View source for Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald

{{short description|Scottish naval officer and politician (1775–1860)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{redirect|Le Loup des Mers|the comic book|The Sea Wolf (comic book)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name             = The Earl of Dundonald
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]
| image            = Lord Cochrane 1807.jpg
| caption          = 1951 copy of [[Peter Edward Stroehling]]'s 1807 Cochrane portrait, by [[Archibald Eliot Haswell Miller]]
| constituency_MP1 = [[Honiton (UK Parliament constituency)|Honiton]]
| term_start1      = [[1806 United Kingdom general election|1806]]
| term_end1        = [[1807 United Kingdom general election|1807]]
| predecessor1     = [[Richard Bateman-Robson]]
| successor1       = [[Sir Charles Hamilton, 2nd Baronet, of Marlborough House|Sir Charles Hamilton]]
| constituency_MP2 = [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]]
| term_start2      = [[1807 United Kingdom general election|1807]]
| term_end2        = [[1818 United Kingdom general election|1818]]
| predecessor2     = [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]]
| successor2       = [[Samuel Romilly]]
| nickname         = ''Le Loup des Mers'' (The Sea Wolf) <br /> ''El Diablo'' (The Devil){{refn|group=Note|Cochrane claimed that the Spanish nicknamed him ''El Diablo'' (The Devil), but there is no concrete evidence.<ref name=BrianVale>Vale (2008), p. 203.</ref>}} <br /> ''El Metálico Lord'' (The Metallic Lord)<ref name=BrianVale/>
| birth_date       = 14 December 1775
| birth_place      = Annsfield, [[Lanarkshire]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1860|10|31|1775|12|14}}
| death_place      = [[Kensington]], [[Middlesex]]
| alma_mater       = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| spouse           = Katherine ("Katy") Frances Corbet Barne
| children         = 6
| allegiance       = {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br/>[[File:Flag of Chile.svg|23px]] [[Republic of Chile]]<br/>[[File:Bandeira do Império do Brasil com nó e cores corretos.png|23px]] [[Empire of Brazil]]<br/>[[File:Flag of Greece.svg|23px]] [[First Hellenic Republic|Hellenic Republic]]
| branch           = {{navy|UKGBI}} <br /> {{navy|Chile}} <br /> {{naval|Empire of Brazil}} <br /> [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|23px]] [[Hellenic Navy]]
| serviceyears     = 1793–1860
| rank             = [[Admiral of the Red]]
| commands         = [[North America and West Indies Station]]
| battles          = {{Tree list}}
*[[French Revolutionary Wars]]
*[[Napoleonic Wars]]
**[[Battle of the Basque Roads]]
*[[Chilean War of Independence]]
**[[Capture of Valdivia]]
**[[Battle of Agüi]]
*[[Peruvian War of Independence]]
**[[Liberating Expedition of Peru]]
*[[Brazilian War of Independence]]
**[[Battle of 4 May]]
*[[Greek War of Independence]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards           = [[Order of the Merit of Chile]] <br /> [[Order of the Southern Cross]]
| party            = [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] <br /> [[Radicals (UK)|Radical]]
}}
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|size=100%}} (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled '''Lord Cochrane''' between 1778 and 1831, was a British naval officer, peer, mercenary and politician. Serving during the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]] in the [[Royal Navy]], his naval successes led [[Napoleon]] to nickname him ''le Loup des Mers'' (the Sea Wolf). He was successful in virtually all of his naval actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistanavigator.com.br/navig16/dossie/N16_dossie1.pdf |title=Lorde Cochrane, o turbulento Marquês do Maranhão |publisher=Revista Navigator |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413165925/http://www.revistanavigator.com.br/navig16/dossie/N16_dossie1.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Cochrane was dismissed from the Royal Navy in 1814 after a controversial conviction for fraud on the [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alex Blair on Admiral Lord Cochrane |url=http://rotaryclubofayr.org/alex-blair-on-admiral-lord-cochrane/ |website=Ayr Rotary |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Travelling to [[South America]], he helped to organise and lead the revolutionary navies of [[Chilean Navy|Chile]] and [[Brazilian Navy|Brazil]] during their respective wars of independence during the 1820s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cubitt |first=David |title=Lord Cochrane and the Chilean Navy, 1818–1823, with an inventory of the Dundonald papers relating to his service with the Chilean Navy |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/6535 |website=Era |date=1974}}</ref> While commanding the Chilean Navy, Cochrane also contributed to [[Peruvian War of Independence|Peruvian independence]] through his participation in the [[Liberating Expedition of Peru]]. He was also hired to help the [[Hellenic Navy|Greek Revolutionary Navy]] during the [[Greek War of Independence]], but ultimately had little impact. In 1832, Cochrane was pardoned by [[the Crown]] and reinstated in the Royal Navy with the rank of [[Rear-Admiral of the Blue]]. After several more promotions, he died in 1860 with the rank of [[Admiral of the Red]], and the [[Title of honor|honorary title]] of [[Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom]].
Cochrane's life and exploits inspired the naval fiction of 19th- and 20th-century novelists, particularly the fictional characters {{nowrap|[[C. S. Forester]]'s}} [[Horatio Hornblower]] and [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s [[Jack Aubrey]].
==Family==
[[File:9thEarlOfDundonald.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Cochrane's father, [[Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald|The 9th Earl of Dundonald]] (1748–1831)]]
Thomas Cochrane was born at Annsfield, near [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire|Hamilton]], [[South Lanarkshire]], Scotland. He was the son of Archibald, Lord Cochrane (1748–1831), who later became, in October 1778, [[Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald|The 9th Earl of Dundonald]], and his wife, Anna Gilchrist. She was the daughter of Captain James Gilchrist and Ann Roberton, the daughter of Major John Roberton, 16th [[Laird]] [[Earnock|of Earnock]].<ref>Cordingley, p. 10</ref>
Thomas, Lord Cochrane, as he himself became in October 1778, had six brothers. Two served with distinction in the military: William Erskine Cochrane of the 15th [[Dragoons]], who served under Sir [[John Moore (British Army officer)|John Moore]] in the [[Peninsular War]] and reached the rank of major; and [[Archibald Cochrane (Royal Navy officer)|Archibald Cochrane]], who became a captain in the Navy.
Lord Cochrane was descended from lines of Scottish aristocracy and military service on both sides of his family. Through his uncle, [[Alexander Cochrane|Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane]], the sixth son of [[Thomas Cochrane, 8th Earl of Dundonald|The 8th Earl of Dundonald]], Cochrane was cousin to his namesake, [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[Sir Thomas John Cochrane]] (1789–1872). Sir Thomas J. Cochrane also had a naval career<ref>Cordingley, p. 20</ref> and was appointed as Governor of [[Colony of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] and later [[Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom]]. By 1793, however, the Cochranes had fallen on hard times; with their fortune spent, the family estate was sold off to cover debts.<ref>Cordingley, pp. 19, 21</ref>
==Early life==
Lord Cochrane spent much of his early life in [[Culross]], [[Fife]], where his family had an estate.
