View source for Transport in Estonia

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
'''Transport in Estonia''' relies mainly on road and rail networks.
== Roads ==
[[File:Main roads of Estonia.svg|thumb|Estonian main and E-roads]]
*Total: 57,565&nbsp;km (including 16,465&nbsp;km of national roads)
*Paved: 12,926&nbsp;km (including 99&nbsp;km of [[limited-access road]]s)
===National roads===
{{main|Highways in Estonia}}
National roads form the core of Estonian road network. Their total length is 16,489&nbsp;km (or 28% of all roads), 67% of them are paved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnt.ee/failid/MNT_Aastaraamat2013_eng.pdf |title=Annual Report 2013 |publisher=Estonian Road Administration |access-date=2013-12-19}}</ref> They are divided into 4 classes according to importance:
*main roads (1,607&nbsp;km)
*basic roads (2,406&nbsp;km)
*secondary roads (12,476&nbsp;km)
*local roads (18,455&nbsp;km)
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Main roads in Estonia'''
! Number
! [[International E-road network|E-road]]
! class="unsortable" | Route
! Length (km)
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|1}}
| {{jct|country=EST|E|20}}
| [[Tallinn]] – [[Narva]]
| style="text-align:center;"|211
| expressway for 80&nbsp;km out of Tallinn and 7&nbsp;km between Kukruse and Johvi. <br>Continues to [[Saint Petersburg]] as Russian [[A180 highway (Russia)|A180]]
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|2}}
| {{jct|country=EST|E|263}}
| Tallinn – [[Tartu]] – [[Võru]] – [[Luhamaa]]
| style="text-align:center;"|291
| expressway for 63&nbsp;km out of Tallinn and 6&nbsp;km near Mäo.<br> Crosses Estonia in southeast direction from Tallinn to join [[Estonian national road 7|national road 7]]
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|3}}
| {{jct|country=EST|E|264}}
| [[Jõhvi]] – Tartu – [[Valga, Estonia|Valga]]
| style="text-align:center;"|216
| continues from Valga to [[Riga]] as Latvian [[A3 road (Latvia)|A3]]
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|4}}
| {{jct|country=EST|E|67}}
| Tallinn – [[Pärnu]] – [[Ikla]]
| style="text-align:center;"|193
| expressway for 14&nbsp;km out of Tallinn <br>continues from Ikla to [[Riga]] as Latvian [[A1 road (Latvia)|A1]]
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|5}}
|
| Pärnu – [[Rakvere]] – [[Sõmeru]]
| style="text-align:center;"|184
| from Pärnu via [[Paide]] to join [[Estonian national road 1|national road 1]] near Rakvere
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|6}}
|
| Valga – [[Uulu]]
| style="text-align:center;"|125
| from Pärnu via [[Kilingi-Nõmme]] to Valga
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|7}}
| {{jct|country=EST|E|77}}
| [[Riga]] – [[Pskov]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22
| short section in southeast Estonia via [[Misso]], continues as Russian A212 and Latvian [[A2 road (Latvia)|A2]]
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|8}}
| {{jct|country=EST|E|265}}
| Tallinn – [[Paldiski]]
| style="text-align:center;"|49
| via [[Keila]], [[Keila]]-[[Paldiski]] section is part of [[European route E265|E 265]], which continues on ferry to [[Kapellskär]]
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|9}}
|
| [[Ääsmäe]] – [[Haapsalu]] – [[Rohuküla]]
| style="text-align:center;"|81
| ferry connection from Rohuküla to [[Hiiumaa]]
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|10}}
|
| [[Risti, Estonia|Risti]] – [[Virtsu]] – [[Kuivastu]] – [[Kuressaare]]
| style="text-align:center;"|144
| ferry between Virtsu and Kuivastu ([[Muhumaa]])
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|11}}
| {{jct|country=EST|E|265}}
| Tallinn ring road
| style="text-align:center;"|38
|
|-
| {{jct|country=EST|N|92}}
|
| Tartu – [[Viljandi]] – [[Kilingi-Nõmme]]
| style="text-align:center;"|130
|
|}
===Electric vehicle network===
