View source for Tiramisu

{{Short description|Italian dessert}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox food
| name            = Tiramisu
| image           = Tiramisu - Raffaele Diomede.jpg
| image_size      = 250px
| caption         =
| alternate_name  = ''Tiramisù'' (in [[Italian language|Italian]]), ''tiramesù'' (in [[Venetian language|Venetian]])
| country         = [[Italy]]
| region          = {{plainlist|
*[[Veneto]]
*[[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]
}}
| creator         =
| course          = [[Dessert]]
| type            =
| served          = Cold
| main_ingredient = ''[[Ladyfinger (biscuit)|Savoiardi]]'', [[coffee]] (regular or [[espresso]]), [[Yolk|egg yolks]], [[mascarpone]], [[Cocoa solids|cocoa powder]], [[Marsala wine]], [[sugar]]
| variations      =
}}
'''Tiramisu'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|t|ɪr|ə|m|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-tiramisu.wav}} {{respell|TIRR|ə|miss|OO}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|t|ɪr|ə|ˈ|m|iː|s|uː}} {{respell|TIRR|ə|MEE|soo}}; {{langx|it|tiramisù}} {{IPA|it|ˌtiramiˈsu|}}; {{langx|vec|tiramesù}} {{IPA|vec|ˌtiɾameˈsu|}}.}} is an [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] [[dessert]] made of [[Ladyfinger (biscuit)|ladyfinger]] pastries ({{lang|it|savoiardi}}) dipped in coffee, layered with a whipped mixture of egg yolks, sugar, and [[mascarpone]], and flavoured with [[Cocoa solids|cocoa powder]]. The recipe has been adapted into many varieties of cakes and other desserts.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.lacucinaitaliana.com/recipe/cakes-and-desserts/classic-tiramisu-in-a-baking-dish
|title=Classic Tiramisu
|publisher=La Cucina Italiana
|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> Its origin is disputed between the Italian regions of [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]. The name comes from the [[Italian language|Italian]] {{lang|it|tirami su}} ({{literally|pick me up|cheer me up}}).<ref name="Wilbur 2006"/>
==History==
[[File:Tiramisu in Naples.jpg|thumb|250px|Tiramisu in Naples, Italy]]
Tiramisu appears to have been invented in the late 1960s or early 1970s, but where and when exactly is unclear.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/17/italian-regions-battle-over-who-invented-tiramisu-in-long-runnin/|title=Italian regions battle over who invented tiramisu|first=Nick|last=Squires|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=17 May 2016|publisher=|access-date=27 March 2018|via=telegraph.co.uk|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328052600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/17/italian-regions-battle-over-who-invented-tiramisu-in-long-runnin/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ado-campeol-at-whose-restaurant-tiramisu-was-invented-passes-away-at-93|title=Ado Campeol, at whose restaurant tiramisu was invented, passes away at 93|date=1 November 2021|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103092415/https://telanganatoday.com/ado-campeol-at-whose-restaurant-tiramisu-was-invented-passes-away-at-93|url-status=live}}</ref> Some believe the recipe was modeled after sbatudin, a simpler dessert made of egg yolks and sugar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leigh |first=Wendy |date=1 April 2023 |title=Before Tiramisu Was Officially Created, It Was Sbatudin |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1240183/before-tiramisu-was-officially-created-it-was-sbatudin/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Tasting Table |language=en-US |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620182307/https://www.tastingtable.com/1240183/before-tiramisu-was-officially-created-it-was-sbatudin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Others argue it originated from another dish, ''[[dolce Torino]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Heather |date=7 May 2023 |title=The Original Tiramisu Recipe Has No Heavy Cream Or Marsala |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1274405/original-tiramisu-recipe-no-heavy-cream-marsala/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Tasting Table |language=en-US |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620182306/https://www.tastingtable.com/1274405/original-tiramisu-recipe-no-heavy-cream-marsala/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The tiramisu recipe is not found in cookbooks before the 1960s.<ref name="Artusi">{{cite book |title=La Scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene|chapter=Torte e dolci al cucchiaio|author=Pellegrino Artusi |page=571|year=1960–1991|publisher=Giunti Editore |isbn=88-09-00386-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=La Marca gastronomica: amore e nostalgia per la cucina e i vini di nostra tradizione|author=Fernando Raris|author2=Tina Raris|location=Treviso|publisher=Canova Editore|page=31|year=1998|isbn=88-87061-55-6}}</ref><ref name="TCI">{{cite book |title=Italia dei dolci |page=57|year=2004|isbn=88-365-2931-3|last=Cremona |first=Luigi |publisher=Touring Editore }}</ref> It is mentioned in a ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald|Sydney Morning Herald]]'' restaurant column published in 1978.