View source for Thurgau

{{short description|Canton of Switzerland}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name                    = Thurgau
| official_name           = Canton of Thurgau<br/>{{native name|de|Kanton Thurgau}}
| settlement_type         = [[Cantons of Switzerland|Canton]]
| image_flag              = Flag of Canton of Thurgau.svg
| image_shield            = Wappen Thurgau matt.svg
| shield_size             = 80x80px
| shield_link             =
| image_map               = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=6|type=shape|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=46.7|frame-long=8.25|frame-width=275|frame-height=175}}
| map_alt                 = Map of Switzerland, location of Thurgau highlighted
| map_caption             = Location in Switzerland
{{hidden |ta1 = left| border = 1px solid grey | header = Map of Thurgau | content = <br/>[[File:Karte Kanton Thurgau 2010.png|250px]] }}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Switzerland
| coordinates             = {{coord|47|35|N|9|4|E|region:CH-TG|display=inline,title}}
| seat_type               = Capital
| seat                    = [[Frauenfeld]]
| parts_type              = Subdivisions
| parts_style             = para
| p1                      = [[Municipalities of the canton of Thurgau|80 municipalities]]
| p2                      = [[Districts of Switzerland#Thurgau|5 districts]]
| leader_title            = [[List of cantonal executives of Switzerland|Executive]]
| leader_name             = Regierungsrat (5)
| leader_title1           = [[List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland|Legislative]]
| leader_name1            = [[Grand Council of Thurgau|Grosser Rat]] (130)
| area_footnotes          = {{Swiss area data||QUELLE-KT}}
| area_total_km2          = {{Swiss area|TG|km=yes }}
| population_footnotes    = {{Swiss populations ref|CH-TG }}
| population_total        = {{Swiss populations NC|CH-TG|CH-TG}}
| population_as_of        = {{Swiss populations data CH-TG|YM}}
| population_density_km2  = auto
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistik |first=Bundesamt für |date=2021-01-21 |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 {{!}} Tabelle |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Bundesamt für Statistik |language=de}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = [[Swiss franc|CHF]] 17.208 billion (2020)
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 = CHF 61,190 (2020)
| iso_code                = CH-TG
| blank_name_sec1         = [[List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation|Highest point]]
| blank_info_sec1         = {{convert|991|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}: [[Hohgrat]]
| blank1_name_sec1        = [[List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation|Lowest point]]
| blank1_info_sec1        = {{convert|370|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}: [[Thur (Rhine)|Thur]] at the cantonal border in [[Neunforn]]
| blank_name_sec2         = [[History of Switzerland#Order of accession of the cantons|Joined]]
| blank_info_sec2         = 1803
| blank1_name_sec2        = Languages
| blank1_info_sec2        = [[German language|German]]
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.TG.ch}}
}}
'''Thurgau''' ({{IPA|de|ˈtuːrɡaʊ|lang|De-Thurgau.ogg}}; {{langx|fr|Thurgovie}}; {{langx|it|Turgovia}}; {{langx|rm|Turgovia}}), anglicized as '''Thurgovia''', and formally<ref>[https://migrationsamt.tg.ch/public/upload/assets/57551/BO_Englisch_09_11_17.pdf Welcome to the Canton of Thurgau!]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Migration Office
Department of Integration, tg.ch. Retrieved 2021-01-30</ref> as the '''Canton of Thurgau''', is one of the [[Canton of Switzerland|26 cantons]] forming the [[Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]]. It is composed of five districts. Its capital is [[Frauenfeld]].
Thurgau is part of [[Eastern Switzerland]]. It is named after the river [[Thur (Rhine)|Thur]], and the name ''Thurgovia'' was historically used for a larger area, including part of this river's basin upstream of the modern canton. The area of what is now Thurgau was acquired as subject territories by the cantons of the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] from the mid 15th century. Thurgau was first declared a canton in its own right at the formation of the [[Helvetic Republic]] in 1798.
The population, {{as of|{{Swiss populations YM|CH-TG}}|lc=on}}, is {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|CH-TG}}.{{Swiss populations ref|CH-TG}} In 2007, there were a total of 47,390 resident foreigners, constituting 19.9% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | last = Federal Department of Statistics | title = Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen | year = 2008 | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html | format = Microsoft Excel | access-date = 5 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html | archive-date = 15 December 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of Thurgau}}
In prehistoric times the lands of the canton were inhabited by people of the [[Pfyn culture]] along [[Lake Constance]]. During Roman times the canton was part of the province ''Raetia'' until 450, when [[Alemanni]] settled on the lands.
