View source for Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama

{{Short description|Panchen Lama of Tibet (1883–1937)}}
<!--  Commented out because image was deleted: [[File:Xzws-3.jpg|right|thumb|9th Panchen Erdeni]] -->
{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Thubten Choekyi Nyima
|title = 9th [[Panchen Lama]]
|image = File:9thPanchen.jpg
|caption = Thubten Choekyi Nyima, the 9th Panchen Lama
|religion = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
|native_name = {{bo-textonly|ཐུབ་བསྟན་ཆོས་ཀྱི་ཉི་མ་}}
|predecessor = [[Tenpai Wangchuk]]
|successor = [[Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama|Choekyi Gyaltsen]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1883|02|19}}
|birth_place = Dagpo, [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]], [[Qing dynasty]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1937|12|1|1883|02|19}}
|death_place = [[Gyêgu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
|resting_place = [[Tashi Lhunpo Monastery]], [[Shigatse]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title = Thubten Choekyi Nyima
|s = 图丹曲吉尼玛
|t = 圖丹曲吉尼瑪
|p = Túdān Qūjí Nímǎ
|tib = ཐུབ་བསྟན་ཆོས་ཀྱི་ཉི་མ་
|wylie = Thub-bstan Chos-kyi Nyi-ma
|zwpy = Tubdain Qoigyi Nyima
}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
[[File:Chop of Panchen Lama.JPG|thumb|The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] awarded Panchen Lama the Guarding the National Master]]
[[File:9.PanchenLama inChina1934.jpg|left|thumb|Panchen Lama during his final stay in China 1934]]
'''Thubten Choekyi Nyima''' ({{bo |t = ཐུབ་བསྟན་ཆོས་ཀྱི་ཉི་མ་ |w = Thub-bstan Chos-kyi Nyi-ma |o = Tubdain Qoigyi Nyima }}) (1883&ndash;1937), often referred to as ''Choekyi Nyima'', was the ninth [[Panchen Lama]] of [[Tibet]].
Thubten Choekyi Nyima is the 9th in his lineage, as recognized by [[Tashi Lhunpo Monastery]], the traditional seat of Panchen Lamas.<ref>{{cite web |title = Who is Panchen Rinpoche? |url = http://www.tashilhunpo.org/2017-01-24-09-53-27/panchen-rinpoche |website = tashilhunpo.org |publisher = Tashilhunpo Monastery |access-date = 1 August 2017 }}</ref>
In 1901, Choekyi Nyima was visited by the Mongolian Lama, [[Agvan Dorzhiev]]. Although he only stayed for two days at [[Tashilhunpo]], Dorzhiev received some secret teachings from the Panchen Lama, as well as readings of the ''Prayer of Shambhala'', written by [[Lobsang Palden Yeshe]], the sixth (or third) Panchen Lama, concerning the Buddhist kingdom of [[Shambhala]], which were of great importance to Dorzhiev's developing understanding of the [[Kalachakra]] ('Wheel of Time') [[vajrayana|tantric]] teachings. Choekyi Nyima also gave Dorzhiev gifts including some golden statues.<ref>Snelling 1993, p.&nbsp;77.</ref>
In 1906, Sir [[Charles Alfred Bell]], was invited to visit the 9th Panchen Lama at [[Tashilhunpo]], where they had friendly discussions on the political situation.<ref>Chapman 1940, p.&nbsp;141
</ref>
He fled to [[Inner Mongolia]], [[China]] in 1924 after a dispute with the [[Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama|thirteenth Dalai Lama]] when he sensed that he might face threat after his own monastery’s monks were prohibited from holding any office in the Central Tibetan government and his officials were locked up in [[Lhasa]].<ref>Tuttle 2006</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=China Tibetology |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ak_AQAAIAAJ&q=Norla+Hutuktu |year=2006 |publisher=Office for the Journal China Tibetology |page=16 }}</ref> Among the Mongols, the 9th Panchen Lama became a well liked figure.<ref>{{cite book |title = Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski |edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA35 |page = 35 |isbn = 978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> At the same time, study of documents did not confirm widespread claims that rebellions in the 1930s Mongolia were inspired or supported by the 9th Panchen Lama.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/12754293/Kuzmin_S._2014._The_Activity_of_the_9th_Panchen_Lama_in_Inner_Mongolia_and_Manchuria_English_version_ Kuzmin S. The Activity of the 9th Panchen Lama in Inner Mongolia and Manchuria. – Far Eastern Affairs, no 1, 2014, pp. 123-137]</ref> The Dalai Lama was attempting to collect revenue from the Panchen Lama's estate to cover a fourth of Tibet's military expenses, and to reduce the power of the Panchen Lama, who at the time enjoyed rule over an effectively autonomous region around Shigatse.<ref name="Powers99">Powers 2004, p.&nbsp;99.</ref>
In China, the ninth Panchen Lama worked on plans to develop [[Tibet]] along modern lines.<ref>Jagou, pp.&nbsp;156-159, 206-208.</ref> He also held a position in the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]].