Through the influence of his uncle [[Alexander Cochrane]], he was listed as a member of the crew on the books of four [[Royal Navy]] ships starting when he was five years old.<ref>Cordingley, p. 25</ref> This common (though unlawful) practice known as ''false muster'' was a means of gaming naval regulations, enabling well-connected officers to attain the years of service required for promotion if and when they joined the Navy. Cochrane's father secured him a commission in the [[British Army]] at an early age, but Cochrane preferred the Navy. He joined it in 1793 upon the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] around the time his family lost their wealth and lands.<ref name="Cordingley, p.21">Cordingley, p. 21</ref>
==Service in the Royal Navy==
===French Revolutionary wars===
On 23 July 1793, aged 17, Cochrane joined the navy as a midshipman, spending his first months at [[Sheerness]] in the 28-gun [[sixth-rate]] [[frigate]] {{HMS|Hind|1785|6}} commanded by his uncle Captain [[Alexander Cochrane]].<ref name="Cordingley, p.21"/> He transferred to the 38-gun [[fifth-rate]] {{HMS|Thetis|1782|6}}, also under his uncle's command. While aboard ''Thetis'', he visited Norway and next served on the [[North America Station]].<ref name=Cord2224>Cordingley, pp. 22–24</ref> In 1795, he was appointed [[Acting (rank)|acting]] lieutenant. The following year on 27 May 1796, he was commissioned lieutenant after passing the examination.<ref name=Cord2224/> After several transfers in North America and a return home in 1798, he was assigned as 8th Lieutenant on [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|Lord Keith]]'s [[flagship]] {{HMS|Barfleur|1768|6}} in the [[Mediterranean]].<ref>Cordingley, pp. 28–29</ref>
During his service on ''Barfleur'', Cochrane was [[court-martial]]led for showing disrespect to [[Philip Beaver]], the ship's [[first lieutenant]]. The board reprimanded him for flippancy. This was the first public manifestation of a pattern of Cochrane being unable to get along with many of his superiors, subordinates, employers, and colleagues in several navies and Parliament, even those with whom he had much in common and who should have been natural allies. His behaviour led to a long enmity with [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent|The 1st Earl of St Vincent]].
In February 1800, Cochrane commanded the prize crew taking the captured French vessel {{ship|French ship|Généreux|1785|2}} to the British base at [[Mahón]]. The ship was almost lost in a storm, with Cochrane and his brother Archibald going aloft in place of crew who were mostly ill. Cochrane was promoted to [[Commander#Royal Navy|commander]] and took command of the [[brig sloop]] {{HMS|Speedy|1782|6}} on 28 March 1800. Later that year, a Spanish warship disguised as a merchant ship almost captured him. He escaped by flying a Danish flag and fending off a boarding by claiming that his ship was [[Plague (disease)|plague]]-ridden. On another occasion, he was being chased by an enemy frigate and knew that it would follow him in the night by any glimmer of light from ''Speedy'', so he placed a lantern on a barrel and let it float away. The enemy frigate followed the light, and ''Speedy'' escaped.
In February 1801 at [[Malta]], Cochrane got into an argument with a French [[Royalist]] officer at a fancy dress ball. He had arrived dressed as a common sailor, and the Royalist mistook him for one. This argument led to Cochrane's only [[duel]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Cochrane wounded the French officer with a pistol shot and was himself unharmed.
[[File:Charles Edward Dixon HMS Speedy capturing Spanish frigate El Gamo Lord Thomas Cochrane 1801.jpg|thumb|The action and capture by ''Speedy'' of the Spanish xebeque frigate ''El Gamo'', by [[Charles Dixon (artist)|Charles Edward Dixon]]]]
One of his most notable exploits was [[Action of 6 May 1801|the capture]] of the Spanish [[xebec]] frigate {{ship|Spanish frigate|El Gamo||2}} on 6 May 1801. ''El Gamo'' carried 32 guns and 319 men, compared with ''Speedy''{{'}}s 14 guns and 54 men.<ref>Cordingly, p. 58</ref><ref name="LG15393">{{London Gazette |issue=15393 |date=8 January 1801 |page=949}}</ref> Cochrane flew an American flag and approached so closely to ''El Gamo'' that her guns could not depress to fire on ''Speedy''{{'}}s hull. The Spanish tried to board and take over the ship but, whenever they were about to board, Cochrane pulled away briefly and fired on the concentrated boarding parties with his ship's guns. Eventually, Cochrane boarded ''El Gamo'' and captured her, despite being outnumbered about six to one.
Cochrane then took part in the [[Raid on Oropesa]] along with [[HMS Kangaroo (1795)|HMS "Kangaroo"]] on 9 June which saw the destruction of a Spanish convoy under the cover of a large on shore battery.
In ''Speedy''{{'}}s 13-month cruise, Cochrane captured, burned, or drove ashore 53 ships before three French ships of the line under [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois|Admiral Charles-Alexandre Linois]] captured him on 3 July 1801. While Cochrane was held as a prisoner, Linois often asked him for advice. In his autobiography, Cochrane recounted how courteous and polite the French officer had been. A few days later he was exchanged for the second captain of another French ship. On 8 August 1801, he was promoted to the rank of [[post-captain]].
===Napoleonic Wars===
[[File:Portrait of Lord Cochrane (4671399).jpg|thumb|Engraving, dated 1827, portraying Cochrane. French ships can be seen burning in the background.]]
After the [[Peace of Amiens]], Cochrane attended the [[University of Edinburgh]]. Upon the resumption of war in 1803, St Vincent assigned him in October 1803 to command the sixth-rate 22-gun {{HMS|Arab|1798|6}}. Cochrane alleged that the vessel handled poorly, colliding with Royal Navy ships on two occasions (''Bloodhound'' and ''Abundance''). In his autobiography, he compared ''Arab'' to a [[Collier (ship type)|collier]]. He wrote that his first thoughts on seeing ''Arab'' being repaired at Plymouth were that she would "sail like a haystack".<ref name="DT82">''Cochrane Britannia's Sea Wolf'', Thomas, p. 82</ref> Despite this, he intercepted and boarded the American merchant ship ''Chatham''. This created an international incident, for Britain was not at war with the United States. ''Arab'' and her commander were assigned to protect Britain's important whaling fleet beyond [[Orkney]] in the [[North Sea]].
In 1804, Lord St Vincent stood aside for the incoming new government led by [[William Pitt the Younger]], and [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|The 1st Viscount Melville]] took office. In December of that year, Cochrane was appointed to command of the new 32-gun [[frigate]] {{HMS|Pallas|1804|6}}. He undertook a series of notable exploits over the following eighteen months one of which was a cruise in the vicinity of the [[Azores]]. Here ''Pallas'' captured three Spanish merchant ships and a Spanish 14-gun [[privateer]].<ref>Cordingly (2008), pp. 89–90</ref>
In August 1806, he took command of the 38-gun frigate {{HMS|Imperieuse|1804|6}}, formerly the Spanish frigate ''Medea''. One of his midshipmen was [[Frederick Marryat]], who later wrote fictionalised accounts of his adventures with Cochrane.