In the sixth century, ''Thurgovia'' became a [[gau (territory)|Gau]] of [[Francia]] as part of [[Alamannia]], passing to the [[Duchy of Swabia]] in the early 10th century. At this time, ''Thurgovia'' included not just what is now the canton of Thurgau, but also much of the territory of the modern [[canton of St. Gallen]], the [[Appenzell]] and the eastern parts of the [[canton of Zürich]].
The most important cities of Thurgovia in the early medieval period were [[Konstanz]] as the seat of the bishop and [[St. Gallen]] for the [[Abbey of Saint Gall]].
The dukes of the [[House of Zähringen]] and the counts of the [[Kyburg family]] took over much of the land in the [[High Middle Ages]]. The town of [[Zürich]] was part of the Thurgau until it became ''[[reichsunmittelbar]]'' in 1218.{{Dubious|date=March 2012}} When the Kyburg dynasty became extinct in 1264 the [[House of Habsburg]] took over that land.
The [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] allied with ten freed bailiwicks of the former [[Counts of Toggenburg|Toggenburg]] seized the lands of the Thurgau from the Habsburgs in 1460, and it became a subject territory of seven Swiss cantons (Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Glarus).
During the Protestant [[Reformation in Switzerland]], both the Catholic and emerging Reformed parties sought to swing the subject territories, such as the Thurgau, to their side. In 1524, in an incident that resonated across Switzerland, local peasants occupied the cloister of [[Ittingen Charterhouse|Ittingen]] in the Thurgau, driving out monks, destroying documents, and devastating the wine-cellar. Between 1526 and 1531, most of the Thurgau's population adopted the new Reformed faith spreading from Zurich; Zurich's defeat in the 1531 [[Second War of Kappel]] ended Reformed predominance. Instead, the First Peace of Kappel protected both Catholic and [[Reformed worship]], though the provisions of the treaty generally favored the Catholics, who also made up a majority among the seven ruling cantons. Religious tensions over the Thurgau were an important background to the [[First War of Villmergen]] (1656), during which Zurich briefly occupied the Thurgau.
In 1798 the land became a canton for the first time as part of the [[Helvetic Republic]]. In 1803, as part of the [[Act of Mediation]], the canton of Thurgau became a member of the Swiss confederation. The [[Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland#Thurgau|cantonal coat of arms]] was designed in 1803, based on the coat of arms of the Kyburg family, which ruled the Thurgau in the 13th century, changing the background to green-and-white, at the time considered "revolutionary" colours (c.f. [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]]); as the placement of a yellow (''or'') charge on white (''argent'') is a violation of heraldic principles, there have been suggestions to modify the design, including a 1938 suggestion to use a solid green field divided by a diagonal white line, but they were unsuccessful.
The current cantonal constitution of Thurgau dates from 1987.
==Geography==
[[Image:2009-04-16 Klingenzell 02.jpg|thumbnail|500px|View of [[Untersee (Lake Constance)]] near [[Eschenz]] with the [[Germany|German]] shore beyond. [[Lake Constance]] and the river [[Rhine]] mark the northern border of the canton.]]
To the north the canton is bound by the [[Lake Constance]] across which lies [[Germany]] ([[Baden-Württemberg]] and [[Bavaria]]) and [[Austria]] ([[Vorarlberg]]). The [[Rhine]] creates the border in the northwest. To the south lies the [[canton of St. Gallen]]; to the west lie the cantons of [[Canton of Zürich|Zürich]] and [[Canton of Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]].
The area of the canton is {{convert|991|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and commonly divided into three hill masses. One of these stretches along [[Lake Constance]] in the north. Another is further inland between the [[Thur (Rhine)|Thur]] and the river [[Murg (Thur)|Murg]]. The third one forms the southern border of the canton and merges with the [[Hörnli]] mountain in the pre-Alps.
