View source for Trickster

{{short description|Literary archetype}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Reynard-the-fox.jpg|thumb|The trickster figure [[Reynard the Fox]] as depicted in an 1869 children's book by [[Michel Rodange]]]]
In [[mythology]] and the study of [[folklore]] and [[religion]], a '''trickster''' is a character in a story ([[God (male deity)|god]], [[goddess]], spirit, [[human]] or [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphisation]]) who exhibits a great degree of [[intellect]] or secret knowledge and uses it to play tricks or otherwise disobey normal rules and defy conventional behavior.
==Mythology==
Tricksters, as [[archetype|archetypal]] characters, appear in the myths of many different cultures. [[Lewis Hyde]] describes the trickster as a "boundary-crosser".<ref name=Hyde>Hyde, Lewis. ''Trickster Makes This World: Mischief, Myth, and Art''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.</ref> The trickster crosses and often breaks both physical and societal rules: Tricksters "violate principles of social and natural order, playfully disrupting normal life and then re-establishing it on a new basis."<ref name=Mattick>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/reviews/980215.15mattict.html|last=Mattick|first=Paul|title=Hotfoots of the Gods|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 15, 1998}}</ref>
Often, this bending and breaking of rules takes the form of tricks and thievery. Tricksters can be [[wikt:cunning|cunning]] or foolish or both. The trickster openly questions, disrupts and mocks authority. {{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Many cultures have tales of the trickster, a crafty being who uses tricks to get food, steal precious possessions, or simply cause mischief. In some Greek myths [[Hermes]] plays the trickster. He is the patron of thieves and the inventor of lying, a gift he passed on to [[Autolycus]], who in turn passed it on to [[Odysseus]].<ref name=Hyde/> In [[Slavic mythology|Slavic]] folktales, the trickster and the [[culture hero]] are often combined. {{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
[[File:How loki wrought mischief in Asgard by Willy Pogany.png|thumb|[[Loki]] cuts the hair of the goddess [[Sif]].]]
Frequently the trickster figure exhibits gender and form variability. In [[Norse mythology]] the mischief-maker is [[Loki]], who is also a [[shapeshifting|shapeshifter]]. Loki also exhibits sex variability, in one case even becoming pregnant. According to "The Song of Hyndla" in The [[Poetic Edda]], Loki [[Loki#Gylfaginning|becomes a mare]] who later gives birth to Odin's eight-legged horse [[Sleipnir]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
In [[African Americans|African-American]] folklore, a personified rabbit, known as [[Br'er Rabbit|Brer Rabbit]], is the main trickster figure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Houston A. |title=Long Black Song: Essays in Black American Literature |publisher=University Press of Virginia |year=1972 |isbn=9780813904030 |pages=10–14}}</ref> In West Africa (and thence into the Caribbean via the slave trade), the spider (see [[Anansi]]) is often the trickster.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haase|first=Donald|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|pages= [https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w7y9/page/31 31]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-33441-2|url= https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_w7y9/page/31 }}</ref> In southern African a [[ǀKaggen]] is often the trickster, usually taking the form of a [[praying mantis]].<ref name="Bleek">Bleek (1875) [https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/12485 A brief account of Bushman folklore and other texts]</ref><ref name="eland">{{cite journal |last1=Lewis-Williams |first1=David |title=The mantis, the eland and the meerkats |journal=African Studies |date=1997 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=195–216 |doi=10.1080/00020189708707875 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020189708707875}}</ref>
==Trickster or clown==
The ''trickster'' is a term used for a non-performing "trick maker"; they may have many motives behind their intention but those motives are not largely in public view. They are internal to the character or person.
The [[clown]] on the other hand is a [[persona]] of a performer who intentionally displays their actions in public for an audience.
