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{{short description|Ancient tribe in the Balkans}}
The '''Triballi''' ({{langx|grc|Τριβαλλοί|Triballoí}}, {{langx|la|Triballi}}) were an ancient people who lived in northern [[Bulgaria]] in the region of Roman [[Oescus]] up to  southeastern [[Serbia]], possibly near the territory of the [[Morava Valley]] in the late Iron Age. The Triballi lived between Thracians to the east, Illyrians the west and Celts to the north and were influenced by them. As such in contemporary sources, they are variably described as an independent, Thracian, Illyrian or Celtic tribe. [[Strabo]] considered the Triballi as a [[Thracian]] people.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7E*.html Strabos Geography] - 'and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans'</ref> Most ancient  sources considered the Triballi as Thracians, while some regarded them as Illyrians.<ref>[http://www.albanianhistory.net/1774%20Thunmann/index.html 1774 Johann Thunmann: On the History and Language of the Albanians and Vlachs] - 'The Triballi who are almost always called Thracians, are regarded as Illyrians by Aristophanes, Livy and Stephanus.'</ref>
As an existing people, the Triballi are mentioned for the last time by Roman historian [[Appian]] (2nd century CE). According to Appian, the Triballi were reduced in numbers through their wars against the [[Scordisci]] and fled among the [[Getae]], north of the Danube before they went extinct as a distinct people.<ref>Appian, Roman History 9.2. The Illyrian Book LCL 3: 304-305</ref>
== History ==
The Triballi ({{langx|grc|Τριβαλλοί|Triballoí}}) are mentioned first in history by ancient Greek authors of the [[Classical Greece|Classical period]]: by [[Aristophanes]] in his play ''[[The Birds (play)|Birds]]'' (414 BC) in which Triballos, a barbarian Triballian god of Thrace, accompanies [[Poseidon]] and [[Heracles|Herakles]] as a diplomatic embassy, who are quite starving, meant to persuade the play's hero, Peisetairos, to end his blockade ([[Nephelokokkygia]]) preventing sacrifices{{snd}}the sustenance of gods{{snd}}from reaching them on [[Mount Olympus|Olympos]]; by [[Aristotle]] and [[Demosthenes]], both of whom lived in the 4th century BC. Among ancient Greeks, the Triballi had a reputation of being a "wild people" and Greek authors write in a similar vein about them. Aristotle writes that among the Triballi "it is honorable to sacrifice one’s life in a battle", while Demosthenes notes the gangs of "lawless youths" of ancient Athens were known as ''Triballoi''.<ref>Demosthenes, Orations 54. Ariston against Conon, an Action for Assault, LCL 351: 156–157</ref><ref>Aristotle, Topica, LCL 391: 378–379</ref>
In 424 BC, they were attacked by [[Sitalkes]], king of the [[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysae]], who was defeated and lost his life in the engagement.<ref name=GRT/> They were pushed to the east by the invading [[Autariatae]], an Illyrian tribe; the date of this event is uncertain.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Triballi |volume=27 |page=261}}</ref>
In 376 BC, a large band of Triballi under [[King Hales]] crossed [[Haemus Mons|Mount Haemus]] and advanced as far as [[Abdera, Thrace|Abdera]]; they had backing from [[Maroneia]] and were preparing to besiege the city when [[Chabrias]] appeared off the coast, with the Athenian fleet,<ref name=EB1911/> and organized a reconciliation.<ref name=GRT>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=LcfLKHVi2UUC |title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest }}</ref>
In 339 BC, when [[Philip II of Macedon]] was returning from his expedition against the [[Scythia]]ns, the Triballi refused to allow him to pass the Haemus unless they received a share of the booty. Hostilities took place, in which Philip was defeated<ref name=EB1911/> and wounded by a spear in his right thigh, but the Triballi appear to have been subsequently subdued by him.<ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=rIpMVvKn5vYC |title=Interpreting a Classic: Demosthenes and His Ancient Commentators }}</ref><ref name=EB1911/>
After the death of Philip, [[Alexander the Great]] passed through the lands of the [[Odrysians]] in 335-334 BC, crossed the Haemus ranges and after three encounters ([[Battle of Haemus]], [[Battle at Lyginus River]], [[Battle at Peuce Island]]) defeated and drove the Triballians to the junction of the [[Lyginus]] at the [[Danube]].<ref name=EB1911/> 3,000 Triballi were killed, the rest fled. Their king [[Syrmus]] ([[eponymous]] to [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Sirmium]]) took refuge on the Danubian island of [[Peuce (island)|Peukê]], where most of the remnants of the defeated Thracians were exiled. The successful Macedonian attacks terrorized the tribes around the Danube; the autonomous Thracian tribes sent tributes for peace, Alexander was satisfied with his operations and accepted peace because of his greater wars in Asia.
