View source for Torne (Finnish and Swedish river)

{{short description|River in northern Sweden and Finland}}
{{For|the river in Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire, England|River Torne (England)}}
{{For|the Japanese PlayStation 3 accessory|PlayTV#torne}}
{{Infobox river
| name               = Torne river
| name_native        =
| name_native_lang   =
| name_other         = {{native name|fi|Tornionjoki}}<br />{{native name|sv|Torne älv/Torneälven}}<br />{{native name|se|Duortneseatnu}}<br />{{native name|fit|Väylä}}
| name_etymology     =
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image              = Tornionjoki_Kukkolankoski_Vastarannalla_Ruotsi.jpg
| image_size         =
| image_caption      = The Torne at Kukkola rapids north of [[Tornio]]
| map                = Tornealven.png
| map_size           =
| map_caption        = Location of the Torne
| pushpin_map        =
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<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1  = Countries
| subdivision_name1  = {{hlist|[[Sweden]]|[[Finland]]}}<br />Norway (hydrological source)
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<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length             = {{convert|510|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=ne>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Torne älv | encyclopedia=[[Nationalencyklopedin]] | url=http://www.ne.se/torne-älv | language=Swedish | accessdate=14 July 2010}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> plus 110 km above the outlet of Torneträsk
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| discharge1_avg     = {{convert|370|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=ne />
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<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1            = [[Torne träsk]] and its main affluent
| source1_location   = [[Kiruna Municipality]], [[Norrbotten]], [[Sweden]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|68|22|N|019|06|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|341|m|abbr=on}}(hydrological source 1189 m {{coord|65|48|30|N|24|8|45|E}})
| mouth              = [[Gulf of Bothnia]]
| mouth_location     = [[Tornio]]/[[Haparanda]], [[Finland]]/[[Sweden]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|65|50|N|024|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        =
| river_system       =
| basin_size         = {{convert|40157.1|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Län och huvudavrinningsområden i Sverige | url=http://www.smhi.se/sgn0102/n0205/lan_haro_huvud.pdf | language=Swedish | publisher=[[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]] | accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref>
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}}
The '''Torne''', also known as the '''Tornio''' ({{langx|fi|Tornionjoki}}, {{langx|sv|Torne älv}}, {{lang|sv|Torneälven}}, {{langx|se|Duortneseatnu}}, {{langx|fit|Väylä}}), is a river in northern Sweden and Finland. For approximately half of its length, it defines the border between these two countries. In the upper parts, the river is situated in Sweden before it meets the [[Muonio (river)|Muonio River]] where it adjoins the international border. It rises at the lake [[Torneträsk]] near the border with [[Norway]] and flows generally southeast for a distance of {{convert|522|km|mi}} into the [[Gulf of Bothnia]]. It is the largest river in [[Norrbotten County]] both by length and by watershed area.
At its source, the Torne is located close to the [[North Atlantic]] and [[Narvik]] on the other side of the watershed, with several thousands of kilometres between the locations via waterways.
== Geography ==
The Torne basin has a total area of {{convert|37300|km2}} or {{convert|40147.1|km2}} (see sidebar). Of this, {{convert|25392.2|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.smhi.se/sgn0102/n0205/lan_haro_norrbotten.pdf Norrbottens län]</ref> or {{convert|25393.1|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="hao">[http://www.smhi.se/sgn0102/n0205/lan_haro_huvud.pdf Huvudavrinningsområden på gränsen mellan Sverige, Norge och Finland]</ref> is in [[Sweden]], {{convert|10400|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="internationalbasins">[http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/register/tables/IRB_europe.html International river basins of the world] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051115062647/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/register/tables/IRB_europe.html |date=2005-11-15 }}</ref> or {{convert|14266.3|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="hao" /> is in [[Finland]] and {{convert|1500|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="internationalbasins" /> or {{convert|497.7|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="hao" /> is in [[Norway]].
=== Nominal source and hydrological source ===
The source of the Torne is generally believed to be the lake [[Torneträsk]] near the border with Norway.
But the main feeder of this lake is [[Abiskojokk|Abiskojåkka]], flowing out of [[Abiskojaure]], which is mainly fed by Kamajåkka, coming from tributary Gamajávri. This lake's major [[tributary]] is Válfojohka. That river comes from Lake Válfojávri in Norway's [[Nordland]], but near to that lake it is joined by a nameless, longer stream, according to official Swedish maps fed by a small glacier, {{Convert|1189|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} above sea level ({{coord|68|16|02|N|18|07|41|E|}}).