==Native American tradition==
While the trickster crosses various cultural traditions, there are significant differences between tricksters from different parts of the world:
<blockquote>Many native traditions held [[clown]]s and tricksters as essential to any contact with the [[sacred]]. People could not pray until they had laughed, because [[laughter]] opens and frees from rigid preconception. Humans had to have tricksters within the most sacred [[ceremonies]] for fear that they forget the sacred comes through upset, reversal, surprise. The trickster in most native traditions is essential to creation, to birth.<ref>Byrd Gibbens, Professor of English at [[University of Arkansas at Little Rock]]; quoted [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] in ''[[Napalm and Silly Putty]]'' by George Carlin, 2001</ref></blockquote>
Native American tricksters should not be confused with the European fictional [[picaro]].  One of the most important distinctions is that "we can see in the Native American trickster an openness to life's multiplicity and paradoxes largely missing in the modern Euro-American moral tradition".{{sfnp|Ballinger|1991|p=21}} In some stories the Native American trickster is foolish and other times wise. He can be a hero in one tale and a villain in the next.
In many Native American and First Nations mythologies, the [[Coyote (mythology)|Coyote spirit]] ([[Southwestern United States]]) or [[Raven (mythology)|Raven spirit]] ([[Pacific Northwest]]) stole fire from the gods ([[star]]s, [[moon]], and/or [[sun]]). Both are usually seen as jokesters and pranksters. In Native American creation stories, when Coyote teaches humans how to catch salmon, he makes the first fish weir out of logs and branches.<ref name=Hyde/>
Wakdjunga in [[Ho-Chunk|Winnebago]] mythology is an example of the trickster archetype.
[[Wisakedjak]] (Wìsakedjàk in [[Algonquin language|Algonquin]], Wīsahkēcāhk(w) in [[Cree Language|Cree]] and Wiisagejaak in [[Oji-Cree]]) is a trickster figure in [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] and [[Chipewyan]] Storytelling.
===Coyote===
{{Main article|Coyote (mythology)}}
[[File:Coyoteinacanoe.png|thumb|left|upright|Coyote often has the role of trickster as well as a clown in traditional stories.]]
The Coyote mythos is one of the most popular among western Native American cultures, especially among [[indigenous peoples of California]] and [[indigenous peoples of the Great Basin|the Great Basin]].
According to [[Crow religion|Crow]] (and other Plains) tradition, Old Man Coyote impersonates the Creator: "Old Man Coyote took up a handful of mud and out of it made people".<ref>[http://www.museumca.org/goldrush/fever04-ci.html "Gold Fever California on the Eve- California Indians", Oakland Museum of California]</ref> He also bestowed names on buffalo, deer, elk, antelopes, and bear. According to A. Hultkranz, the impersonation of Coyote as Creator is a result of a taboo, a mythic substitute to the religious notion of the Great Spirit whose name was too dangerous and/or sacred to use apart from at special ceremonies.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
In [[Chelan (tribe)|Chelan]] myths, Coyote belongs to the animal people but he is at the same time "a power just like the Creator, the head of all the creatures." while still being a subject of the Creator who can punish him or remove his powers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Voices of the Winds: Native American Legends|last1=Edmonds|first1=Margot|author2=Ella E. Clark|publisher=Castle Books|year=2003|isbn=0785817166|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780785817161/page/5 5]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780785817161/page/5}}</ref> In the Pacific Northwest tradition, Coyote is mostly mentioned as a messenger, or minor power.
As the culture hero, Coyote appears in various mythic traditions, but generally with the same magical powers of transformation, resurrection, and "medicine". He is engaged in changing the ways of rivers, creating new landscapes and getting sacred things for people. Of mention is the tradition of Coyote fighting against monsters. According to Wasco tradition, Coyote was the hero to fight and kill [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]], the killer of people, but he could do that not because of his personal power, but due to the help of the Spirit Chief. In some stories, [[Multnomah Falls]] came to be by Coyote's efforts; in others, it is done by Raven.