They were attacked by Autariatae and Celts in 295 BC.<ref>The Thracians by Ralph F. Hoddinott, 1981, {{ISBN|0-500-02099-X}}, Chapter "South and para-Dunavian Thrace", "Thracian art in the valley of the Lower Danube", page 197</ref>
The punishment inflicted by [[Ptolemy Keraunos]] on the [[Dacia|Getae]], however, induced the Triballi to sue for peace. About 279 BC, a host of [[Gauls]] ([[Scordisci]]<ref>[[Appianus]]</ref>) under [[Cerethrius]] defeated the Triballi with an army of 3,000 horsemen and 15,000 foot soldiers. The defeat pushed the Triballi further to the east.<ref name=THEO>{{cite web|url=http://www.caorc.org/programs/mellonpubs/Theodossiev.pdf|title= Theodossiev|access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref> Nevertheless, they continued to cause trouble to the [[Roman empire|Roman]] governors of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]]<ref name=EB1911/> for fifty years (135&nbsp;BC–84&nbsp;BC).
[[Pliny the Elder]] (23-79 AD) registers them as one of the tribes of [[Moesia]].<ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=JZLW4-wba7UC |title=The Cambridge Ancient History }}</ref>
In the time of [[Ptolemy]] (90–168 AD), their territory was limited to the district between the [[Ciabrus]] (Tzibritza) and [[Utus]] (Vit) rivers, part of what is now [[Bulgaria]]; their chief town was Oescus.<ref name=EB1911/>
Under [[Tiberius]], mention is made of Triballia in Moesia; and the Emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]] (reigned 235–237) had been a commander of a squadron of Triballi. The name occurs for the last time during the reign of [[Diocletian]], who dates a letter from ''Triballis''.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 22, (1956) [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=m287AAAAIAAJ }} p. 465]</ref>
== Archaeology ==
The research of the Triballi began with [[Fanula Papazoglu]]'s book ''The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times'' (1968 in Serbian, 1978 in English). Other historians and archaeologists who wrote on the Triballi include {{ill|Milutin Garašanin (archaeologist)|sr|Milutin Garašanin (arheolog)|lt=Milutin Garašanin}}, [[Dragoslav Srejović]], Nikola Tasić, Rastko Vasić, Miloš Jevtić and, especially, Milorad Stojić (''Tribali u arheologiji i istorijskim izvorima'', 2017).<ref name=Politika>{{ cite news | author = Sofija Petković, Milorad Stojić | title = Tribali - najstariji stanovnici Srbije | trans-title = Triballi - the oldest inhabitants of Serbia | newspaper = [[Politika]]-Kulturni dodatak | pages = 06–07 | language = sr | date = 20 January 2018 }}</ref>
Based on the work of Fanula Papazoglou, several archeological findings in the [[Morava Valley]] ([[Great Morava]] and [[South Morava]]) region in the Iron Age have been linked to the Triballi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0350-0241/2004/0350-02410454193S.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-07-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705100953/http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0350-0241/2004/0350-02410454193S.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-05 }}</ref> In 2005, several possibly Triballi graves were found at the [[Hisar Hill]] in [[Leskovac]], southeastern [[Serbia]].<ref name="b92">{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2005&mm=07&dd=26&nav_id=173384|title=Praistorijska kopča|publisher=b92.net|access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref> In June 2008, a Triballi grave was found together with ceramics (urns) in [[Požarevac]], central-eastern Serbia.<ref name="jasatomic">{{cite web|url=http://www.jasatomic.org.yu/?postid=7953 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208130434/http://www.jasatomic.org.yu/?postid=7953 |archive-date=2009-02-08 |url-status=dead |title=www.jasatomic.org.yu - Katastrofalna poplava u mestu Jaša Tomić opština Sečanj (BANAT)|access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref> A tomb labeled as "Triballian" was unearthed at [[Ljuljaci]], west of [[Kragujevac]], central Serbia.<ref name="inist">{{cite journal |id={{INIST|6505462}} |last1=Srejović |first1=D |title=Tribalski grobovi u Ljuljacima |trans-title=Tribal graves in Ljulaci |language=hr |journal=Starinar |date=1989 |issue=40–41 |pages=141–153 }}</ref> In Bulgaria, a male grave at [[Vratsa]] dated to the 4th century BC has been unearthed; the royal tomb contains beautiful [[Goldsmith|goldwork]], like pitchers and wreaths.