==Demographics==
The population of the canton (as of {{Swiss populations date|CH-TG}}) is {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|CH-TG}}.{{Swiss populations ref|CH-TG}} The canton is mostly [[German language|German]] speaking. The population ({{as of|2000|lc=on}}) is split between [[Protestantism|Protestants]] (45%) and [[Roman Catholic]]s (36%).<ref>{{cite web | last = Federal Department of Statistics | title = Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion | year = 2004 | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html | format = Interactive Map | access-date = 2009-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924182116/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html | archive-date = 2016-09-24 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
=== Historical population ===
The historical population is given in the following table:
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
! colspan="5" | Historic Population Data<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thurgau|url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/007393/2017-05-22/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz|language=de}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Total Population
! Swiss
! Non-Swiss
!Population share <br />of total country
|-
! scope="row" | 1850
| rowspan="1" align="center" |88 908
| rowspan="1" align="center" |87 006
| rowspan="1" align="center" |1 902
| align="center" |3.7%
|-
!1880
| rowspan="1" align="center"|99 231
| rowspan="1" align="center" |92 120
| rowspan="1" align="center"|7 111
| align="center"align="center"|3.5%
|-
! scope="row" | 1900
| rowspan="1" align="center" |113 221
| rowspan="1" align="center" |98 183
| rowspan="1" align="center" |15 038
| align="center" |3.4%
|-
! scope="row" | 1950
| rowspan="1" align="center" |149 738
| rowspan="1" align="center" |139 990
| rowspan="1" align="center" |9 748
| align="center" |3.2%
|-
! scope="row" | 1970
| rowspan="1" align="center" |182 835
| rowspan="1" align="center" |148 792
| rowspan="1" align="center" |34 043
| align="center" |2.9%
|-
!2000
| align="center"|228 875
| align="center"|183 942
| rowspan="1" align="center" |44 933
| align="center"|3.1%
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| align="center" | 282,909 || align="center" | || align="center" |
| align="center" |3.3%
|-
|}
== Political subdivisions ==
=== Districts ===
[[File:Karte Kanton Thurgau Bezirke 2011.png|thumb|The five districts, since 2011]]
[[Image:Karte Kanton Thurgau Bezirke 2010.png|thumb|The eight former districts, prior to 2011]]
Since January 2011, Thurgau has been divided into five districts which are named after their capitals. Before this date, there were eight districts - ([[Steckborn District]], [[Bischofszell District]] and [[Diessenhofen District]] formed their own districts with their surrounding municipalities).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.tg.ch/xml_8/internet/de/application/d11641/f7338.cfm |title=Kanton Thurgau > Bezirke und Gemeinden |access-date=2012-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218035606/http://www.statistik.tg.ch/xml_8/internet/de/application/d11641/f7338.cfm |archive-date=2012-02-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Frauenfeld District]] with capital [[Frauenfeld]]
* [[Kreuzlingen District]] with capital [[Kreuzlingen]]
* [[Weinfelden District]] with capital [[Weinfelden]]
* [[Münchwilen District]] with capital [[Münchwilen, Thurgau|Münchwilen]]
* [[Arbon District]] with capital [[Arbon]]
===Municipalities===
{{main|Municipalities of the canton of Thurgau}}
{{As of|2009}}, there are 80 [[Municipalities of the canton of Thurgau|municipalities in the canton]].<ref name="Document90142">{{cite web | url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | title=Liste officielle des communes de la Suisse - 01.01.2008 | work=Office fédéral de la statistique | access-date=15 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612012604/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | archive-date=12 June 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The ten largest municipalities by population are:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px" style="text-align:left">
20080507 1708MESZ Schloss Frauenfeld 1680x1050 HDR.jpg|1. [[Frauenfeld]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4566}}
HafenKreuzlingenSpring.JPG|2. [[Kreuzlingen]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4671}}
Picswiss TG-11-07.jpg|3. [[Arbon]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4401}}
B-Amriswil-Gemeindehaus.jpg|4. [[Amriswil]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4461}}
Weinfldn01481.JPG|5. [[Weinfelden]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4946}}
Romanshorn-Bahnhof.jpg|6. [[Romanshorn]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4436}}
Aadorf chefstrato 097.jpg|7. [[Aadorf]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4551}}
Sirnach kath Kirche.jpg|8. [[Sirnach]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4761}}
Marktgasse in Bischofzell.jpg|9. [[Bischofszell]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4471}}
2015-Muenchwilen-TG-Wilerstrasse.jpg|10. [[Münchwilen TG|Münchwilen]] - population {{Swiss populations|CH-TG|4746}}
</gallery>
==Politics==
=== Federal election results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style ="text-align: center"