More often than not Coyote is a trickster, but always different. In some stories, he is a noble trickster: "Coyote takes water from the Frog people... because it is not right that one people have all the water." In others, he is malicious: "Coyote determined to bring harm to Duck. He took Duck's wife and children, whom he treated badly."{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
==Oral stories==
{{main|List of fictional tricksters#Tricksters in folktale and mythology}}[[File:William Powell Frith The Relapse Midnight Alarm 3-3.jpg|thumb|upright|Trickster [[subplot]] in ''[[The Relapse]]'': Tom Fashion, pretending to be Lord Foppington, parleys with Sir Tunbelly Clumsey in a 19th-century illustration by [[William Powell Frith]].]]
<!-- keep alphabetical -->
* [[Abenaki mythology]]: [[Azeban]]
* [[Odinani|Igbo folklore]]: [[Ekwensu]]
* Afro-Cuban mythology: [[Changó|Eleggua, Eshu]]
* [[Akan mythology]]: [[Anansi|Kwaku Ananse]]
* [[American folklore]] of African origin: [[Brer Rabbit]] (compare [[:fr:Compère Lapin|Compère Lapin]] in the French-speaking Caribbean), [[Aunt Nancy]] (a corruption of [[Anansi]], also spelt 'Anansee', among other spellings)
* [[Arabian mythology]]: [[Nasreddin#Name|Juha]], [[Sinbad]]
* [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]] folklore: [[Anansi]]
* [[Australian Aboriginal mythology]]: [[Bamapana]], [[Crow (Australian Aboriginal mythology)|Crow]]
* [[Aztec mythology]]: [[Huehuecoyotl]]
* [[Babylonian mythology]]: [[Lilith]]
* [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] mythology: [[Hare#Folklore and mythology|Hare]] (Tsuro or Kalulu)
* [[Basque mythology]]: [[San Martin Txiki]]
* Belgian mythology: [[Lange Wapper]]
* [[Brazilian folklore]]: [[Saci (Brazilian folklore)|Saci]], [[Curupira]]
* [[Bulgarian folklore|Bulgarian]]/[[Macedonian culture (Slavic)|Macedonian folklore]]: [[Hitar Petar]] (Itar Pejo), [[Kuma Lisa]]
* [[Caribbean folklore]]: [[Anansi]]
* [[Celtic mythology]]: [[Fairy]], [[Puck (mythology)|Puck]], [[Púca|puca]]
* [[Chinese mythology]]: [[Huli jing]] (Fox spirit), [[Nezha]], [[Red Boy]], [[Sun Wukong]] (Monkey King)
* [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] mythology: [[Kutkh]]
* Costa Rican folklore and literature: [[Br'er Rabbit|Tío Conejo]] (Uncle Rabbit)
* [[Cree]] mythology: [[Wisakedjak]]
* [[Crow mythology]]: Awakkule, [[Mannegishi]]
* [[Netherlands|Dutch]] folklore: [[Reynard|Reynaert de Vos]], [[Till Eulenspiegel|Tijl Uilenspiegel]]
* [[Egyptian mythology]]: [[Set (mythology)|Set]], [[Isis]]
* [[English folklore]]: [[Robin Hood]], [[Puck (mythology)|Puck]], [[Brownie (folklore)|Brownies]]
* [[Fiji]]an mythology: [[Daucina]]
* [[France|French]] folklore: [[Reynard|Renart the Fox]]
* [[German folklore]]: [[Reynard|Reineke]] Fuchs, the [[Pied Piper of Hamelin|Pied Piper]], [[Till Eulenspiegel]]
* [[Greek mythology]]: [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], [[Prometheus]], [[Hermes]], [[Odysseus]], [[Sisyphus]]
* [[Haitian Vodou|Haitian folklore]]: [[Anansi]], [[Ti Malice]]
* [[Hawaiian mythology]]: [[Kaulu]], [[Kupua]]
* [[Hindu mythology]]: Baby [[Krishna]] (stealing butter), [[Narada]], [[Mohini]], [[Hanuman]] (shapeshifting and teasing sages).
