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{{Short description|Chinese revolutionary group (1905–1912)}}
{{Infobox political party
| colorcode        = {{party color|Kuomintang}}
| name             = Tongmenghui of China
| native_name      = {{nobold|中國同盟會}}
| native_name_lang = zh-hant
| logo             = Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg
| logo_size        = 100px
| leader           = [[Sun Yat-sen]]<br />[[Song Jiaoren]]
| foundation       = {{Start date|1905|8|20|df=yes}}
| dissolution      = {{End date|1912|8|25|df=yes}}
| successor        = [[Kuomintang]]
| merger           = [[Revive China Society|Xingzhonghui]]<br />[[Huaxinghui]]<br />[[Guangfuhui]]
| membership       = {{circa|50,000–100,000}}
| ideology         = [[Chinese nationalism]]<br />[[Han nationalism]]<br />[[Republicanism]]<br />[[Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang|Minsheng]]<br />[[Anti-Qing sentiment]]<br /> '''Factions''':<br /> [[Anarchism in China|Chinese anarchism]]{{sfnb|Boorman|1968|p=319}}
| position         = [[Big tent]]
| colours          = {{color box|{{party color|Kuomintang}}}} Blue
| seats1_title     = [[Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)|Advisory Council]] (1909)
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|5|200|hex={{party color|Kuomintang}}}}
| flag             = [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|200px|border]]
| country          = China
}}
{{Chinese
| pic = Sun Yat Sen together with the members of the Singapore Branch of Tongmen Hui.png
| picsize = 300px
| t = 同盟會
| s = 同盟会
| p = Tóngménghuì
| w = {{tone superscript|T'ung2-meng2-hui4}}
| j = Tung4 mang4 wui6
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|t|ong|2|.|m|eng|2|.|h|ui|4}}
| y = Tùhng-màhng-wuih
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|t|ung|4|-|m|ang|4|-|w|ui|6}}
}}
The '''Tongmenghui of China'''{{efn|Variously translated as '''Chinese United League''', '''United League''', '''Chinese Revolutionary Alliance''', '''Chinese Alliance''', '''United Allegiance Society''', {{zhi|t=中國同盟會|p=zhōngguó tóngménghuì}}.}} was a [[secret society]] and [[Resistance movement|underground resistance movement]] founded by [[Sun Yat-sen]], [[Song Jiaoren]], and others in [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan]], on 20 August 1905, with the goal of overthrowing [[China]]'s [[Qing dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/china/history/imperial_china/the_manchu_qing_dynasty_1644-1911/internal_threats.htm |title=The Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), Internal Threats |work=Countries Quest |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916022357/http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/china/history/imperial_china/the_manchu_qing_dynasty_1644-1911/internal_threats.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="chinahistvol1">{{cite book |author1=計秋楓 |author2=朱慶葆 |title=Zhongguo jin dai shi |year=2001 |script-title=zh:中國近代史 |volume=1 |publisher=Chinese University Press. |isbn=9789622019874 |page=[https://archive.org/details/zhongguojindaish0000hsim/page/468 468] |url=https://archive.org/details/zhongguojindaish0000hsim/page/468 }}</ref> It was formed from the merger of multiple late-Qing dynasty Chinese revolutionary groups.
==History==
===Revolutionary era===
[[File:中國同盟會證書.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Credential of Tongmenghui.]]
The Tongmenghui was created through the unification of Sun Yat-sen's [[Revive China Society|Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society)]], the [[Guangfuhui|Guangfuhui (Restoration Society)]] and many other Chinese revolutionary groups. Among the Tongmenghui's members were [[Huang Xing]], [[Li Zongren]], [[Zhang Binglin]], [[Chen Tianhua]], [[Wang Jingwei]], [[Hu Hanmin]], [[Tao Chengzhang]], [[Cai Yuanpei]], [[Li Shizeng]], [[Zhang Renjie]], and [[Qiu Jin]].