In ''Imperieuse'', Cochrane raided the Mediterranean coast of France during the continuing Napoleonic Wars. In 1808, Cochrane and a Spanish [[guerrilla]] force captured the fortress of Mongat, which straddled the road between [[Girona|Gerona]] and [[Barcelona]]. This delayed General [[Duhesme]]'s French army for a month. On another raid, Cochrane copied code books from a signal station, leaving behind the originals so that the French would believe them uncompromised. When ''Imperieuse'' ran short of water, she sailed up the estuary of the [[Rhône River|Rhone]] to replenish. A French army marched into [[Catalonia]] and besieged [[Roses, Girona|Rosas]], and Cochrane took part in the defence of the town. He occupied and defended Fort Trinidad ([[Castell de la Trinitat]]) for a number of weeks before the fall of the city forced him to leave; Cochrane was one of the last two men to quit the fort.
While captain of ''Speedy'', ''Pallas'', and ''Imperieuse'', Cochrane became an effective practitioner of coastal warfare during the period. He attacked shore installations such as the [[Martello tower]] at [[Son Bou, Menorca|Son Bou]] on [[Menorca]], and he captured enemy ships in harbour by leading his men in boats in "cutting out" operations. He was a meticulous planner of every operation, which limited casualties among his men and maximised the chances of success.
In 1809, Cochrane commanded the attack by a flotilla of [[fire ship]]s on [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]], as part of the [[Battle of the Basque Roads]]. The attack did considerable damage, but Cochrane blamed fleet commander Admiral [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Gambier]] for missing the opportunity to destroy the French fleet, accusations that resulted in [[Court-martial of James, Lord Gambier|Gambier undergoing a court-martial]]. Cochrane claimed that, as a result of expressing his opinion publicly, the admiralty denied him the opportunity to serve afloat. However, surviving documents show that he was focused on politics at this time and, indeed, refused a number of offers of command.<ref>Vale, Brian, ''The Audacious Admiral Cochrane'', Conway, 2004, pp. 63–72</ref>
==Political career==
[[File:Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald.jpg|thumb|1866 engraving of Lord Dundonald]]
In June 1806, Lord Cochrane stood for the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on a ticket of parliamentary reform (a movement which later brought about the [[Reform Acts]]) for the [[potwalloper]] borough of [[Honiton (UK Parliament constituency)|Honiton]] in [[Devon]]. This was exactly the kind of borough that Cochrane proposed to abolish; votes were mostly sold to the highest bidder. Cochrane offered nothing and lost the election. In October 1806, he ran for Parliament in Honiton and won. Cochrane initially denied that he paid any bribes, but he revealed in a Parliamentary debate ten years later that he had paid ten [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]] (£10 10s) per voter through Mr. Townshend, local headman and banker.
In May 1807, Cochrane was elected by [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]] in a more democratic election. He had campaigned for parliamentary reform, allied with such [[Radicals (UK)|Radicals]] as [[William Cobbett]], [[Sir Francis Burdett]], and [[Henry Hunt (politician)|Henry Hunt]]. His outspoken criticism of the conduct of the war and the corruption in the navy made him powerful enemies in the government. His criticism of [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Admiral Gambier]]'s conduct at the Battle of the Basque Roads was so severe that Gambier demanded a [[court-martial]] to clear his name. Cochrane made important enemies in the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] during this period.
In 1810, [[Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet|Sir Francis Burdett]], a member of parliament and political ally, had barricaded himself in his home at [[Piccadilly]], London, resisting arrest by the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. Cochrane went to assist Burdett's defence of the house. His intended actions, similar to those he had used in the navy, would have led to numerous deaths amongst the arresting officers and at least partial destruction of Burdett's house, along with much of Piccadilly. On realising what Cochrane planned, Burdett and his allies took steps to end the siege.
Cochrane was popular with the public but was unable to get along with his colleagues in the House of Commons or within the government. He usually had little success in promoting his causes. An exception was his successful confrontation of a prize court in 1814.
His conviction in the [[Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814]] resulted in Parliament expelling him on 5 July 1814. However, his constituents in the seat of Westminster re-elected him at the resulting by-election on 16 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Wcommons3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810231534/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Wcommons3.htm|archive-date=10 August 2009|url-status=usurped|title=Leigh Rayment's peerage page}}</ref> He held this seat until 1818. In 1818, Cochrane's last speech in Parliament advocated parliamentary reform.
In 1830, Cochrane initially expressed interest in running for Parliament but then declined. Lord Brougham's brother had decided to run for the seat, and Cochrane also thought that it would look bad for him to be publicly supporting a government from which he sought pardon for his fraud conviction.
In 1831, his father died and Cochrane became the 10th [[Earl of Dundonald]]. As such, he was no longer entitled to sit in the Commons.
While serving as the Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station, Cochrane became acquainted with geologist and physicist [[Abraham Pineo Gesner|Abraham Gesner]] in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Beaton|first=Kendall|date=1955|title=Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining|journal=Business History Review|volume=29|issue=1|pages=35–36|doi=10.2307/3111597|jstor=3111597|s2cid=154857952|issn=0007-6805}}</ref> The pair planned a commercial venture that would supply Halifax with lamp oil and mine [[bitumen]] deposits in [[Trinidad]] and [[Albert County, New Brunswick|Albert Country, New Brunswick]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor, Graham D. |title=Imperial standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian oil industry from 1880|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1-77385-036-8|location=Calgary, AB, Canada|pages=22|oclc=1087508620}}</ref> By 1850, Cochrane had purchased all the land surrounding [[Pitch Lake|Trinidad's pitch lake]] in support of the endeavour.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gray, Earle.|title=The great Canadian oil patch: the petroleum era from birth to peak|date=2005|publisher=JuneWarren Pub|isbn=0-9737342-0-5|location=Edmonton, AB, Canada|pages=11|oclc=60679720}}</ref> Ultimately, the enterprise did not come into fruition, and Cochrane returned to England after his term of service expired in April 1851.<ref name=":0" />
==Marriage and children==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2013}}
In 1812, Cochrane married Katherine ("Katy") Frances Corbet Barnes, a beautiful orphan who was about twenty years his junior. They met through Cochrane's cousin [[Nathaniel Day Cochrane]].<ref>The London Review of Politics, Society, Literature, Art, & Science, Volume 6, 20 June 1863, p. 652</ref> This was an elopement and a civil ceremony, due to the opposition of his wealthy uncle [[Basil Cochrane]], who disinherited his nephew as a result. Cochrane called Katherine "Kate," "Kitty," or "Mouse" in letters to her; she often accompanied her husband on his extended campaigns in South America and Greece.
Cochrane and Katherine remarried in the [[Anglican Church]] in 1818, and in the [[Church of Scotland]] in 1825. They had six children:
* [[Thomas Barnes Cochrane, 11th Earl of Dundonald]], b. 18 April 1814, m. Louisa Harriett McKinnon.
* William Horatio Bernardo Cochrane, officer, 92nd [[Gordon Highlanders]], b. 8 March 1818 m. Jacobina Frances Nicholson d. 6 February 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://townsley.info/webtrees/individual.php?pid=I43442&ged=tree2|title = John Seagrave 1880–}}</ref>
* Elizabeth Katharine Cochrane, died close to her first birthday.
* Katharine Elizabeth Cochrane, d. 25 August 1869, m. John Willis Fleming.
* Admiral Sir [[Arthur Cochrane (Royal Navy officer)|Arthur Auckland Leopold Pedro Cochrane]] KCB (Commander of {{HMS|Niger}}), b. 24 September 1824, d. 20 August 1905.