The Panchen Lama was considered extremely "pro-Chinese", according to official Chinese sources.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8YFCAAAAYAAJ&q=panchen+he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there |title = Who's who in China, 1918-1950: 1931-1950 |author=Chinese Materials Center |year=1982 |publisher=Chinese Materials Center |volume = 3 of Who's who in China, 1918-1950: With an Index, Jerome Cavanaugh |access-date=2011-06-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAWAQAAMAAJ&q=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there |title = The China weekly review, Volume 54 |year=1930 |publisher=Millard Publishing House |page=406 |access-date=2011-06-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WvaLxatYUiIC&q=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there |title = China monthly review, Volume 56 |year=1931 |publisher=Millard Publishing Co., Inc. |page=306 |access-date=2011-06-05 }}</ref>
Choekyi adopted the ideas of [[Sun Yatsen]] like the Kham revolutionary [[Pandatsang Rapga]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China |url = https://archive.org/details/tibetanbuddhists00tutt |url-access = limited |author=Gray Tuttle |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=illustrated |page=[https://archive.org/details/tibetanbuddhists00tutt/page/n175 153] |isbn=978-0-231-13447-7 }}</ref> It has been suggested he read the works of Sun Yatsen which were translated by Rapga.<ref>{{cite book |access-date=2011-12-27 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&q=rapga+chinese&pg=PA152 |title = Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China |author=Gray Tuttle |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=illustrated |page=152 |isbn=978-0-231-13447-7 }}</ref>
In 1936, a team of monks from Lhasa were on the way to north-eastern Tibet to search for the new reincarnation of the [[13th Dalai Lama]], who had died in 1933. First, because of the historical close relationship between the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, they visited the Panchen Lama in Kham, eastern Tibet, to seek his advice. He was staying in [[Jyekundo]], a district of eastern Kham that had been annexed from Tibetan government control by the Chinese "during their invasion".<ref name=bell397 >Bell 1946, p.&nbsp;397.</ref> The Panchen Lama, being under Chinese power, was being held up there in his attempt to return to Central Tibet due to Chinese interference and insistence that he must be accompanied by a force of 500 armed Chinese soldiers;<ref>Shakabpa 1984, pp.&nbsp;280-283.</ref> naturally this condition was not at all acceptable to the Tibetan Government in Lhasa. While negotiations were going on between the Lhasa Government, the Panchen Lama and the Chinese authorities about this escort issue, he was stuck in Jyekundo.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp.&nbsp;143-146.</ref> He had therefore been busy investigating reports of unusual children born in the area, who might be the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama; the deep spiritual link between the two Lamas had never wavered despite apparent political difficulties and attempted Chinese interference.<ref name=Laird265 >Laird 2006, p.&nbsp;265.</ref>