In 1906, a branch of the Tongmenghui was formed in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]], following Sun's visit there; this was called the [[Nanyang (geographical region)|Nanyang]] branch and served as headquarters of the organization for [[Southeast Asia]]. The members of the branch included [[Wong Hong-kui]] ({{Lang-zh|t=黃康衢|p=Huáng Kāngqú|labels=no}}),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cnac.org/rebeccachan_piloted_to_serve_01.pdf | title=虎战. 驼峰险. 乱世情 | trans-title=Tiger war. Hump danger. Troubled times. | language=zh | website=www.cnac.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://book.ifeng.com/lianzai/detail_2009_02/04/291077_27.shtml |script-title=zh:尤列事略补述一 |work=ifeng.com |publisher=Phoenix New Media |language=zh}}</ref> [[Tan Chor Lam]] ({{Lang-zh|t=陳楚楠|p=Chén Chǔnán|labels=no}}; 1884–1971){{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} and [[Teo Eng Hock]] ({{Lang-zh|t=張永福|p=Zhāng Yǒngfú|labels=no}}; originally a rubber shoe manufacturer).{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Tan Chor Lam, Teo Eng Hock, and [[Chan Po-yin]] ({{Lang-zh|t=陳步賢|p=Chén Bùxián|labels=no}}; 1883–1965) started the revolution-related ''Chong Shing Chinese Daily Newspaper'' ({{Lang-zh|t=中興日報|p=Zhōngxīng rìbào|labels=no|l=China Revival Daily}}),{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} with the inaugural issue on 20 August 1907 and a daily distribution of 1,000 copies. The newspaper ended in 1910, presumably due to the [[Xinhai Revolution]] in 1911. Working with other Cantonese people, Tan, Teo, and Chan opened the revolution-related Kai Ming Bookstore ({{Lang-zh|t=開明書報社|p=Kāimíng shūbàoshè|labels=no|l=Opening wisdom bookstore}})<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2011/10-29/3423493.shtml |script-title=zh:（辛亥百年）探寻同德书报社百年坚守的"秘诀" |date=21 October 2011 |work=China News |agency=China News Service |location=Singapore |author=张冬冬 |trans-title=Xinhai Century: exploring the Tongmenhui publisher's hundred-year secret |language=zh}}</ref> in Singapore. For the revolution, Chan Po-yin raised over 30,000 [[Yuan (currency)|yuan]] for the purchase and shipment (from Singapore to China) of military equipment and for the support of the expenses of people travelling from Singapore to China for revolutionary work.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Rebecca |last1=Chan Chung |first2=Deborah |last2=Chung |first3=Cecilia |last3=Ng Wong |title=Piloted to Serve |year=2012}}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/PilotedToServe |work=Facebook |title=Piloted to Serve}}{{unreliable inline|date=August 2021}}</ref>{{unreliable inline|date=August 2021}}
From December 1906 to April 1908, seven Tongmenghui-led uprisings were defeated by the Qing government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Zhiyi |title=Poetry, History, Memory: Wang Jingwei and China in Dark Times |date=2023 |publisher=[[The University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-05650-7 |location=Ann Arbor}}</ref>{{Rp|page=38}} Numerous Tongmenghui members fled to southeast Asia.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=38}} There was an increase in discontent by the membership against Tongmenghui leadership.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=38}}
In 1909, the headquarters of the Nanyang Tongmenghui was transferred to [[Penang]]. Sun Yat-Sen himself was based in Penang from July to December 1910. During this time, the [[1910 Penang conference|1910 Penang Conference]] was held to plan the [[Second Guangzhou Uprising]]. The high-powered Preparatory Meeting of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's supporters was subsequently held in Ipoh - at the villa of Teh Lay Seng, chairman of Tungmenghui Ipoh at Jalan Sungai Pari - to raise funds.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chan|first=Sue Meng|title=Road to Revolution: Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh. Singapore|publisher=Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall|year=2013|isbn=9789810782092|location=Singapore|pages=17}}</ref> The Ipoh leaders were Teh Lay Seng, Wong I Ek, Lee Guan Swee and Lee Hau Cheong.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khoo & Lubis|first=Salma Nassution & Abdur-Razzaq|title=Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development|publisher=Areca Books|year=2005|pages=231}}</ref> The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the [[Malay Peninsula]]. An amount of $47,683 [[Straits dollar|Straits Settlement dollars]] was raised.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chan|first=Sue Meng|title=Road to Revolution: Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh|publisher=Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall|year=2013|isbn=9789810782092|location=Singapore|pages=10}}</ref> The Tongmenghui also started a newspaper, the [[Kwong Wah Yit Poh|''Kwong Wah Jit Poh'']], with the first issue published in December 1910 from 120 Armenian Street, Penang.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