* Captain Ernest Gray Lambton Cochrane RN ([[High Sheriff of Donegal]]) b. 4 June 1834, d. 2 February 1911 m. 1. Adelaide Blackall 2. Elizabeth Frances Maria Katherine Doherty.
The confusion of multiple ceremonies led to suspicions that Cochrane's first son Thomas Barnes Cochrane was [[illegitimate]]. Investigation of this delayed Thomas's accession to the Earldom of Dundonald on his father's death.
In 1823 Lady Cochrane sailed with her children to Valparaiso on {{ship||Sesostris|1818 ship|2}} to join her husband. ''Sesostris'' stopped at Rio de Janeiro on 13 June, where she discovered that he was there, having in March taken command of the Brazilian Navy.
Following Cochrane's return from Greece, the couple disagreed about his spending on inventions and her spending on socialising, which led to their separation in 1839. Katherine moved to [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] with a generous allowance, occasionally visiting London but never staying with her husband.<ref>Vale 2004, p. 196</ref> She died in Boulogne in 1865, aged 69.<ref>Thomas 2001, p. 345</ref>
==Great Stock Exchange Fraud==
{{main|Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814}}
In February 1814, rumours began to circulate of Napoleon's death. The claims were seemingly confirmed by a man in a red [[staff officer]]'s uniform identified as Colonel de Bourg, aide-de-camp to [[William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart|Lord Cathcart]], the British ambassador to Russia. He arrived in Dover from France on 21 February bearing news that Napoleon had been captured and killed by [[Cossacks]].<ref name=Vale(2004)74>Vale (2004) p. 74.</ref> Share prices rose sharply on the [[London Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange]] in reaction to the news and the possibility of peace, particularly in volatile partly-paid government securities called Omniums, which increased from {{frac|26|1|2}} to 32.<ref name=Vale(2004)74/> However, it soon became clear that the news of Napoleon's death was a hoax. The Stock Exchange established a sub-committee to investigate, and they discovered that six men had sold substantial amounts of Omnium stock during the boom in value. The committee assumed that all six were responsible for the hoax and subsequent fraud. Cochrane had disposed of his entire £139,000 holding in Omnium ({{Inflation|UK|139000|1814|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-4}}) – which he had only acquired a month before – and was named as one of the six conspirators, as were his uncle [[Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone]] and his stockbroker, Richard Butt.<ref name=Vale(2004)74/> Within days, an anonymous informant told the committee that Colonel de Bourg was an imposter: he was a Prussian aristocrat named Charles Random de Berenger. He had also been seen entering Cochrane's house on the day of the hoax.<ref>Cordingly, p. 241</ref>
[[File:Cochrane Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|280px|A caricature created in 1815 titled ''Things as they have been. Things as they now are''. The left side of the image depicts Cochrane as a heroic naval officer. The right side depicts him as a disgraced civilian imprisoned within the walls of the [[King's Bench Prison]].]]
The accused were brought to trial in the [[Court of King's Bench (England)|Court of King's Bench]], [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] on 8 June 1814. The trial was presided over by [[Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], a [[High Tory]] and a notable enemy of the radicals, who had previously convicted and sentenced to prison radical politicians [[William Cobbett]] and [[Henry Hunt (politician)|Henry Hunt]] in politically motivated trials.<ref>Cordingly, p. 243</ref> The evidence against Cochrane was circumstantial and hinged on the nature of his share dealings, his contacts with the conspirators, and the colour of uniform which De Berenger had been wearing when they met in his house.<ref>Vale (2004), p. 78</ref> Cochrane admitted that he was acquainted with De Berenger and that the man had visited his home on the day of the fraud, but insisted that he had arrived wearing a green sharpshooter's uniform rather than the red uniform worn by the person who claimed to be de Bourg. Cochrane said that De Berenger had visited to request passage to the United States aboard Cochrane's new command {{HMS|Tonnant|1798|6}}. Cochrane's servants agreed, in an [[affidavit]] created before the trial, that the collar of the uniform above De Berenger's greatcoat had been green. However, they admitted to Cochrane's solicitors that they thought the rest had been red. They were not called at trial to give evidence.<ref>Dale, Richard, ''Napoleon is Dead: Lord Cochrane and the Great Stock Exchange Scandal'', Sutton 2006</ref> The prosecution summoned as key witness hackney carriage driver William Crane, who swore that De Berenger was wearing a scarlet uniform when he delivered him to the house.<ref>Cordingly, p. 244</ref> Cochrane's defence also argued that he had given standing instructions to Butt that his Omnium shares were to be sold if the price rose by 1 per cent, and he would have made double profit if he waited until it reached its peak price.<ref>Vale (2004), p. 77</ref>
On the second day of the trial, Lord Ellenborough began his summary of the evidence and drew attention to the matter of De Berenger's uniform; he concluded that witnesses had provided damning evidence.<ref name="Cordingly250">Cordingly, p. 250</ref> The jury retired to deliberate and returned a verdict of guilty against all the defendants two-and-a-half hours later. Belatedly, Cochrane's defence team found several witnesses who were willing to testify that De Berenger had arrived wearing a green uniform, but Lord Ellenborough dismissed their evidence as inadmissible because two of the conspirators had fled the country upon hearing the guilty verdict.<ref name="Cordingly250"/> On 20 June 1814, Cochrane was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, fined £1,000, and ordered to stand in the [[pillory]] opposite the [[Royal Exchange (London)|Royal Exchange]] for one hour. In subsequent weeks, he was dismissed from the Royal Navy by the Admiralty and expelled from Parliament following a [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motion]] in the House of Commons which was passed by 144 votes to 44.<ref name="Cordingly250"/> On the orders of the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]], Cochrane was humiliated by the loss of his appointment [[Order of the Bath|Knight of the Order of the Bath]] in a [[Cashiering|degradation ceremony]] at [[Westminster Abbey]]. His [[Heraldic flag|banner]] was taken down and physically kicked out of the chapel and down the outside steps.<ref name="Cordingly250"/> But, within a month, Cochrane was re-elected unopposed as the Member of Parliament for Westminster. Following a public outcry, his sentence to the pillory was rescinded for fears that it would lead to the outbreak of a riot.<ref>Vale, p. 81</ref><ref name=Cordingly251>Cordingly, p. 251</ref>
The question of Cochrane's innocence or guilt created much debate at the time, and it has divided historians ever since.<ref>Cordingly, pp. 251–252</ref> Subsequent reviews of the trial carried out by three [[Lord Chancellor]]s during the course of the 19th century concluded that he ought to have been found not guilty on the basis of the evidence produced in court.<ref>Cordingly, p. 352</ref> Cochrane maintained his innocence for the rest of his life, and campaigned tirelessly to restore his damaged reputation and to clear his name. He believed that the trial was politically motivated and that a "higher authority than the Stock Exchange" was responsible for his prosecution.<ref name=Cordingly251/> A series of petitions put forward by Cochrane protesting his innocence were ignored until 1830. That year, King [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] (the former Prince Regent) died and was succeeded by [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]. He had served in the Royal Navy and was sympathetic to Cochrane's cause.<ref name=Cordingly334>Cordingly, p. 334</ref> Later that year, the Tory government fell and was replaced by a [[Whig (British political faction)|Whig]] government in which his friend [[Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux|Lord Brougham]] was appointed Lord Chancellor.<ref name=Cordingly334/> Following a meeting of the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] in May 1832, Cochrane was granted a pardon and restored to the [[Navy List]] with a promotion to rear-admiral.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=18934 |date=8 May 1832 |page=1017}}</ref><ref name="Cordingly p.335">Cordingly, p. 335</ref> Support from friends in the government and the writings of popular naval authors such as [[Frederick Marryat]] and [[Maria Graham]] increased public sympathy for Cochrane's situation. Cochrane's knighthood was restored in May 1847 with the personal intervention of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], and he was appointed [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]].<ref>Vale (2008) pp. 193–194.</ref><ref>Cordingly, pp. 343–344</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20736 |date=25 May 1847 |page=1870}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=When was he first awarded the Order of the Bath?|date=April 2022}} Only in 1860 was his banner returned to Westminster Abbey; it was the day before his funeral.<ref name="Cordingly p.335"/>
In 1876, his grandson received a payment of £40,000 from the British government ({{Inflation|UK|40000|1876|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-5}}), based on the recommendations of a Parliamentary select committee, in compensation for Cochrane's conviction. The committee had concluded that his conviction was unjust.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Thomas|first=Donald|author-link=Donald Serrell Thomas|title=Cochrane: Britannia's sea wolf|year= 1997|publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |isbn= 978-1-55750-808-9|page={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}}}</ref>
==Service with other navies==
===Chilean Navy===
{{see also|First Chilean Navy Squadron}}
[[File:Armada Chile 1era Escuadra nacional.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Painting of the [[First Chilean Navy Squadron]] commanded by Cochrane]]
Lord Cochrane left the UK in official disgrace, but that did not end his naval career. In 1817, Lord Cochrane placed a notice in one of the leading London newspapers that he was available to go and serve the newly becoming independent nations in [[America]] or others.