* [[Hopi mythology|Hopi]] and [[Zuni mythology]]: [[Kokopelli]]
* [[Igbo mythology]]: [[Mbeku]]
* [[Indonesia]]n folklore: [[Kantjil]], or [[kancil]] in modern orthography
* [[Inuit mythology]]: [[Amaguq]]
* [[Ireland|Irish]] folklore: [[Leprechauns]], [[Briccriu]]
* [[Islamic mythology]]: [[Iblis]], [[Khidr]], [[Nasreddin]]
* [[Italian folklore]]: [[Giufà]] (Sicily), [[Pulcinella]] (Naples)
* [[Japanese mythology]]: [[Kitsune]], [[Susanoo]], [[Kappa (mythical creature)|Kappa]], [[Bake-danuki]], [[Hare of Inaba]]
* [[Jewish folklore]]: [[Hershele Ostropoler]] (Ashkenazi), [[Joha]] (Sephardic)
* Kazakh folklore: [[Aldar kose]]
* [[Kiowa]] folklore: [[Saynday]]
* [[Korean folklore]]: [[Kumiho]], [[Dokkaebi]], [[Korean creation narratives|Seokga]]
* [[Lakota mythology]]: [[Iktomi]], [[Heyoka]]
* [[Latin American folklore|Latin American]] and [[Spanish folklore]]: [[Pedro Urdemales]] (Pedro Malasartes in Portuguese)
* [[Levantine mythology]]: [[Yaw (god)|Yaw]]
* [[Māori mythology]]: [[Māui (Māori mythology)|Māui]]
* [[Mayan mythology]]: [[Maya Hero Twins]], [[Cizin|Kisin]]
* [[Micronesian mythology]]: [[Olifat]]
* [[Miwok mythology]]: [[Coyote (mythology)|Coyote]]
* [[Nigerian]] mythology: [[Agadzagadza]]
* [[Norse mythology]]: [[Loki]]
* [[Norwegian people|Norwegian mythology]]: [[Askeladden|Espen Askeladd]]
* [[Nart sagas|Northwest Caucasian mythology]]: [[Nart sagas|Sosruko]]
* [[Ohlone mythology]]: [[Coyote (mythology)|Coyote]]
* [[Ojibwe|Ojibwe mythology]]: [[Nanabozho]]
* [[Philippine mythology]]: [[Nuno sa Punso]], [[Tikbalang]], [[Philippine mouse-deer#In culture|Pilandok]]
* [[Polynesian mythology]]: [[Maui (mythology)|Maui]]
* [[Pomo mythology]]: [[Coyote (mythology)|Coyote]]
* [[Pueblos]] dancing: [[Koshare]]s
* [[Romanian mythology]]: [[Păcală]]
* [[Russian folklore]]: [[Ivan the Fool]]
* [[San religion|San Folklore]]: [[ǀKaggen]]
* [[Slavic mythology]]: [[Veles (god)|Veles]]
* [[Spanish mythology]]: [[Don Juan]], [[The Trickster of Seville]]
* [[Sumerian religion]]: [[Enki]]
* [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan folklore]]: [[Akhu Tönpa]],
* [[Thai folklore]]: [[Sri Thanonchai]]
* [[Tumbuka mythology]]: [[Hare#Folklore and mythology|Kalulu]]
* [[Ukrainian folklore]]: Lys Mykyta, [[Oleksa Dovbush]], [[Kuma Lisa|Lysychka-sestrychka]], [[Cossack Mamay]]
* [[Ute mythology]]: [[Cin-an-ev]]
* [[Vietnamese mythology|Vietnamese folklore]]: [[Trạng Quỳnh]], [[Xã Xệ and Lý Toét|Bang Bạnh – Xã Xệ – Lý Toét]], [[Thằng Bờm]], [[:vi:Thằng Cuội|Cuội]], [[:vi:Bác Ba Phi|Bác Ba Phi]]
* [[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]]: [[Papa Legba]], [[Ti Malice]], [[Baron Samedi]]
* [[Welsh mythology]]: [[Gwydion]], [[Taliesin]], [[Morgan Le Fay]], [[Twm Siôn Cati]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2011/06/twm_sion_cati_the_welsh_robin_hood.html |title=Twm Sion Cati – the Welsh Robin Hood |last=Carradice |first=Phil|author-link=Phil Carradice|date=16 June 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[West Africa]]n mythology: [[Anansi]], [[Cultural depictions of turtles#Africa|Tortoise]]
* [[Yoruba religion]]: [[Eshu]]
<!-- keep alphabetical -->
==Literature and popular culture==
In modern literature, the trickster survives as a character archetype, not necessarily supernatural or divine, sometimes no more than a [[stock character]].{{cf}}
Often, the trickster is distinct in a story by their acting as a sort of catalyst; their antics are the cause of other characters' discomfiture, but they are left untouched. [[Shakespeare]]'s [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]] is an example of this.