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lane|first=Trevor|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=30 August 1978|page=20|department=Eating Out|title=The Irish in Paddington|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119890369/|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801034205/https://www.newspapers.com/article/119890369/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not mentioned in encyclopaedias and dictionaries of the 1970s,<ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia Europea Garzanti|year=1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia Universale Rizzoli Larousse|year=1971}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dizionario della lingua italiana Garzanti|year=1980}}</ref> first appearing in an Italian dictionary in 1980,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il Sabatini Coletti. Dizionario della Lingua Italiana |url=https://dizionari.corriere.it/dizionario_italiano/T/tiramisu.shtml  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915045229/https://dizionari.corriere.it/dizionario_italiano/T/tiramisu.shtml |archive-date=15 September 2020 }}</ref> and in English in 1982.<ref>{{cite web | title = Tiramisu | work = Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tiramisu | access-date = 11 June 2020 | archive-date = 20 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100220145237/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tiramisu | url-status = live }}</ref> It is mentioned in a 1983 cookbook devoted to cooking of the [[Veneto]] region.<ref>{{cite book | title = I Dolci Del Veneto | first = Giovanni | last = Capnist | isbn = 88-7021-239-4 | year = 1983| publisher = F. Muzzio }}</ref>
Obituaries for the restaurateur Ado Campeol (1928–2021) reported that it was invented at his restaurant Le Beccherie in [[Treviso]] on 24 December 1969 by his wife Alba di Pillo (1929–2021) and the pastry chef Roberto Linguanotto (1943–2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ado-campeol-at-whose-restaurant-tiramisu-was-invented-passes-away-at-93|title=Ado Campeol, at whose restaurant tiramisu was invented, passes away at 93|date=1 November 2021|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103092415/https://telanganatoday.com/ado-campeol-at-whose-restaurant-tiramisu-was-invented-passes-away-at-93|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/11/11/news/dopo_il_papa_del_tiramisu_muore_anche_la_mamma-325980673/|title=Pochi giorni dopo Ado Campeol, il papà del tiramisù, muore anche la moglie Alba Di Pillo, la vera ideatrice del dolce dei record|work=La Repubblica|date=11 November 2021|access-date=18 November 2021|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118223615/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2021/11/11/news/dopo_il_papa_del_tiramisu_muore_anche_la_mamma-325980673/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TelCampeol">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/11/02/ado-campeol-father-tiramisu-helped-rich-pudding-become-staple/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/11/02/ado-campeol-father-tiramisu-helped-rich-pudding-become-staple/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Ado Campeol, 'father of tiramisu' who helped the rich pudding to become a staple of Italian menus around the world – obituary|work=The Telegraph|location=London|date=2 November 2021|access-date=3 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}
</ref> The dish was added to its menu in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59103658|title='Father of tiramisu' Ado Campeol dies aged 93|date=30 October 2021|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101230704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59103658|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="laura vozzella">{{cite news | date = 8 October 2006 | first = Laura | last = Vozzella | url = https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-10-08-0610080034-story.html | title = The Unsung Inventor of Tiramisu | newspaper = [[The Baltimore Sun]] | access-date = 21 April 2014 | archive-date = 3 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200603032655/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-10-08-0610080034-story.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="jane black">{{cite news | date = 10 July 2007 | first = Jane | last = Black | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/10/AR2007071000327.html | title = The Trail of Tiramisu | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | access-date = 11 July 2007 | archive-date = 13 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013004733/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/10/AR2007071000327.html | url-status = live }}</ref> At the time of his death in July 2024, the Le Beccherie restaurant credited Linguanotto as the creator of the tiramisu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/07/30/tiramisu-inventor-roberto-linguanotto-death/74611121007/|title=Father of Tiramisu Roberto "Loli" Linguanotto dies at 81, leaving 'sweet legacy'|first=Anthony|last=Robeldo|publisher=USA Today|date=July 30, 2024|accessdate=July 30, 2024}}</ref>