But in [[London]], in 1818, he was met by the representative sent by General [[José de San Martín]], [[José Antonio Álvarez Condarco]], who convinced him in May to join the cause for the Hispano-American independence and go to Chile together alongside a number of British officers who also wanted to be hired. Accompanied by Lady Cochrane and their two children, he reached [[Valparaíso]] on 28 November 1818. Chile was rapidly organising its new navy for its war of independence.
Cochrane became a Chilean citizen on 11 December 1818 at the request of Chilean leader [[Bernardo O'Higgins]]. He was appointed Vice Admiral and took command of the [[Chilean Navy]] in Chile's [[Chilean War of Independence|war of independence]] against Spain. He was the first [[Vice Admiral of Chile]].<ref name="brian vale">Brian Vale, ''Cochrane in the Pacific'', I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-84511-446-6}}</ref>{{rp|page=37}} Cochrane reorganised the Chilean navy with British commanders, introducing British naval customs and, formally, English-speaking governance in their warships. He took command in the frigate {{ship|Chilean frigate|O'Higgins|1816|2}} and blockaded and raided the coasts of [[Peru]], as he had those of France and Spain. On his own initiative, he organised and led the [[capture of Valdivia]], despite only having 300 men and two ships to deploy against seven large forts. He failed in his [[battle of Agüi|attempt to capture]] the [[Chiloé Archipelago]] for Chile.
[[File:Tomadevaldivia.JPG|thumb|A painting of the [[Capture of Valdivia]] in the Chilean naval and maritime museum]]
In 1820, O'Higgins ordered him to convoy the [[Liberating Expedition of Peru]] under General [[José de San Martín]] to Peru, blockade the coast, and support the campaign for independence. Later, forces under Cochrane's personal command cut out and captured the frigate {{ship||Esmeralda|1791|2}}, the most powerful Spanish ship in South America. All of this led to Peruvian independence, which O'Higgins considered indispensable to Chile's security. Cochrane's victories in the Pacific were spectacular and important. The excitement was almost immediately marred by his accusations that he had been plotted against by subordinates and treated with contempt and denied adequate financial reward by his superiors. The evidence does not support these accusations, and the problem appeared to lie in Cochrane's own suspicious and uneasy personality.<ref>Vale, Brian, 'Cochrane in the Pacific', I.B. Tauris 2008</ref> Cochrane had an uneasy relation with San Martín who was serene and calculating in contrast with Cochrane's tendency for audacious actions.<ref name=MemCh>{{citation |title=Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane (1775–1860) |url=http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-726.html |work=[[Memoria Chilena]] |publisher=[[Biblioteca Nacional de Chile]] |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=es}}</ref> San Martín criticized Cochrane's interest for financial gain giving him the nickname ''El Metálico Lord'' (The Metallic Lord).{{refn|group=Note|Nickname registered by Dr. Paroissien, whose spirit roughly translates as 'the count of cash' or 'the baron of bullion'.<ref name=BrianVale/>}}
Loose words from his wife Katy resulted in a rumour that Cochrane had made plans to free [[Napoleon]] from his exile on [[Saint Helena]] and make him ruler of a unified South American state. This could not have been true because Charles,{{clarify|need full name here|date=May 2012}} the supposed envoy bearing the rumoured plans, had been killed two months before his reported "departure to Europe".<ref>Vale, Brian, ''Cochrane in the Pacific'', I.B. Tauris 2008, p. 205</ref> Cochrane left the service of the Chilean Navy on 29 November 1822.
====Chilean naval vessels named after Lord Cochrane====
The Chilean Navy has named five ships ''Cochrane'' or ''Almirante Cochrane'' (Admiral Cochrane) in his honour:
* The first, {{ship|Chilean battery ship|Almirante Cochrane||2}}, was a [[battery ship]] that fought in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884).
* The second ''Almirante Cochrane'' was a [[dreadnought]] battleship laid down in Britain in 1913. The [[Royal Navy]] acquired the unfinished ship in 1917, converting her into the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Eagle|1918|6}}.
* The third ship, {{ship|Chilean destroyer|Cochrane||2}}, was a {{Sclass|Fletcher|destroyer}}, the former {{USS|Rooks|DD-804|6}}, commissioned into the Chilean Navy in 1962 and scrapped in 1983.
* The fourth ship, {{ship|Chilean destroyer|Almirante Cochrane|1967|2}}, was a {{Sclass2|County|destroyer|1}}, the former {{HMS|Antrim|D18|6}}, which the Chilean Navy acquired in 1984 and decommissioned in 2006.
* The fifth and current ship to bear the name, {{ship|Chilean frigate|Almirante Cochrane|FF-05|3}}, is a [[Type 23 frigate]], the former {{HMS|Norfolk|F230|6}}, which the Chilean Navy commissioned in 2006.
===Imperial Brazilian Navy===
Brazil was fighting its own [[War of Independence of Brazil|war of independence]] against Portugal. In 1822, the southern provinces (except [[Montevideo]], now in [[Uruguay]]) came under the control of the patriots led by the Prince Regent, later [[Pedro I of Brazil|Emperor Pedro I]]. Portugal still controlled some important provincial capitals in the north, with major garrisons and naval bases such as [[Belém]] do Pará, [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador da Bahia]], and [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís do Maranhão]].