<ref name=Politika/> These findings are labeled as "Triballian" in Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav archaeology based on the definitions of Triballian territory by [[Fanula Papazoglu]] (1978) who constructed a Triballian area which in reality is undeterminable via available data. In turn, archaeologists of that era in Yugoslavia began to categorize all finds in the area defined as ''Triballian'' by Papazoglu as artifacts of the Triballi tribe.{{sfn|Mihailović|2014|pp=101–106}} Based on Papazoglu, a periodization of Triballian finds was proposed: Proto-Triballian (1300–800 BC), Early Triballian (800–600 BC), Triballian (600–335 BC) and period from 335 BC until Roman conquest.<ref name=Politika/>
== Legacy ==
=== Exonym of Serbs ===
{{See also|Coat of arms of Triballia}}
[[File:Praviteljstvujušči sovjet serbski.JPG|thumb|The Seal of the Serbian Government, 1805]]
[[File:Vratsa-history-museum-Mogilanska-tumulus-golden-pitcher.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Golden pitcher from Vratsa]]
The term "Triballians" appears frequently in Byzantine and other European works of the Middle Ages, referring to [[Serbs]], as the Byzantines sought to create an ancient name for the Serbs.<ref>Stuck Whilhelm (Guilielmus Stukius Tigurinus), [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=vRZKISETNi0C |page=79 }} ''Comments on Arriani historici et philosophi Ponti Euxini et maris Erythraei Periplus'', Lugduni, 1577, p. 51]</ref><ref>[[John Foxe]] (1517–1587) ''Acts and Monuments'', [https://archive.org/stream/actsmonumentsofj04foxe/actsmonumentsofj04foxe_djvu.txt Published by R.B. Seeley & W. Burnside, London, 1837, vol. 4, p. 27]</ref><ref name="eliznik">{{cite web|url=http://www.eliznik.org.uk/Bulgaria/history/thracian-tribes.htm |title=Balkan history - Thracian tribes |publisher=eliznik.org.uk|access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=AdbgOudLnj4C |title=The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus }}</ref><ref name="Papazoglu1978">{{cite book|author=Fanula Papazoglu|title=The Central Balkan Tribe in Pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Hakkert|isbn=978-90-256-0793-7|quote=The Triballi lived deep in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula, between the lower course of the Southern Morava and the ... many centuries later, learned Byzantine writers, seeking the ancient name for the Serbs, chose the term Triballi as the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta|volume=44|issue=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA8MAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Naučno delo|quote=The Serbs were often called Triballi by Byzantine authors.}}</ref> Some of these authors clearly explain that "Triballian" is synonym to "Serbian".<ref name=JSTOR1>{{cite journal|title=Reviews of Books|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=53|issue=209|pages=129–131|jstor = 554790|last1 = Potter|first1 = G. R.|year=1938|doi=10.1093/ehr/LIII.CCIX.129}}</ref><ref>[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=VGdoAAAAMAAJ |title= |page=65 }} Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks] Page 65, 77: "Triballians = Serbs"</ref><ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=AdbgOudLnj4C |page=48 |title=The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus }}: "The Triballians are the Serbs"</ref><ref>[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=jFPQAAAAMAAJ }} The Journal of Hellenic studies] Page 48: "Byzantine historians [...] calling [...] Serbs ''Triballians''"</ref><ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=XnKgAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography |page=228 }}: "Serbs (were) Triballians"</ref> For example, [[Niketas Choniates]] (or Acominatus, 1155–1215 or-16) in his history about Emperor Ioannes Komnenos: "''... Shortly after this, he campaigned against the nation of Triballians (whom someone may call Serbians as well) ...''"<ref>[http://users.uoa.gr/~nektar/history/tributes/byzantine_historians/nicetas_choniates_historia.htm Historia ed J. van Dieten, Nicetae Choniatae historia ..., Berlin, DeGruyter, 1975, chapter "''Reign of Lord Ioannes Komnenos''", pp. 4-47] (in medieval Greek language)</ref> or the much later [[Demetrios Chalkokondyles]] (1423–1511), referring to an Islamized Christian noble: ''"... This Mahmud, son of Michael, is Triballian, which means Serbian, by his mother, and Greek by his father."''<ref>D. Chalkocondyles (Chalkondyles) cited in [[Constantine Paparrigopoulos|C. Paparrigopoulos]] ''History of the Greek nation'', Athens, 1874, vol. 5, p. 489, in Greek language.</ref> or [[Mehmed the Conqueror]] when referring to the plundering of Serbia.<ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=wdEYAQAAMAAJ |page=115 |title=History of Mehmed the Conqueror }}</ref>