It has been claimed that tiramisu has [[aphrodisiac]] effects and was concocted by a 19th century Treviso brothel madam, as the Accademia Del Tiramisù explains, to "solve the problems they may have had with their conjugal duties on their return to their wives".<ref name="TelCampeol"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accademiadeltiramisu.com/en/the-origin-of-tiramisu-fact-and-legend/|title=THE ORIGIN OF TIRAMISÙ: "FACT AND LEGEND". ⋆ Accademia Del Tiramisù|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203090530/https://www.accademiadeltiramisu.com/en/the-origin-of-tiramisu-fact-and-legend/|url-status=live}}</ref>
There is evidence of a ''tiremesù'' semi-frozen dessert served by the Vetturino restaurant in Pieris, in the [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] region, since 1938.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dolce Jasmine|title=Tiramisù: The story behind it|date=13 November 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxqfBG9nYjs&t=49| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/dxqfBG9nYjs| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This may be the name's origin, while the recipe for tiramisu may have originated as a variation of another layered dessert, [[zuppa inglese]].<ref name="history of tiramisu">{{cite web |title=History of tiramisù |url=http://www.annamariavolpi.com/page38.html |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604101928/http://www.annamariavolpi.com/page38.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 }}</ref> Others claim it was created towards the end of the 17th century in [[Siena]] in honour of Grand Duke [[Cosimo III de' Medici|Cosimo III]].<ref>{{cite book | first1= Francesco | last1= Soletti | first2= Ettore | last2= Toscani | title= L'Italia del caffè |year= 2004 | page= 110 | language= it}}</ref>
On 29 July 2017, tiramisu was entered by the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests (Italy)|Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies]] on the list of traditional Friulian and Giulian agri-food products in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/11568|title=Diciassettesima revisione dell elenco dei prodotti agroalimentari tradizionali|trans-title=Seventeenth revision of the list of traditional agri-food products|website=Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forestry|lang=it|page=24|quote=pdf download=page 26 Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia item 137|access-date=26 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626225720/https://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/11568|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/2017/07/29/176/so/41/sg/pdf|title=GU Serie Generale n.176|date=29 July 2017|volume=Suppl. Ordinario n. 41|language=it|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805220832/http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/2017/07/29/176/so/41/sg/pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, [[Luca Zaia]], President of Veneto, sought [[European Union]] protected status certification for the dessert, based on the ingredients used in 1970, so substitute ingredients, such as strawberries, could not be used in a dish called tiramisu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/31/1050951605/ado-campeol-the-man-known-as-the-father-of-tiramisu-has-died|title=Ado Campeol, the man known as the 'father of tiramisu,' has died|first=Joe|last=Hernandez|date=31 October 2021|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103092415/https://www.npr.org/2021/10/31/1050951605/ado-campeol-the-man-known-as-the-father-of-tiramisu-has-died|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/23/save-tiramisu-italian-treviso-dessert|title=Save the tiramisu, says Italian politician|date=23 August 2013|website=The Guardian|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/23/save-tiramisu-italian-treviso-dessert|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/italian-politician-asks-eu-grant-tiramisu-protected-status|title=Italian Politician Asks EU To Grant Tiramisu Protected Status|website=ITALY Magazine|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103092416/https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/italian-politician-asks-eu-grant-tiramisu-protected-status|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Original ingredients==
Traditional tiramisu contains [[Ladyfinger (biscuit)|ladyfingers]] (''savoiardi''), egg yolks, sugar, coffee, [[mascarpone]], and [[Cocoa solids|cocoa powder]]. A common variant involves soaking the ''savoiardi'' in alcohol, such as [[Marsala wine]], [[amaretto]] or a coffee-based liqueur. The original tiramisu made at Le Beccherie was circular.<ref>{{cite web|website=Le Beccherie|url=https://www.lebeccherie.it/allegati/ricetta-storia-tiramisu-en.pdf|title=Ricetta Storia Tiramisu – Recipe and Story of Tiramisu|lang=en|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=3 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103081516/https://www.lebeccherie.it/allegati/ricetta-storia-tiramisu-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Variations==
