weekly|2012}}
}}
*{{cite web
|last=Yale
|first=Pat
|title=Return to Tenedos–A look at Bozcaada
|publisher=Today's Zaman
|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-288598-return-to-tenedos----a-look-at-bozcaada.html
|year=2012
|access-date=2 September 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901204852/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-288598-return-to-tenedos----a-look-at-bozcaada.html
|archive-date=1 September 2012
|df=dmy
}}
*{{cite web
| title = Weatherbase: Bozcaada, Turkey
| publisher = Canty and Associates LLC
| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=171121&refer=&units=metric&cityname=Bozcaada-Bozcaada-Turkey
| website=weatherbase.com
| access-date = 1 September 2011
| ref = {{sfnRef|Weatherbase: Bozcaada, Turkey }}
}}
==Further reading==
* Bora Esiz, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160107030455/http://www.thewisemag.com/component/k2/item/65-astrological-approaches-to-a-paradigm-shift Bozcaada, An Island for Those who Love the Aegean]"
* Hakan Gürüney: From Tenedos to Bozcaada. Tale of a forgotten island. In: Tenedos Local History Research Centre. No. 5, Bozcaada 2012, {{ISBN|9789752310360}}.
* Haluk Şahin, The Bozcaada Book: A Personal, historical and literary guide to the windy island also known as Tenedos, Translated by Ayşe Şahin, Troya Publishing, 2005 {{ISBN|975-92275-9-2}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021183112/http://www.tudav.org/new/pdfs/2.EgeAdalari.pdf Papers] presented to the II. National Symposium on the Aegean Islands, 2–3 July 2004, Gökçeada, Çanakkale.
* {{cite book
| last                  = Αλεξάνδρου
| first                 = Δημήτρης
| title                 = Ίμβριοι-Τενέδιοι ΟΙ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΞΕΧΑΣΑΜΕ
| publisher             = Ερωδιός
| year                  = 2002
| isbn                  = 978-960-7942-37-1
}}
==External links==
*[http://www.bozcaada.gov.tr/ Bozcaada government website] (Turkish)
*[https://www.bozcaadatrip.com/ Bozcaada Blog website] (Turkish)
*[http://www.bozcaadamuzesi.net/ Bozcaada Museum (private)] (Turkish)
*[https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2012/07/08/travel/08BOZCAADA.html Bozcaada slide show from New York Times Travel section]
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Bozcaada}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017181929/http://en.bozcaadarehberi.com/ Bozcaada Guide]
*[http://wn.com/la_Tenedos#/videos Une fin de semaine sur l'ile de Bozcaada] (slide show)
*[http://www.bozcaada.bel.tr/ Website, Municipality of Bozcaada] (Turkish)
{{Aegean Sea}}
{{Islands of Turkey}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tenedos| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Turkey]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:North Aegean islands]]
[[Category:Locations in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Tenea]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Bozcaada district]]
[[Category:Islands of Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:Members of the Delian League]]
[[Category:Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands]]
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Troad]]
[[Category:Greek city-states]]