View source for Thulium(III) oxide

{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields  = changed
| verifiedrevid  = 428987369
| Name           = Thulium(III) oxide
| ImageFile      = Tl2O3structure.jpg
| ImageName      = Thulium(III) oxide
| OtherNames     = Thulium oxide, thulium sesquioxide
| IUPACName      = Thulium(III) oxide
| Section1       = {{Chembox Identifiers
|   CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 12036-44-1
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = DZJ5EE05EB
| EC_number      = 234-851-6
| PubChem = 159411
| InChI = 1S/3O.2Tm/q3*-2;2*+3
| SMILES = [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Tm+3].[Tm+3]
}}
| Section2       = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
|   MolarMass = 385.866 g/mol
| Appearance = greenish-white [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] crystals
| Density = 8.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| Solubility =
| SolubleOther   = Slightly soluble in acids
| MeltingPtC = 2341
| BoilingPtC = 3945
| MagSus = +51,444·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
}}
| Section3       = {{Chembox Structure
|   CrystalStruct = [[Cubic crystal system|Cubic]], [[Pearson symbol|cI80]]<ref name="Lee"></ref>
|   SpaceGroup = Ia-3, No. 206<ref name="Lee"></ref>
| LattConst_a = 10.49&nbsp;Å<ref name="Lee"></ref>
| UnitCellFormulas = 16<ref name="Lee"></ref>
}}
| Section4       = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| Thermochemistry_ref =
| HeatCapacity = 2.515&nbsp;°C<sub>p</sub><ref name="Justice" /> (25&nbsp;°C)
}}
| Section7       = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS    = [https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/sds/aldrich/289167?userType=anonymous Sigma-Aldrich]
| GHSPictograms  = {{GHS07}}
}}
| Section9       = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[Thulium(III) chloride]]
| OtherCations = [[Erbium(III) oxide]]<br>[[Ytterbium(III) oxide]]
}}
}}
'''Thulium(III) oxide''' is a pale green crystalline compound, with the formula [[thulium|Tm]]<sub>2</sub>[[oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>. It was first isolated in 1879, from an impure sample of [[erbia]], by [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[chemist]] [[Per Teodor Cleve]], who named it ''thulia''.
== Synthesis ==
Thulium(III) oxide has been made in the laboratory using various methods. One method involves burning [[thulium]] metal or its various salts in air.<ref name="Housecroft">{{cite book |author1=Catherine E. Housecroft |title=Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition |author2=Alan G. Sharpe |publisher=Pearson |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-13-175553-6 |page=864 |chapter=Chapter 25: The ''f''-block metals: lanthanoids and actinoids}}</ref><ref name="Justice">{{Cite journal |last=Justice |first=Bruce |last2=Westrum |first2=Edgar |last3=Chang |first3=Elfreda |last4=Radebaugh |first4=Ray |date=February 1, 1969 |title=Thermophysical properties of the lanthanide oxides. IV. Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of thulium(III) and lutetium(III) oxides. Electronic energy levels of several lanthanide(III) ions |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100722a010 |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry |volume=2 |issue=73 |pages=333-340 |via=ACSPublications}}</ref>
Thulium(III) oxide can be made using a hydrothermal method where [[thulium(III) acetate]] is mixed with an [[ammonia]] solution, which causes thulium(III) oxide to precipitate as a white solid.<ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Sung Woo |last2=Park |first2=Seong Kyun |last3=Min |first3=Bong-Ki |last4=Kang |first4=Jun-Gill |last5=Sohn |first5=Youngku |date=July 2014 |title=Structural/spectroscopic analyses and H2/O2/CO responses of thulium(III) oxide nanosquare sheets |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169433214009234 |journal=Applied Surface Science |language=en |volume=307 |pages=736–743 |doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.149}}</ref>
==Properties==
Thulium(III) oxide (Tm₂O₃) is a pale green, thermally stable powder with a high melting point of 2,341 °C and a density of 8.6 g/cm³, typically forming a cubic crystal structure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/thulium-oxide-properties-and-applications.html |title=Thulium Oxide: Properties and Applications of This Rare Earth Compound |last=Loewen |first=Eric |website=Standford Advanced Materials |access-date=Oct 30, 2024}}</ref> It is resistant to oxidation and dissolves in strong acids like [[hydrochloric acid]], allowing it to form soluble [[thulium]] salts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitrovic |first1=I.Z. |last2=Hall |first2=S |year=2015 |title=Atomic-layer deposited thulium oxide as a passivation layer on germanium |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=117 |page=21404 |doi=10.1063/1.4922121
}}</ref> Due to its unique f-electron configuration, Tm₂O₃ has notable optical properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaneliere |first1=T |last2=Ruggiero |first2=J |year=2008 |title=Tm3+:Y2⁢O3 investigated for a quantum light storage application |journal=Physics Review |volume=77 |page=245127 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.77.245127}}</ref> Thulium oxide (Tm₂O₃) is considered fibrogenic; it has the potential to induce tissue injury and [[fibrosis]] when inhaled or otherwise introduced to biological tissue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Thulium-oxide |title=PubChem Compound Summary for CID 159411, Thulium oxide |year=2024 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information |access-date=Oct 30, 2024}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{inorganic-compound-stub}}
{{Thulium compounds}}
{{Oxides}}
[[Category:Thulium compounds]]
[[Category:Sesquioxides]]