[[Mihailo Vojislavljević]] succeeded as [[Knez (title)|Knez]] of "[[Duklja]]" in 1046, or as his realm was called by contemporary [[Cedrenus]]: ''"Triballorum ac Serborum principatum"''.<ref name=CedrenusII338>Cedrenus II, col. 338</ref> According to [[George Kedrenos]] (fl. 1050s) and [[John Skylitzes]] (fl. 1057), he was the ''Prince of Triballians and Serbs'' (Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων...αρχηγός<ref>{{cite book|author1=Georgius (Cedrenus.)|author2=Jacques Paul Migne|title=Synopsis historiōn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy9KAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA338|year=1864|publisher=Migne|page=338|quote=Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων}}</ref>/ Τριβαλλῶν καὶ Σέρβων...ἀρχηγός).<ref>Skylitzes 475.13-14</ref>
In the 15th century, a coat of arms of "Tribalia", depicting a wild boar with an arrow pierced through the head (see [[Boars in heraldry]]), appeared in the supposed coat of arms of Emperor [[Stefan Dušan]] 'the Mighty' (r. 1331–1355).<ref>''The first Serbian uprising and the restoration of the Serbian state'', [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=eXFpAAAAMAAJ |page=164 }} p. 164]</ref> The motif had, in 1415, been used as the coat of arms of the [[Serbian Despotate]] and is recalled in one of [[Stefan Lazarević]]'s personal Seals, according to the paper ''Сабор у Констанци''.<ref name="kragujevac">{{cite web|url=http://www.kragujevac.rs/O_grbu_Grada-56-1|title=- О грбу Града :: Званичан сајт града Крагујевца|publisher=kragujevac.rs|access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref> [[Pavao Ritter Vitezović]] also depicts "Triballia" with the same motif in 1701<ref>Stemmatographia sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio, 1701</ref> and [[Hristofor Zhefarovich]] again in 1741.<ref>Balkanika, Issue 28, [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=OyQXAQAAMAAJ }} p. 216]</ref>
[[Marin Barleti]] (1450–1513), wrote in his biography of [[Skanderbeg]] (published between 1508 and 1510), that father of Skanderbeg's mother [[Voisava]] was a "Triballian nobleman" (''pater [[nobilissimus]] Triballorum princeps'').<ref name=Noli-189>{{harvnb|Noli|1947|loc= p. 189: "writes: "Uxori Voisavae nomen erat, non indignam eo viro, tum pater nobilissimus Tribalorum princeps ...""}}; Barletius, l. I, fo 2: "... Triballorum princeps"</ref> In another chapter, when talking about the inhabitants of Upper [[Debar]] that defended Svetigrad, he calls them "Bulgarians or Triballi" (''Bulgari sive Tribali habitant'').<ref>{{cite book|author=Barletius|title=De vita, moribus ac rebus|year=1537|pages=139–140}}; Barletius, l. V, fo. 62: "Superior Dibra montuosa est et aspera, ferax tarnen et Macedoniam tum ipsa loci vicinitate, tum similitudine morum contingens. Bulgari sive Tribali habitant"</ref>
With the beginning of the [[First Serbian Uprising]], the Parliament adopted the Serbian coat of arms in 1805, their official seal depicted the [[Serb heraldry|heraldic emblems of Serbia]] and Tribalia.<ref>East European quarterly, Volume 6, [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=re0XAAAAIAAJ }} p. 346]</ref>
Even though the two names were used as synonyms by some Byzantine sources and certain heraldic inheritance, Serbian official historiography does not equalate the Serbs and the Triballi, nor does it fabricate a cultural continuity between the two.<ref name=Politika/>
Tribals and Tribalia are often identified in a historical context with Serbs and Serbia, as these interpretations refer only to [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] of the 15th century, who often resorted to archaisms in his historical writings that have come down to us (Mizi, Illyrians, etc.) to indicate the subjects of the individual rulers, without attaching ethnic meaning to their content.