Another once-famous example was the character [[Froggy the Gremlin]] on the early USA children's television show "Andy's Gang".  A cigar-puffing puppet, Froggy induced the adult humans around him to engage in ridiculous and self-destructive hi-jinks.<ref>Smith, R. L. "[http://home.earthlink.net/~christmascamel/id5.html Remembering Andy Devine]".</ref>
For example, many European [[fairy tale]]s have a king who wants to find the best groom for his daughter by ordering several trials. No brave and valiant prince or knight manages to win them, until a poor and simple peasant comes. With the help of his wits and cleverness, instead of fighting, they evade or fool monsters, villains and dangers in unorthodox ways. Against expectations, the most unlikely candidate passes the trials and receives the reward. {{Citation needed|date=November 2024]]
More modern and obvious examples of the trickster archetype include [[Bugs Bunny]], the [[Cheshire Cat]] from Lewis Caroll's [[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]], Jerry from [[Tom and Jerry]], [[Joker (character)|Joker]] from the Batman series and [[Pippi Longstocking]].<ref>https://storygrid.com/trickster-archetype/</ref><ref>https://vocal.media/geeks/a-filmmaker-s-guide-to-trickster-archetypes</ref>
==Online and multimedia==
In online environments, there has been a link between the trickster and [[Internet trolling]]. Some have said that a trickster is a type of online community character.<ref>Campbell, J., G. Fletcher & A. Greenhill (2002). "Tribalism, Conflict and Shape-shifting Identities in Online Communities." In the ''Proceedings of the 13th Australasia Conference on Information Systems'', Melbourne Australia, 7–9 December 2002.</ref><ref>Campbell, J., G. Fletcher and A. Greenhill (2009). "[http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2235/ Conflict and Identity Shape Shifting in an Online Financial Community]", ''Information Systems Journal'' (19:5), pp. 461–478. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2575.2008.00301.x}}.</ref>
[[Anthropologist]] James Cuffe has called the Chinese internet character [[Grass Mud Horse]] (''cǎonímǎ'' 草泥马) a trickster candidate because of its duplicity in meaning.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Cuffe|first=James B.|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351727501|title=China at a Threshold: Exploring Social Change in Techno-Social Systems|date=2019-11-28|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-315-18322-0|edition=1|location=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. {{!}} Series: Contemporary liminality|pages=83 [71–86]|doi=10.4324/9781315183220|s2cid=213224963 }}</ref> Cuffe argues the Grass Mud Horse serves to highlight the creative potential of the trickster archetype in communicating experiential understanding through symbolic narrative. The Grass Mud Horse relies on the interpretative capacity of storytelling in order to skirt internet censorship while simultaneously commenting on the experience of censorship in China. In this sense Cuffe proposes the Grass Mud Horse trickster as 'a [[heuristic]] cultural function to aid the perceiver to re-evaluate their own experiential understanding against that of their communities. By framing itself against and in spite of limits the trickster offers new coordinates by which one can reassess and judges one's own experiences.'<ref name=":0" />
==See also==
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] -->
* [[Grotesque body]]