Lord Cochrane took command of the [[Imperial Brazilian Navy]] on 21 March 1823 and was appointed "First Admiral of the National and Imperial Navy" at the flagship ''[[Brazilian ship Pedro I|Pedro I]]''. He blockaded the Portuguese in [[Bahia]], confronted them at the [[Battle of 4 May]], and forced them to evacuate the province in a vast convoy of ships which Cochrane's men attacked as they crossed the Atlantic. Cochrane sailed to [[Maranhão]] (then spelled Maranham) on his own initiative and bluffed the garrison into surrender by claiming that a vast (and mythical) Brazilian fleet and army were over the horizon. He sent subordinate Captain [[John Pascoe Grenfell]] to [[Belém]] do Pará to use the same bluff and extract a Portuguese surrender. As a result of Cochrane's efforts, Brazil became totally ''de facto'' independent and free of any Portuguese troops. On Cochrane's return to [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1824, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Emperor Pedro I]] rewarded the officer by granting him the non-hereditary title of [[Marquess of Maranhão]] (''Marquês do Maranhão'') in the [[Empire of Brazil]]. He was also awarded an accompanying coat of arms.
As in Chile and earlier occasions, Cochrane's joy at these successes was rapidly replaced by quarrels over pay and prize money, and an accusation that the Brazilian authorities were plotting against him.<ref>Vale, Brian. ''Independence or Death! British Sailors and Brazilian Independence'', I.B. Tauris, 1996</ref>
In mid-1824, Cochrane sailed north with a squadron to assist the Brazilian army under General Francisco Lima e Silva in suppressing a republican rebellion in the state of [[Pernambuco]] which had begun to spread to [[Maranhão]] and other northern states. The rebellion was rapidly extinguished. Cochrane proceeded to Maranhão, where he took over the administration. He demanded the payment of prize money which he claimed he was owed as a result of the recapture of the province in 1823.<ref>Vale, 1996</ref> He absconded with public money and sacked merchant ships anchored in São Luís do Maranhão.<ref>Gomes, Laurentino. "1822". Nova Fronteira, São Paulo, 2010</ref> Defying orders to return to [[Rio de Janeiro]], Cochrane transferred to a captured Brazilian frigate, left Brazil and returned to Britain where he arrived in late June 1825.
===Greek Navy===
In August 1825 Cochrane was hired by Greece to support its [[Greek War of Independence|fight for independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had deployed an army raised in Egypt to suppress the Greek rebellion. He took an active role in the campaign between March 1827 and December 1828, but met with limited success. His subordinate [[Frank Abney Hastings|Captain Hastings]] attacked Ottoman forces at the [[Gulf of Lepanto]], which indirectly led to intervention by Great Britain, France, and Russia. They succeeded in destroying the [[Turkey|Turko]]–Egyptian fleet at the [[Battle of Navarino]], and the war was ended under mediation of the [[Great Powers]]. He resigned his commission toward the end of the war and returned to Britain.
==Return to Royal Navy==
[[File:Admiralty House Halifax.jpg|thumb|275px|[[Naval Museum of Halifax|Lord Dundonald's residence]] in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], while [[Commander-in-Chief, North American Station|Commander-in-Chief]], [[North America and West Indies Station|North America Station]] (1848–1851)]]
[[File:Thomas Cochrane Tenth Earl of Dundonald 1861.png|thumb|right|Lord Dundonald in old age; an engraving by [[Joseph Brown (engraver)|Joseph Brown (1809–1887)]], published with his autobiography.]]
Lord Cochrane inherited his peerage following his father's death on 1 July 1831, becoming The 10th [[Earl of Dundonald]]. He was restored to the [[Royal Navy]] list on 2 May 1832 as a [[Rear-Admiral of the Blue]]. The full return of Lord Dundonald, as he was now known, to Royal Navy service was delayed by his refusal to take a command until his [[knighthood]] had been restored, which took 15 years. He continued to receive promotions in the list of [[flag officers]], as follows:
* [[Rear-Admiral of the Blue]] on 2 May 1832
* [[Rear-Admiral of the White]] on 10 January 1837
* [[Rear-Admiral of the Red]] on 28 June 1838
* [[Vice-Admiral of the Blue]] on 23 November 1841
* [[Vice-Admiral of the White]] on 9 November 1846
* [[Vice-Admiral of the Red]] on 3 January 1848
* [[Admiral of the Blue]] on 21 March 1851
* [[Admiral of the White]] on 2 April 1853
* [[Admiral of the Red]] on 8 December 1857
On 22 May 1847, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] reappointed him [[Knight of the Order of the Bath]]. He returned to the Royal Navy, serving as [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[North America and West Indies Station]] from 1848 to 1851. During the [[Crimean War]], the government considered him for a command in the Baltic, but decided that there was too high a chance that Lord Dundonald would risk the fleet in a daring attack. On 6 November 1854, he was appointed to the honorary office of [[Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom]], an office that he retained until his death.
In his final years, Lord Dundonald wrote his autobiography in collaboration with G.B. Earp. He twice had to undergo painful surgery for [[kidney stone]]s in 1860 with his health deteriorating. He died during the second operation on 31 October 1860 in [[Kensington]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vale |first=Brian |title=Cochrane in the Pacific: Fortune and Freedom in Spanish America |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84511-446-6}}</ref>
Dundonald was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]; his grave is in the central part of the nave. Each year in May, representatives of the [[Chilean Navy]] hold a wreath-laying ceremony at his grave.<ref>[http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/thomas-cochrane "Thomas Cochrane"], Westminster Abbey</ref>
==Innovations in technology==
Convoys were guided by ships following the lamps of those ahead. In 1805, Lord Cochrane entered a Royal Navy competition for a superior convoy lamp. He believed that the judges were biased against him, so he re-entered the contest under another name and won the prize.<ref name="Cordingly p. 337">Cordingly, p. 337</ref>
In 1806, Cochrane had a [[galley]] made to his specifications which he carried on board ''Pallas'' and used to attack the French coast. It had the advantage of mobility and flexibility.<ref>Gardner, p. 108</ref>
In 1812, Lord Cochrane proposed attacking the French coast using a combination of bombardment ships, explosion ships, and "stink vessels" (gas warfare). A bombardment ship consisted of a strengthened old hulk filled with powder and shot and made to list to one side. It was anchored at night to face the enemy behind the harbour wall. When set off, it provided saturation bombardment of the harbour, which would be closely followed by landings of troops. He put the plans forward again before and during the Crimean War. The authorities, however, decided not to pursue his plans.<ref name="Cordingly p. 337"/><ref>Grimble, pp. 384–417</ref>
In 1818, Cochrane patented the [[tunnelling shield]] together with engineer [[Marc Isambard Brunel]], which Brunel and [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel|his son]] used in building the [[Thames Tunnel]] in 1825–43. Cochrane also patented the first [[airlock]] in 1830, and in 1879 his airlock setup was used to assist with tunnelling under the Hudson River in New York.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Calendar of Patent Records |journal=Nature |volume=124 |issue=3129 |pages=637 |date=1929-10-01 |issn=1476-4687 |bibcode=1929Natur.124R.637. |doi=10.1038/124637b0 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