In [[Henan]], some [[Hui people|Chinese Muslims]] were members of the Tongmenghui.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/649?&id=649#ftn73 |last=Allès |first=Elisabeth  |title=Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan |journal=China Perspectives |volume=2003 |issue=49 |date=September–October 2003|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.649 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
===Republican era===
[[File:Sun Yat Sen Historial Trail Marker 3.jpg|thumb|Marker of the Reception Centre of the Tongmenghui along the [[Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail]] in Hong Kong]]
After [[Shanghai]] was occupied by the revolutionaries in November 1911, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to Shanghai. After the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)|Nanjing Provisional Government]] was established, the headquarters was moved to Nanjing. A general meeting was held in Nanjing on 20 January 1912, with thousands of members attending. [[Hu Hanmin]], who represented the Provisional President Sun Yat-sen, moved that the Tongmenghui oath be changed to "overthrow the Manchu government, consolidate the Republic of China, and implement the ''[[Three Principles of the People#M.C3.ADnsh.C4.93ng|Min Sheng Chu I]]''{{-"}}. [[Wang Jingwei]] was elected as Chairman, succeeding Sun. Wang resigned the following month, and Sun resumed the chairmanship.<ref name="Zhang">{{cite book|script-title=zh:民國初年的政黨 |title=Minguo chu nian de zheng dang |last=Zhang|first=Yufa|year= 1985 |publisher=Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}}
After the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], the Tongmenghui transformed itself into a political party on 3 March 1912, in preparation for participation in constitutional and parliamentary activities. It issued a [[Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China]], which consisted of 34 articles, meaning it had 10 more than the constitutional proposal made when the Tongmenghui was a secret society. The leadership election was held on the same day, with Sun Yat-sen elected as Chairman, Huang Xing and Li Yuanhung as Vice-Chairmen. In May 1912, the Tongmenghui moved its headquarters to [[Beijing]]. At that time, the Tongmenghui was the largest party in China, with branches in [[Guangdong]], [[Sichuan]], [[Wuhan]], [[Shanghai]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Suzhou]], [[Anqing]], [[Fuzhou]] and [[Tianjin]].  It had a membership of about 550,000.<ref name="Zhang"/>{{page needed|date=August 2021}} In August 1912, the Tongmenghui formed the nucleus of the [[Kuomintang]], the governing political party of the republic.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
==Slogan and motto==
In 1904, by combining [[republicanism|republican]], [[nationalism|nationalist]], and [[socialism|socialist]] objectives, the Tongmenghui came up with their political goal: to expel the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] rulers, to revive [[Names of China#Zhongguo and Zhonghua|''Zhonghua'']], to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people. ({{lang-zh|t=驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權|p=Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán|labels=no}}).<ref name="chinahistvol1" /> The [[Three Principles of the People]] were created around the time of the merging of [[Revive China Society]] and the Tongmenghui.<ref name="Sharman">{{cite book |last=Sharman |first=Lyon |title=Sun Yat-sen: His life and its meaning, a critical biography |year=1968 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |pages=94, 271}}</ref><ref name="Li">{{cite book |author1=Li Chien-Nung |author2=Li Jiannong |last3=Teng |first3=Ssu-yu |last4=Ingalls |first4=Jeremy |year=1956 |title=The political history of China, 1840–1928 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804706025 |pages=203–206}}</ref>
{{Clear|left}}
==See also==
{{Portal|China|Taiwan}}
* [[Revive China Society]]
* [[Hongmen]]
* [[Gelaohui]]
* [[Kuomintang]]
* [[History of the Republic of China]]
* [[Huaxinghui]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Tongmenghui}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514033146/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/epub/books/chen/ch2.html Tongmenhui activities in the US]
*[https://www.facebook.com/NationalLibrarySG/videos/528001121368294/ From The Stacks Episode 15 – 𝘕𝘢𝘯𝘺𝘢𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘍𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘙𝘦𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘤]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tongmenghui| ]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Chinese secret societies]]