=== Exonym of Bulgarians ===
[[Marin Barleti]] (1450–1513), wrote in his biography of [[Skanderbeg]] (published between 1508 and 1510), that father of Skanderbeg's mother [[Voisava]] was a "Triballian nobleman" (''pater [[nobilissimus]] Triballorum princeps'').<ref name=Noli-189>{{harvnb|Noli|1947|loc= p. 189: "writes: "Uxori Voisavae nomen erat, non indignam eo viro, tum pater nobilissimus Tribalorum princeps ...""}}; Barletius, l. I, fo 2: "... Triballorum princeps"</ref> In another chapter, when talking about the inhabitants of Upper [[Debar]] that defended Svetigrad, he calls them "Bulgarians or Triballi" (''Bulgari sive Tribali habitant'').<ref>{{cite book|author=Barletius|title=De vita, moribus ac rebus|year=1537|pages=139–140}}; Barletius, l. V, fo. 62: "Superior Dibra montuosa est et aspera, ferax tarnen et Macedoniam tum ipsa loci vicinitate, tum similitudine morum contingens. Bulgari sive Tribali habitant"</ref> In Barleti's work Triballian is used as a synonym for Bulgarians.<ref name="Bicoku1">{{harvnb|Biçoku|2007|p=28|ps=:Burimet  e  kësaj  të  dhëne  dëshmojnë  se  i  ati  i  saj  ka  qenë  prej  një  dere “shumë fisnike dhe prijës i tribalëve” (sinonim i bullgarëve). Sipas një hipoteze  të  fundit,  pa  mbështetje  burimore,  Vojsava  është  konsideruar vajzë e familjes së njohur aristokrate Brankoviçi, që në atë kohë sundonte trevën  e  Kosovës  së  sotme  e  të  Maqedonisë  dhe  Shkupin  e  kishte kryeqendër të saj. Martesa me Vojsavën, vajzën e prijësit të bullgarëve, dëshmon  se  në  atë  kohë  Gjoni  ka  qenë  sundimtar  i  fuqishëm  dhe  se  në zotërim të familjes së tij ka pasur treva të gjera dhe qytete.}}</ref>
=== Romanian geographic name ===
In [[Romania]], "Tribalia" refers to the [[Timok Valley]] region split between Serbia and Bulgaria in which the Romanian-speaking [[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]] live.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_7PY2eRP4C|title=Poezii populare de la românii din Timoc: nord-estul Serbiei și nord-vestul Bulgariei|first=Cristea|last=Sandu Timoc|publisher=Editura Ager|year=2007|language=ro|isbn=9789737961426}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Sources ==
===Primary===
*[[Aristotle]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristotle-topica/1960/pb_LCL391.267.xml Topica], LCL 391: 378-379
*[[Demosthenes]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/demosthenes-orations_xliv_ariston_conon_action_assault/1939/pb_LCL351.125.xml Orations 54. Ariston against Conon, an Action for Assault], LCL 351: 156-157
*[[Appian]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/appian-roman_history_book_x_illyrian_wars/2019/pb_LCL003.303.xml?mainRsKey=dZq1Dv&result=1&rskey=XrmMH2 Roman History 9.2. The Illyrian Book] LCL 3: 304-305
===Modern===
*Bouzek, J. and Ondřejová, I., 1990. The Rogozen treasure and the art of the Triballoi. Eirene, 27, pp.&nbsp;81–91.
*{{cite journal |last1=Jevtic |first1=Milos |title=Sacred groves of the tribali on Miroc mountain |journal=Starinar |date=2006 |issue=56 |pages=271–290 |doi=10.2298/STA0656271J |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jevtic |first1=Milos |last2=Pekovic |first2=Mirko |title=Mihajlov ponor on Miroc: Tribal cult places |journal=Starinar |date=2007 |issue=57 |pages=191–219 |doi=10.2298/STA0757191P |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book |last1=Mihailović |first1=Vladimir |editor1-last=Popa |editor1-first=Catalin |editor2-last=Stoddart |editor2-first=Simon |title=Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age: Integrating South-Eastern Europe into the debate |date=2014 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1782976783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4FiBwAAQBAJ |chapter=Tracing Ethnicity Backwards: the case of the "Central Balkan Tribes" |pages=97–107}}
*{{Citation|last=Noli|first=Fan S.|author-link=Fan S. Noli|year=1947|title=George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468)|publisher=International Universities Press|location=New York|oclc=732882}}
* {{Cite book|last=Papazoglu|first=Fanula|author-link=Fanula Papazoglu|title=The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians|year=1978|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Hakkert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9789025607937}}
* {{cite journal|last=Stojić|first=M.|year=2001|title=Kulturne tradicije na prostoru na kome će se formirati i razvijati Tribali|journal=Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini|volume=31|pages=253–264}}
* {{cite journal|last=Vasić|first=Rastko|year=1972|title=Notes on the Autariatae and Triballi|journal=Balcanica|issue=III}}
* {{cite journal|last=Vasić|first=Rastko|year=1992|title=Pages from the history of the Autoriatae and Triballoi}}
== External links ==
{{commons category|Triballi}}
[[Category:Ancient tribes in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Ancient tribes in Serbia]]
[[Category:Thracian tribes]]