Estonia is the first country in the [[European Union|EU]] and in the world to introduce a nationwide, publicly serviced charging system for charging the [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] of [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://elmo.ee/estonia-becomes-the-first-in-the-world-to-open-a-nationwide-ev-fast-charging-network/|title = Lihtne ja mugav elektriauto laadimine kõikjal}}</ref> The 165 fast charging stations are equipped with connectors of the [[CHAdeMO]] standard. They are located throughout the entire country, including the [[island]]s, and have a maximum distance of 40–60&nbsp;km in between. The charging stations can also be navigated via a [[smartphone]] [[mobile app|app]] (currently only for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]). The relatively dense network and 30 minute quick charges are built to enable a country-wide [[electric vehicle network]]. The system offers a unitary booking service and several different tariffs, some of which appear attractively low priced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elmo.ee/pricing/|title = Lihtne ja mugav elektriauto laadimine kõikjal}}</ref> The charging station network puts Estonia at the forefront in [[Europe]] even though [[Norway]] actually has a higher penetration of [[electric vehicle]]s. Estonia has a rate of 1 electric vehicle per 1,000 capita, whereas [[Norway]] has 4 EVs per 1,000 capita.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
== Railways ==
{{main|Rail transport in Estonia}}
*Total: 900&nbsp;km common carrier lines only (1,200&nbsp;km including dedicated industrial lines)
*Broad gauge: 900&nbsp;km {{RailGauge|1520mm}} or {{RailGauge|1524mm}} gauge (133&nbsp;km electrified)
=== Railway links with adjacent countries ===
* {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Transport in Latvia|Latvia]] – yes – same {{RailGauge|1520mm}} gauge
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Transport in Russia|Russia]] – yes – same {{RailGauge|1520mm}} gauge
As of 2023, the Rail Baltica project to link a high speed line through Latvia and Lithuania to Poland, is scheduled for completion in 2030, with a start of services on some of the sections in 2028.<ref>[https://www.railbaltica.org/about-rail-baltica/ Rail Baltica – Project of the Century"] on the Rai Baltica official website, accessed on 26 April 2023.</ref>
==Light rail==
{{see also|Public transport in Tallinn}}
[[File:Train in Tallinn 2006.jpg|thumb|Train in Tallinn in 2006]]
There has been a growing tram network in [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] since 1888, when traffic was started by horse-powered trams. The first line was electrified on October 28, 1925. The first electric trams were built by Dvigatel, Ltd., in Tallinn before [[World War II]] and for some years after that, the last one in 1954. In the 1920s and 1930s gas-powered trams were also used. Since 1955 to 1988 [[Germany|German]]-built trams were used. In total, there were 20 LOWA T54-B54 trams (in use from February 1955 to March 1977), 11 Gotha T57-B57 (in use from January 1958 to June 1978), 5 Gotha T59E-B59E (in use from June 1960 to February 1980), 14 Gotha T2-62 and B2-62 (in use from 1962 to 1981) and 50 Gotha G4 trams (in use from January 1965 to October 1988) trams. The first [[Czechoslovakia]]n-built [[ČKD Tatra]] T4SU arrived in 1973. The T4SU trams were in use from May 1973 to September 2005 and there were 60 of them. The first [[Tatra KT4|KT4SU]] arrived in Tallinn in 1981 and was first in use on March 10, 1981. In 2007, there are 56 KT4SU, 12 [[Tatra KTNF6|KTNF6]] (rebuilt KT4SUs, 10 local, one from [[Gera]] and one from [[Erfurt]]) and 23 KT4D (12 from Gera, 6 from [[Cottbus]], 1 from [[Frankfurt (Oder)]] and 5 from Erfurt) in use. As of 2018, there are four lines: 1 ([[Kopli]]-[[Kadriorg]]), 2 (Kopli-[[Ülemiste (subdistrict)|Ülemiste]]), 3 ([[Tondi, Tallinn|Tondi]]-Kadriorg) and 4 (Tondi-[[Tallinn Airport|Lennujaam (Airport)]]). There have also been lines 5 (Kopli-[[Vana-Lõuna Street|Vana-Lõuna]], shut down in 2004 because of small usage) and 6 (Kopli-Tondi, temporarily used in time of repairs).
== Ports and harbours ==
Estonia has 45 ports in the State Port Register. With a few exceptions, all of them are on the [[Baltic Sea]].