During 1851–1853, he filed in England a series of comprehensive patents covering the applications of natural asphalt. These patents were confined chiefly to the use of asphalt as a paving material, as a mastic, as a "hydraulic concrete" suitable for fashioning into water pipes and sewer mains and as an insulating material for electric wires.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/abs/dr-gesners-kerosene-the-start-of-american-oil-refining/23B2D3BB75C9F2444AE1B3830BEC85D1|title=Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining|first=Kendall|last=Beaton|date=29 March 1955|journal=Business History Review|volume=29|issue=1|pages=28–53|via=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.2307/3111597|jstor=3111597|s2cid=154857952}}</ref>
Cochrane was an early supporter of [[steamship]]s. He tried to take the steamship {{ship|PS|Rising Star||2}} from Britain to Chile for use in the war of independence in the 1820s, but its construction took too long; it did not arrive until the war was ending. ''Rising Star'' was a 410-ton vessel adapted to a new design at Brent's Yard at the Greenland Dock at the Thames: twin funnels, a retractable [[paddle wheel]], and driven by a 60-horsepower engine.<ref name="brian vale"/>{{rp|page=33}} Similarly, he suffered delays with construction of a steamship which he had hoped to put into use in the [[Greek War of Independence]]. In the 1830s, Lord Dundonald, as he now was, experimented with steam power, developing a rotary engine and a propeller. In 1851, Lord Dundonald received a patent on powering steamships with [[bitumen]].<ref>Cordingly, p. 346</ref> He was conferred with Honorary Membership in the [[Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html|title=IESIS Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland|website=iesis.org}}</ref>
==Burial and memorial==
Lord Dundonald was interred in [[Westminster Abbey]] in the floor of the nave directly before the choir. The procession was led by dean Bradley (robed as Chancellor of the Order of Bath). Persons involved were: The Brazilian Minister in London and his entire staff (in full levée dress), 12th Earl of Dundonald (wearing a general's uniform), Captain Duarte de Bacella (of the ''Floriano''), First Lieutenant Arthur Thompson, Lieutenant Eduardo de Procuca, and Lieutenant Oscar Gomes Bruza (of the same vessel). The captain and his chief lieutenant carried extra wreaths as personal offerings from the Brazilian warship's company and from her officers.
The Brazilian Minister uttered these words; "We place these flowers on Lord Cochrane's grave in the name of the Brazilian Navy, which he created, and of the Brazilian nation, to whose independence and unity he rendered incomparable services." Lord Cochrane's grandson, [[Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald]], replied to the minister by saying: "Senhor Nabuco, on behalf of my grandfather's family, I thank the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian people for this tribute of respect to his memory."<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/9000057/19010706/028/0019 The Graphic – Saturday 06 July 1901 (p. 19 of 30)]</ref>
His epitaph, written by [[Sir Lyon Playfair]], reads:
<blockquote>'Here rests in his 85th year Thomas Cochrane Tenth Earl of Dundonald of Paisley and of Ochiltree in the Peerage of Scotland Marquess of Marenham in the [[Empire of Brazil]] GCB and Admiral of the Fleet who by his confidence and genius his science and extraordinary daring inspired by his heroic exertion in the cause of freedom and his splended services alike to his own country, Greece, Brazil, Chile and Peru achieved a name illustrious throughout the world for courage, patriotism and chivalry. Born Dec 14 1775. Died Oct 31 1860'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memorials.rmg.co.uk/Memorial.cfm?Banner=2&MemorialID=M1027&Full=Print|title=National Maritime Museum Memorials Listing}}</ref></blockquote>
<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="220px">
File:CynhebrwngCochrane1901.jpg|Tribute of respect to the memory of Admiral Lord Cochrane by Brazilian naval officers (1901). His Grandson; [[Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald]] is pictured 4th from the right.
File:Admiral Cochrane bust, Culross, Fife.JPG| Bust of Admiral Lord Dundonald (previously known as Lord Cochrane), in [[Culross]], by [[Scott Sutherland]]; originally commissioned for {{HMS|Cochrane}} shore base.
File:HMS Wellesley, Royal Naval Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg|Lord Dundonald's marker to commemorate the 11 who died on his flagship, [[HMS Wellesley (1815)|HMS ''Wellesley'']]; [[Royal Navy Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)]], (1850)
File:Monument - Lord Cochram - panoramio.jpg|Memorial to Lord Dundonald in [[Valparaiso]], [[Chile]].
</gallery>
=== Ancestry ===
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald'''
| 2 = 2. [[Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald]]
| 3 = 3. Anne Gilchrist
| 4 = 4. [[Thomas Cochrane, 8th Earl of Dundonald]]
| 5 = 5. [[Jane Stuart]]
| 6 = 6. Captain James Gilchrist of Annesfield
| 7 = 7. Ann Roberton
| 8 = 8. [[William Cochrane of Ochiltree]]
| 9 = 9. Mary Bruce
| 10 = 10. Archibald Stuart, 5th of Torrance
| 11 = 11. Elizabeth Myrton
| 12 = 12. Walter Gilchrist
| 13 = 13. Grizel Hamilton of Neilsland
| 14 = 14. Major John Roberton, 16th Laird of Earnock
| 15 = 15. Elizabeth Hamilton
}}
{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slideserve.com/loretta/pedigree-of-the-roberton-family|title=Pedigree of the Roberton Family|last=loretta|date=2 March 2013|website=SlideServe}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/historicalgeneal00ande|title=Historical and genealogical memoirs of the House of Hamilton; with genealogical memoirs of the several branches of the family|first=John|last=Anderson|date=29 March 1825|publisher=Edinburgh|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
==Arms==
<gallery class="center">
File:Earl of Dundonald Arms.svg|Arms of Cochrane of Dundonald
File:Earl of Dundonald Coat of Arms.svg|Earl of Dundonald's [[Coat of arms]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom]; p. 368; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright</ref>
Image:COA Marquess of Maranhão.svg|Coat of arms of the Marquess of Maranhão.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://link.library.utoronto.ca/booksonline/digobject.cfm?CKEY=949243&Idno=POR00121&Page=0273&size=1&query=&strategy=all&transcript=off&CFID=17640533&CFTOKEN=11418838 |title=VASCONCELOS, Jaime Smith & VASCONCELOS, Rodolfo Smith. ''Archivo Nobiliarchico Brasileiro''. Lausanne, 1918 |publisher=Link.library.utoronto.ca |date=1995-01-01 |access-date=2012-08-24}}</ref>
</gallery>
==Literary references==
===Influence on naval fiction===
His career inspired a number of writers of [[nautical fiction]]. The first was [[Frederick Marryat|Captain Frederick Marryat]], who had served under him as a midshipman and published his first novel in 1829. In the 20th century, the figures and careers of [[Horatio Hornblower]] in the novels by [[C. S. Forester]] and of [[Jack Aubrey]] in the [[Aubrey–Maturin series]] of novels by [[Patrick O'Brian]] were in part modelled on his exploits.<ref>King, Dean, 2000, ''Patrick O'Brian: A Life Revealed,'' p. 193, Henry Holt & Co, New York {{ISBN|0-8050-5976-8}}</ref>
===Appearance in fiction===
* Lord Cochrane was first featured as a character in a novel in [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''Rodney Stone'' (1896).