[[File:Tiramisu birthday cake - 20200124.jpg|thumb|Tiramisu birthday cake]]
The original shape of the cake is round, although the shape of the biscuits also allows the use of a rectangular or square pan. However, it is often assembled in round glasses, which show the various layers, or pyramids. Modern versions can have the addition of whipped cream or whipped egg whites, or both, combined with mascarpone. This makes the dish lighter, thick and foamy. Among the most common alcoholic changes includes the addition of Marsala wine. The cake is usually eaten cold.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenspan |first=Dorie |date=14 June 2016 |title=The way to make a tiramisu even more unforgettable |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-way-to-make-a-tiramisu-even-more-unforgettable/2016/06/13/f252967a-2be6-11e6-9b37-42985f6a265c_story.html |access-date=4 August 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108145150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-way-to-make-a-tiramisu-even-more-unforgettable/2016/06/13/f252967a-2be6-11e6-9b37-42985f6a265c_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Another variation involves the preparation of the cream with eggs heated to sterilize it, but not so much that the eggs scramble. Over time, replacing some of the ingredients, mainly coffee, there arose numerous variants such as tiramisu with chocolate, amaretto, berry, lemon, strawberry, pineapple, yoghurt, banana, raspberry, and coconut.
Numerous variations of tiramisu exist. Some cooks use other cakes or sweet, yeasted bread, such as [[panettone]], in place of [[Ladyfinger (biscuit)|ladyfingers]] (''savoiardi'').<ref>''Larousse Gastronomique'', New York: Clarkson Potter Publishers, 2001, pp. 1214.</ref> Bakers living in different Italian regions often debate the use and structural qualities of utilising other types of cookies, such as pavesini for instance, in the recipe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agrodolce.it/2016/10/14/tiramisu-pavesini-vs-savoiardi-chi-vince/ |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=Agrodolce |title=Tiramisù: pavesini vs savoiardi, chi vince? |date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929003538/http://www.agrodolce.it:80/2016/10/14/tiramisu-pavesini-vs-savoiardi-chi-vince/ |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other cheese mixtures are used as well, some containing raw eggs, and others containing no eggs at all. Marsala wine can be added to the recipe, but other liquors are frequently substituted for it in both the coffee and the cheese mixture, including dark rum, [[Madeira wine|Madeira]], [[Port wine|port]], [[brandy]], [[Malibu (rum)|Malibu]] or [[Irish cream]] and especially coffee-flavoured liqueurs such as [[Tia Maria]] and [[Kahlúa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2014/mar/13/how-to-make-perfect-tiramisu|title=How to make the perfect tiramisu|last=Cloake|first=Felicity|date=13 March 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=6 August 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705160016/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2014/mar/13/how-to-make-perfect-tiramisu|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amaretto]] liqueurs, such as [[Disaronno]], are also often used to enhance the taste of tiramisu.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
Tiramisu is similar to other desserts, in particular with the [[Charlotte (cake)|Charlotte]], in some versions composed of a [[Bavarian cream]] surrounded by a crown of ladyfingers and covered by a sweet cream; the Turin cake (''[[dolce Torino]]''), consisting of ladyfingers soaked in [[rosolio]] and [[alchermes]] with a spread made of butter, egg yolks, sugar, milk, and dark chocolate; and the ''bavarese lombarda'', which is a similar composition of ladyfingers and egg yolks (albeit cooked ones). In ''bavarese'', butter and rosolio (or alchermes) are also used, but not mascarpone cream or coffee.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020|reason=Is this material taken from Capnist? If so, it needs to be footnoted.}}
==See also==
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Portal|Italy|Food}}
* [[List of Italian desserts and pastries]]
* [[List of coffee dishes]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Wilbur 2006">{{cite book | last=Wilbur | first=T. | title=Top Secret Restaurant Recipes 2 | publisher=Penguin Publishing Group | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-101-04213-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0lbut-2aeIC&pg=PA234 | page=234 | access-date=12 December 2015 | archive-date=1 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801034132/https://books.google.com/books?id=V0lbut-2aeIC&pg=PA234 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{Cakes}}
[[Category:Coffee dishes]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Veneto]]
[[Category:Custard desserts]]
[[Category:Italian cakes]]