|-
! colspan="15"| Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]] Elections 1971–2019<ref>{{cite report |title=Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) |publisher=Swiss Federal Statistical Office |date=2015 |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html |access-date=2016-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html |archive-date=2016-08-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Party !! class="unsortable" | Ideology !! 1971 !! 1975 !! 1979 !! 1983 !! 1987 !! 1991 !! 1995 !! 1999 !! 2003 !! 2007 !! 2011 !! 2015 !! 2019
|-
! [[FDP.The Liberals]]{{ref|a|a}}
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|FDP.The Liberals}}"| || [[Classical liberalism]] || 16.9 || 14.4 || 16.9 || 18.3 || 18.5 || 16.5 || 15.3 || 14.7 || 11.9 || 12.1 || 11.2 || 13.0 || 11.5
|-
! [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland|CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Christian democracy]] || 23.4 || 22.3 || 24.6 || 21.6 || 20.4 || 16.5 || 13.0 || 15.7 || 16.5 || 15.2 || 14.4 || 13.1 || 12.7
|-
! [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|SP/PS]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Social democracy]] || 20.7 || 21.6 || 22.4 || 19.5 || 13.4 || 15.1 || 18.1 || 16.1 || 14.1 || 11.7 || 12.1 || 12.7 || 12.6
|-
! [[Swiss People's Party|SVP/UDC]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Swiss People's Party}}"| || [[Swiss nationalism]] || 26.0 || 25.1 || 26.4 || 22.8 || 21.7 || 23.7 || 27.0 || 33.2 || 41.0 || 42.3 || 38.7 || 39.9 || 36.7
|-
! [[Alliance of Independents|Ring of Independents]]
| || [[Social liberalism]] || * {{ref|b|b}} || 6.6 || 5.3 || 3.9 || 2.6 || 3.3 || * || * || * || * || * || * || *
|-
! [[Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland|EVP/PEV]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Christian democracy]] || * || * || * || 5.3 || * || 3.2 || 2.7 || 2.8 || 2.7 || 2.8 || 2.9 || 2.3 || 2.7
|-
! [[Green Liberal Party of Switzerland|GLP/PVL]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Green Liberal Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Green liberalism]] || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || 5.2 || 6.2 || 8.1
|-
! [[Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland|BDP/PBD]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Conservatism]] || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || 5.0 || 3.8 || 2.3
|-
! [[Progressive Organizations of Switzerland|POCH]]
| || [[Progressivism]] || * || * || * || * || 0.2 || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || *
|-
! [[Green Party of Switzerland|GPS/PES]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Green Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Green politics]] || * || * || * || 5.9 || 10.8 || 9.0 || 9.3 || 6.2 || 7.9 || 10.2 || 7.0 || 5.4 || 10.6
|-
! [[Swiss Democrats|SD/DS]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Swiss Democrats}}"| || [[National conservatism]] || 4.2 || 2.5 || 1.9 || 2.7 || * || 3.5 || 4.8 || 2.5 || 2.9 || 1.9 || * || * || *
|-
! [[Republican Movement (Switzerland)|Rep.]]
| || [[Right-wing populism]] || 8.8 || 7.6 || 2.0 || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || *
|-
! [[Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland|EDU/UDF]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland}}"| || [[Christian right]] || * || * || * || * || * || * || * || 1.9 || 1.9 || 2.6 || 3.5 || 3.4 || 2.8
|-
! [[Freedom Party of Switzerland|FPS/PSL]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Freedom Party of Switzerland}}"| || [[Right-wing populism]] || * || * || * || * || 6.4 || 8.7 || 8.0 || 2.7 || 0.3 || * || * || * || *
|-
! Other
| || || * || * || 0.4 || * || 6.0 || 0.5 || 1.9 || 4.3 || 0.7 || 1.1 || * || 0.2
|-
! Voter participation % || || || 62.0 || 56.6 || 48.3 || 52.7 || 48.5 || 47.1 || 44.1 || 44.6 || 42.9 || 46.9 || 46.7 || 46.6 || 42.4
|-
|}
:{{note|a|a}} FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009
:{{note|b|b}} "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
==Economy==
The canton of Thurgau is known for its agricultural produce. Particularly, apples, pears. The many orchards in the canton are mainly used for the production of cider. [[Wine]] is produced in the Thur valley.
There is also industry in the canton of Thurgau. The main industries are printing, textiles and handicrafts. Small and middle-sized businesses are important for the cantonal economy. Many of these are concentrated around the capital.
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141114185353/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/kantone/tg/key.html Official statistics]
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Thurgau | volume= 26 |last= Coolidge |first= William Augustus Brevoort |author-link= W. A. B. Coolidge| pages = 899&ndash;900 |short= 1}}
{{Cantons of Switzerland}}
{{Switzerland topics}}
{{Portal bar|Switzerland}}
{{Lake Constance}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Thurgau| ]]
[[Category:Cantons of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Cantons of the Helvetic Republic]]
[[Category:Former condominiums of Switzerland]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1803]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy]]
[[Category:1460s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1460 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in Switzerland]]