* He also appeared in [[G. A. Henty]]'s ''With Cochrane the Dauntless'' (1897).
* The novel ''The Sea Lord'' (originally ''The Frigate Captain'') by [[Showell Styles]] is about Lord Cochrane.
* Cochrane is one of the main characters in the novel ''[[Sharpe's Devil]]'' by [[Bernard Cornwell]], taking place in 1821 and portraying Cochrane's attack on the Chilean port of [[Valdivia]].<ref>[[Bernard Cornwell]], ''Sharpe's Devil: Chile 1820 (Sharpe's Adventures)'' {{ISBN|0-06-093229-5}}</ref>
* Lord Cochrane is a minor character in ''Manuela'' by Gregory Kauffman, a novel about the South American revolutions.
* The novel ''[[Harry Flashman|Flashman]] and the Seawolf'', by Robert Brightwell, is based on Cochrane's early career aboard ''Speedy''. His South American adventures, particularly his command of the Brazilian navy, are covered in a later book by the same author, ''Flashman and the Emperor''.
* In the alternate history series ''[[The Domination]]'' by [[S.M. Stirling]], Lord Cochrane is featured leading the occupation of [[Cape Colony]] in South Africa.<ref>[[S.M. Stirling]], ''The Domination'' (Omnibus edition of first 3 works) {{ISBN|0-671-57794-8}}</ref>
* Lord Cochrane is a character in the novel ''The True Confessions of a London Spy'' by [[Katherine Cowley]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowley |first=Katherine |title=The True Confessions of a London Spy |publisher=Tule |year=2022 |isbn=978-1956387230}}</ref>
* In the part of ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (book)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' describing the visit of the young [[Che Guevara]] to the port of [[Lima]] in [[Peru]], Guevara refers to Lord Cochrane and his part in the [[Liberating Expedition of Peru]].
===Poetry===
* Cochrane inspired ''Lord Cochrane de Chile'', a 1967 collection of poems by [[Pablo Neruda]] which was set to music by Chilean composer [[Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt]].
* "Lord Cochranes maskine" (Lord Cochrane's Machine) is mentioned in the rather gruesome Danish children's song "En svensk konstabel fra Sverrig" ("A Swedish Constable from Sweden") as a monstrous and unspecified war machine. In fact it is a Swedish soldier that has blown himself up with a cannon.
==See also==
{{Portal|Spain|Latin America}}
* [[John Dundas Cochrane]], his cousin.
* [[Alexander Cochrane|Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane]], his uncle.
* [[Sir Thomas John Cochrane]], [[Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom]] and [[Governor of Newfoundland]], his cousin.
* {{cite wikisource |first=William Richard |last=O'Byrne |chapter=Dundonald, Thomas |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary |year=1849 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}
==References==
* {{Cite book|last=Cordingly|first=David|author-link=David Cordingly|title=Cochrane The Dauntless: The Life and Adventures of Thomas Cochrane|year=2007|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7475-8545-9|location = New York}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gardner|first=Robert|title=Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars|year=2000|isbn=1-55750-288-9|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Grimble|first=Ian|title=The Sea Wolf: The Life of Admiral Cochrane|publisher=Birlinn|year=2000|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-1-84158-035-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/seawolflifeofadm0000grim}} [pub. 1978]
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Serrell Thomas |date=2001 |title=Cochrane: Britannia's Sea Wolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ORnPgAACAAJ |location=London |publisher=Cassell Military Paperbacks |isbn= 978-0304356591}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vale|first=Brian|title=Independence or Death! British Sailors and Brazilian Independence|year=1996|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|isbn=1-86064-060-5}}
* {{Cite book| last = Vale | first = Brian | title = The Audacious Admiral Cochrane | publisher = [[Anova Books|Conway Maritime Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-85177-986-7 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/audaciousadmiral0000vale/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vale|first=Brian|title=Cochrane in the Pacific: Fortune and Freedom in Spanish America|year=2008|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|isbn=978-1-84511-446-6}}
==Further reading==
{{EB1911 poster|Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of}}
* Cochrane, Alexander, in collaboration with the 14th Earl of Dundonald, "The Fighting Cochranes: A Scottish Clan over six hundred years of naval and military history" 1983, Quiller Press, London, {{ISBN|0-907621-19-8}}
* Cordingly, David, "Cochrane The Dauntless: The Life and Adventures of Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 1775–1860" 2007, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, {{ISBN|9780747585459}}
* Dale, Richard. "Napoleon is Dead: Lord Cochrane and the Great Stock Exchange Scandal" (2006) London: Sutton Pub., 256pp, {{ISBN|978-0-7509-4381-9}}
* Davie, Donald. Poem entitled 'Lady Cochrane' in "Collected Poems 1971–1983". 1983, Manchester: Carcanet Press, {{ISBN|0-85635-462-7}} and Mid Northumberland Arts Group {{ISBN|0-904790-30-4}}. US edition 1983, Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, {{ISBN|0-268-00745-4}}
* Dundonald, Thomas. Cochrane, Earl of, 1775–1860. ''The Autobiography of a Seaman''. Introduction by Richard Woodman.<br />New York: Lyons Press, 2000. {{ISBN|1-86176-156-2}}
* Earnock and its Early Proprietors, nd Hamilton Advertiser, n.d. July 1874
* {{cite book|first=Laurentino|last=Gomes|author-link=Laurentino Gomes|title=[[1822 (book)|1822 – How a wise man, a sad princess and a money-crazy Scotsman helped D. Pedro create Brazil, a country that had everything to go wrong]]|year=2010|publisher=Nova Fronteira|language=pt}}
* Harvey, Robert. ''Cochrane: The Life and Exploits of a Fighting Captain''. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7867-0923-5}}
* Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810–1830". John Murray, London (2000). {{ISBN|0-7195-5566-3}}
* Higgins, James (editor). [https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu ''The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts''], 2014.
* Lloyd, Christopher. Lord Cochrane. Seaman, Radical, Liberator. – A Life of Thomas Lord Cochrane 10th Earl of Dundonald. 1775–1860, {{ISBN|0-8050-5986-5}}
* M'Gilchrist (aka McGilchrist), John. "The Life and Daring Exploits of Lord Dundonald". 1st Edition. London: James Blackwood, Paternoster Row. 1861.
* Moises Enrique Rodriguez, ''Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the Wars of Independence of Latin America (1810–1825)'', (Lanham, Maryland, 2006).
* Moises Enrique Rodriguez, ''Under the Flags of Freedom: British Mercenaries in the War of the Two Brothers, the First Carlist War, and the Greek War of Independence (1821–1840)'', (Lanham, Maryland, 2009).
* Stephenson, Charles. "The Admiral's Secret Weapon: Lord Dundonald and the Origins of Chemical Warfare" (2006) Boydell press, {{ISBN|978-1-84383-280-5}}
==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog12a.shtml BBC UK]
* [http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst498.html Gazetteer for Scotland – Thomas Cochrane]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060213185822/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server.php?show=nav.3881 Royal Navy – Admiral Lord Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald 1775–1860]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=5543| name=Thomas Cochrane}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Thomas Cochrane}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3039}}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of}}
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