=== Lake Torne ===
Other affluents of Lake Torne are [[Njuoraätno]] and [[Kåppasjåkka]] in the west, [[Gurttejohka]], [[Snurrijåkka]], [[Bessešjohka (north)|Bessešjohka]], [[Bággesgorsajohka]], [[Davip Duoptejohka]], [[Lulip Duoptejohka]], [[Sarvájohka]] and others in the north, and [[Rákkasjohka]], [[Gohpasjohka]], [[Miellejohka]], Bessešjohka, [[Golkkokjohka]], [[Nivsakkjohka]] and others in the south.<ref name="fjallkarta">Lantmäteriets fjällkarta BD6 Abisko-Kebnekaise-Narvik</ref>
Above Torne lake, the watershed of the Torne includes the villages [[Riksgränsen]], [[Katterjåkk]], [[Vassijaure]], [[Låktatjåkka]], [[Kopperåsen]] and [[Tornehamn]].
On the south shore of Torne lake are [[Björkliden]], [[Abisko]], [[Stordalen, Sweden|Stordalen]], [[Kaisepakte]]. [[Stenbacken]] and [[Torneträsk (village)|Torneträsk]].
On the north shore are the [[Sami people|Sami]] villages [[Laimoluokta]] and [[Kattuvuoma]].<ref name="fjallkarta" />
=== Upper river ===
Beyond the lake, the Torne River flows unhindered by any concentrations of human inhabitants until the village of [[Kurravaara]], around {{convert|12|km|0}} northeast of [[Kiruna]].
The river splits in two parts that only join at Kurravaara;<ref name="fjallkarta2">Lantmäteriets fjällkarta BD4 Kiruna</ref> the part between the river is [[Alajávri nature reserve]].
Between the lake and Kurravaara, the streams [[Čearrojogaš]] and [[Rávdojohka]] join on the right side, and shortly before Kurravaara, the {{convert|135|km|adj=on}} long [[Rautas River]]
flows into the Torne.
On the left side, the streams [[Gukkajohka]], [[Reaskkajohka]] and [[Dápmokjohka]] join.
In the area between the two streams, the [[Beallejohka]] joins the right arm from the left.<ref name="fjallkarta2" />
After Kurravaara, the river proceeds [[Laxforsen]], where it is joined from the right by the [[Luossajoki]].
Here is the first bridge over the river for the road leading from the [[European road E10|E10]] to Laxforsen, Luossajärvi and Esrange.<ref name="oversiktskarta">Lantmäteriets Översiktkarta 1 Kiruna</ref> The river continues to [[Jukkasjärvi]], where an [[ice hotel]] is built in winter from the river ice.
==== To the Bifurcation ====
Beyond [[Paksuniemi]], the river is joined by the [[Pounujoki]] from the right.
At [[Vittangi]], the {{convert|126|km|adj=on}} long [[Vittangi river]],<ref name="vattendrag">[http://www.smhi.se/sgn0102/n0204/vdragreg.pdf Vattendragsregistret]</ref> which passes by [[Esrange]], joins from the left.<ref name="oversiktskarta" />
Here is the second river-crossing bridge, used by the [[European route E45|E45]] to [[Karesuando]].
The river then proceeds to [[Kuoksu]], where it is crossed by the road to [[Lainio]] and [[Oksajärvi]], and to [[Juopakosku]], where the [[Junojoki]] joins from the left.
At [[Junosuando]], the Torne river loses 56% of its water to the [[Tärendö River]] in one of the four [[River bifurcation|bifurcations]] in the watershed area.<ref name="hao"/>
Here is also a bridge for the road to [[Kangos]] and [[Parkolombolo]];<ref name="oversiktskarta" /> this is the fourth bridge over the river.
Shortly after Junosuando, the [[Piipionjoki]] joins from the left and at [[Palokorva]], the {{convert|260|km|adj=on}} long<ref name="vattendrag" /> [[Lainio River]] joins from the left.
In the Lainio River watershed are two more, smaller bifurcations: the lakes [[Goldajávri]], [[Råstojaure]] flow toward contributaries of the Laino river as well as to the Norwegian streams [[Signaldalselva]] and [[Råstaelva]] respectively.
==== Down to Pajala ====
Between Junosuando and [[Pajala]], the [[Käymäjoki]] joins from the left and the [[Liviöjoki]] and the [[Mertajoki]] join from the right.
The village [[Anttis]] is located on the left bank of the river, with Swedish road [[Riksväg 395]] on the right bank; the fifth bridge connects Anttis to the main road.<ref name="oversiktskarta" />
Shortly after Pajala, the Torne river joins with the {{convert|380|km|adj=on}} long [[Muonio River]],<ref name="vattendrag" /> the biggest contributary of the Torne river.
Near Pajala are two more bridges going north.<ref name="oversiktskarta" />
North of this point, the Muonio river forms the border with Finland.
From this point, the border with Finland is formed by the Torne river.