Largest ports are [[Port of Muuga|Muuga]] (near Tallinn), [[Tallinn]] (comprises several ports), [[Paldiski]], [[Kunda, Estonia|Kunda]], [[Pärnu]] and [[Sillamäe]].
== Merchant marine ==
Since 2014, there have been no vessels over 500gt on the Estonian register. About 60 merchant vessels are beneficially owned in Estonia, with most of them registered in Malta. The government has started a drive to bring more of these vessels back into the Estonian register.<ref>{{cite news |title=Baltic Course |url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/good_for_business/?doc=134810 |access-date=27 November 2018 |date=27 November 2018}}</ref>
== Airports ==
=== Airports – with paved runways ===
*total: 13 (2013)
*over 3,047 m: 2
*2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
*1,524 m to 2,437 m : 2
*914 to 1,523 m: 1<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/estonia/| title = The World Factbook}}</ref>
[[Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport]] is the largest airport in Estonia.
== Pipelines ==
* Natural gas 859&nbsp;km (2007)
== Waterways ==
* 320&nbsp;km perennially navigable
Currently operating water transport routes:
* International:
**[[Tallinn]] – [[Helsinki]] ferry and (seasonal) [[high-speed craft]]
**Tallinn – [[Mariehamn]] ([[Åland]]) – [[Stockholm]] ferry
**[[Paldiski]] – [[Kappelskär]] ([[Sweden]]) ferry
**Tallinn – [[Visby]] ([[Gotland]]) (seasonal cruise) ferry
* Domestic:
**Western Estonia:
***[[Rohuküla]] – [[Sviby]] ([[Vormsi|Vormsi Island]]) ferry
***Rohuküla – [[Heltermaa]] ([[Hiiumaa|Hiiumaa Island]]) ferry
***[[Sõru]] (Hiiumaa Island) – [[Triigi, Saare County|Triigi]] ([[Saaremaa|Saaremaa Island]]) ferry
***[[Virtsu]] – [[Kuivastu]] ([[Muhu|Muhu Island]]) ferry
***[[Pärnu]] – [[Kihnu|Kihnu Island]] boat-ferry
***[[Lao, Estonia|Munalaid]] – Kihnu Island boat-ferry
***Munalaid – [[Manilaid|Manilaid Islet]] boat-ferry and boat
***[[Kuressaare|Roomassaare]] (Saaremaa Island) – [[Abruka|Abruka Island]] boat-ferry and boat<ref>[http://www.laanesaare.ee/index.php/home/abruka-transport Abruka transport] [[Lääne-Saare Parish]].</ref>
***Munalaid – [[Ruhnu|Ruhnu Island]] (charter) ferry and (seasonal) high-speed craft-ferry
***[[Pärnu]] – Ruhnu Island (seasonal) high-speed craft-ferry
***Roomassaare (Saaremaa Island) – Ruhnu Island (seasonal) high-speed craft-ferry
***Rohuküla – [[Hobulaid|Hobulaid Islet]] (charter) boat
**Northern Estonia:
***[[Leppneeme]] – [[Prangli|Prangli Island]] boat-ferry
***Tallinn – [[Aegna|Aegna Island]] (seasonal) boat
***Tallinn – [[Naissaar|Naissaar Island]] (seasonal) boat
***[[Dirhami]] – [[Osmussaar|Osmussaar Island]] (seasonal) boat
***[[Kurkse]] – [[Väike-Pakri|Väike-Pakri Island]] (charter) boat
**[[Lake Peipus]] and [[Emajõgi|Emajõgi River]]:
***[[Parapalu|Laaksaare]] – [[Piirissaar|Piirissaar Island]] ferry
***[[Kavastu, Tartu County|Kavastu]] (seasonal) [[cable ferry]] across Emajõgi River
== See also ==
* [[M/S Estonia|M/S ''Estonia'']]
* [[TS Laevad]] – ferry company serving the major islands
* [[Kihnu Veeteed]] – ferry company serving mainly smaller islands
* [[Plug-in electric vehicles in Estonia]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Estonia topics|state=autocollapse}}
{{Transportation in Europe}}
[[Category:Transport in Estonia| ]]