In fact, when the search team arrived to see him, the Panchen Lama had already identified three potential candidates.<ref name=bell397 /> He gave their details to the search party leader, [[Kwetsang Rinpoche|Kewtsang Rinpoche]], who then investigated further. One of these three candidates was already dead and another ran away crying when shown the objects belonging to the late Dalai Lama.<ref name=bell397 /> The third candidate, who lived in [[Taktser]], was characterised as "fearless" and he was indeed found to be the true incarnation. Thus, it was this Panchen Lama Thubten Choekyi Nyima who first discovered and identified the 14th Dalai Lama.<ref>Bell 1946, p.&nbsp;398.</ref><ref name=Laird265 />
In 1937, the Panchen Lama died in [[Gyêgu]] (Tibetan: [[Jyekundo]]; Chinese: Yushu) in [[Qinghai|Qinghai Province]] without being able to return to Tsang.<ref name=Laird265 /><ref>Shakabpa 1984, p.&nbsp;283.</ref><ref>Bell 1946, p.&nbsp;365.</ref><ref>Richardson 1984, p.&nbsp;146 http://www.xuehuile.com/thesis/Gelek Surkhang Wangchen (Tibet Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 Spring 1983 Tibet: The Critical Years (part 2) "The 6th Panchen Lama")</ref>
The tombs of the fifth through the ninth Panchen Lamas were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and have been rebuilt by the tenth Panchen Lama with a huge tomb at [[Tashilhunpo Monastery]] in [[Shigatse]], known as the Tashi Langyar.<ref>Mayhew 2005, p.&nbsp;175.</ref>
[[File:Panchen Lama and entourage in Calcutta, 1906.jpg|center|thumb|250x250px|Panchen Lama and entourage in Calcutta, 1906]]
== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Asia|Biography}}
* [[Yangsanjab]], Mongol prince who hosted Lama's Ceremony
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Bell, Sir Charles. ''Portrait of the Dalai Lama'' (1946) Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. {{ISBN|086171055X}}.
* Chapman, Spencer. ''Lhasa: The Holy City'' (1940) Readers Union Ltd., London.
* Jagou, Fabienne. ''Le 9e Panchen Lama (1883–1937): Enjeu des relations Sino-Tibetaines''.
* {{cite book |last = Laird |first = Thomas |title = The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama |url = https://archive.org/details/storyoftibetconv00lair |url-access = registration |date = 2006 |publisher = Grove Press |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-8021-1827-1 |edition = 1st }}
* Goldstein "A History of Modern Tibet 1913–1951" University of California Press 1989.
* Mayhew, Bradley and Kohn, Michael. ''Tibet'' 6th Edition (2005) Lonely Planet Publications. {{ISBN|1-74059-523-8}}.
* Powers, John. ''History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China'' (2004) Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-517426-7}}.
* {{cite book |last = Richardson |first = Hugh E. |title = Tibet and its history |date = 1984 |publisher = Shambhala |location = Boston |isbn = 978-0877733768 |edition = 2nd ed., rev. and updated. }}
* Shakabpa, Tsepon W.D. (1984), ''Tibet: A Political History''. Singapore: Potala Publications. {{ISBN|0961147415}}.
* Snelling, John. ''Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev: Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar'' (1993) Element Books. {{ISBN|1-85230-332-8}}.
* Tuttle, Gray. ''Review of Le 9e Panchen Lama (1883–1937): Enjeu des relations Sino-Tibetaines'', JIATS, no. 2 (August 2006) Columbia University. THDL #T2726.
{{refend}}
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{{succession box
|before = [[Tenpe Wangchuk, 8th Panchen Lama|Tenpe Wangchuk]]
|title = [[Panchen Lama]]
|after = [[Choekyi Gyaltsen]]
|years = }}
{{s-end}}
{{Panchen Lamas}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choekyi Nyima}}
[[Category:Panchen Lamas|Panchen Lama 09]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Tibetan people]]
[[Category:20th-century Tibetan people]]