=== Lower river ===
[[File:Haparanda-Tornio rail bridge Sep2008.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Torne River Railway Bridge]], a [[dual gauge]] railway bridge, with a four [[Rail profile|rail]] [[gauntlet track]], the only fixed railway connection between Sweden and Finland.]][[Image:PanoTorne.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Torne river and Meänmaa near Övertorneå as seen from the Finnish side. The bridge can be seen to the left.]]
From here the river flows south along the Finno-Swedish border.
This part is known as [[Meänmaa]] and is a popular tourist destination.
Slightly south of Pajala is a border-crossing bridge for a road leading to [[Kolari]], the eighth bridge over the main river from the source.
The river proceeds to the village [[Kassa, Sweden|Kassa]].<ref>Swedish article [[:sv:Torneälven]]</ref>
At the village of [[Pello]], which lies on both sides of the river, is a bridge between the two parts.
The river continues south to [[Svanstein]], crosses the arctic circle at [[Juoksengi]] and proceeds to [[Niskanpää]] and [[Kuivakangas]].
In [[Övertorneå]] (Finnish: [[Ylitornio]]) there is another bridge, the final road bridge before the sea.
Here, the {{convert|127|km|adj=on}} long [[Tengeliön River]] joins from the (Finnish) left side .{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
The river continues to [[Hedenäset]] and [[Risudden]].
At [[Karungi]], the [[Liakanjoki]] departs from the Torne river and flows to the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] independently in Finland.
From Karungi south, there are railways on both sides of the valley.
At [[Kukkola]] is [[Kukkolaforsen]], a rapids which is also a tourist attraction.
Before finally arriving at the twin city of Haparanda/[[Tornio]], it passes by the villages [[Vojakkala]] and Mattila.
In the twin city of Haparanda/Tornio are four more bridges: one for cyclists and pedestrians, one for local traffic, one for the [[European route E4|E4]] and the southernmost, last and 14th bridge over the Tornio river is a [[dual gauge]] railway bridge connecting the Swedish and Finnish railway systems.
== History ==
Antti Keksi authored a poem about the 1677 river flood.
In the [[Treaty of Fredrikshamn]] in 1809, when Sweden lost the areas which constitute present-day Finland to [[Imperial Russia]], the river was together with the [[Muonio River]] and [[Könkämä River]] chosen as border between Sweden and the new Russian [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], thus splitting the [[Provinces of Sweden|provinces]] of [[Laponia (historical province)|Lappland]] and [[Västerbotten]].
According to the treaty, the border shall follow the deepest part of the river.  Near Haparanda/Tornio the border was fixed in the treaty, partly on land, so the city of Tornio would belong to Russia. Once every 25 years, a commission of Swedish and Finnish representatives shall review this border. This means that the border can move, such as in 2006 when such a border change was undertaken.
==Natural history==
Research on ice breakup on the river and on [[Lake Suwa]] in [[Japan]] suggested "global processes including climate change and variability are driving the long-term changes in ice seasonality."<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Sharma|first1= Sapna|last2= Magnuson|first2= John J|last3= Batt|first3= Ryan D|last4= Winslow|first4= Luke A|last5= Korhonen|first5= Johanna|last6= Aono|first6= Yasuyuki|title= Direct observations of ice seasonality reveal changes in climate over the past 320–570 years|journal= Scientific Reports|volume= 6|pages= 25061|date= 2016|doi= 10.1038/srep25061|pmid= 27113125|id= Article ID 25061|pmc= 4844970}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Bell|first= Jillian|title= Industrial Revolution strongly tied to earlier thaws, later freezes: study|publisher= [[CBC News]]|date= 2016-04-27|url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/climate-change-industrial-revolution-1.3555189 |access-date= 2016-05-07}}</ref>
== Culture ==
Historically, the language used on both sides of the river was Finnish. In the late 19th century, schools were opened in both countries. Then there was a decision to make the Swedish part of area [[Swedish language|Swedish]] speaking by teaching the school children only  written Swedish and allowing only Swedish to be spoken during lessons, sometimes also during breaks. As an effect, during the second half of the 20th century, Swedish was the dominant language on the Swedish side. The Finnish spoken in informal conversation is similar on both sides of the river, although some newer words differ. To support the traditional language on the Swedish side a new written language has been devised, [[Meänkieli dialects|Meänkieli]]. On the Finnish side only Finnish is used in written communication. These two languages differ considerably in spelling.
== See also ==
* [[Geography of Finland]]
* [[Geography of Sweden]]
* [[Torne, Finland]]
* [[Torne Valley]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rivers of Finland]]
[[Category:Tornio]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Torne river basin| ]]
[[Category:Finland–Sweden border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Norrbotten County]]