* [[Juan Bobo]] of Puerto Rico
* [[Malandro]]
* [[Miwok mythology#Coyote Silver Fox|Miwok Coyote and Silver Fox]]
* [[Native Americans in the United States]]
* [[Claude Lévi-Strauss#Structuralist approach to myth|Structuralist approach to myth]]
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{citation|last=Gates|first=Henry|title=The Blackness of Blackness: A Critique on the Sign and the Signifying Monkey|journal=Literary Theory: An Anthology|editor1 = Julie Rivkin|editor2= Michael Ryan|location=Oxford|publisher= Blackwell Publishing|year= 2004}}
*{{cite book|last=Earl| first=Riggins R. Jr. |title=Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community in the Slave Mind|location=Maryknoll, New York|publisher= Orbis Books|year= 1993}}
*{{cite book|last=Bassil-Morozow|first= Helena|title=The Trickster in Contemporary Film|publisher=Routledge|year= 2011}}
*{{cite journal|first1=Franchot|last1=Ballinger|first2=Gerald|last2=Vizenor|author-link2=Gerald Vizenor|jstor=1184653|title=Sacred Reversals: Trickster in Gerald Vizenor's 'Earthdivers: Tribal Narratives on Mixed Descent'|journal=American Indian Quarterly|volume=9|number=1, ''The Literary Achievements of Gerald Vizenor''|year=1985|pages=55–59|doi=10.2307/1184653}}
*{{cite journal|first=Franchot|last=Ballinger|jstor=467321|title=Ambigere: The Euro-American Picaro and the Native American Trickster|journal=MELUS|volume=17|number=1, ''Native American Fiction: Myth and Criticism''|year=1991|pages=21–38|doi=10.2307/467321}}
*{{cite journal|first1=L. Bryce|last1=Boyer|first2=Ruth M.|last2=Boyer|jstor=1499465|title=The Sacred Clown of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches: Additional Data|journal=Western Folklore|volume=42|number=1|year=1983|pages=46–54|doi=10.2307/1499465}}
* Datlow, Ellen and Terri Windling. 2009. ''The Coyote Road: Trickster Tales.'' Firebird.
* [http://www.museumca.org/goldrush/fever04-ci.html ''California on the Eve – California Indians''] [[Miwok]] creation story
* Joseph Durwin ''[http://www.trinity.edu/org/tricksters/trixway/current/Vol%203/Vol3_1/Durwin.pdf Coulrophobia & The Trickster]''
*{{cite journal | last = Koepping| first = Klaus-Peter |year=1985| title = Absurdity and Hidden Truth: Cunning Intelligence and Grotesque Body Images as Manifestations of the Trickster | journal = History of Religions | volume = 24 | issue=3 | pages = 191–214 | jstor = 1062254| doi = 10.1086/462997 | s2cid = 162313598 }}
*Lori Landay ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5BpcSboBEEC Madcaps, Screwballs, and Con Women: The Female Trickster in American Culture]'' 1998 University of Pennsylvania Press
* Paul Radin ''The trickster: a study in American Indian mythology'' (1956)
*Allan J. Ryan ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EwEDxskm3ycC The Trickster Shift: Humour and irony in contemporary native art]'' 1999 Univ of Washington {{ISBN|0-7748-0704-0}}
* Trickster's Way Volume 3, Issue 1 2004 Article 3 "Trickster and the Treks of History".
*Tannen, R. S., ''The Female Trickster: PostModern and Post-Jungian Perspectives on Women in Contemporary Culture'', Routledge, 2007
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Tricksters}}
*[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-525&sug=y Joel Chandler Harris and the Uncle Remus Collection]
{{Clowns}}
{{Stock characters}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Tricksters| ]]
[[Category:Mythological archetypes]]
[[Category:Jungian archetypes]]
[[Category:Literary archetypes]]