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{{Short description|1934 Soviet bomber aircraft}}
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{{Infobox aircraft
| name = ANT-40 / SB
| image = Tupolev SB-2 2.jpg
| caption = Finnish captured SB
| type = [[Fast bomber]]
| manufacturer = [[Tupolev]]
| designer = [[Alexander Arkhangelsky (aircraft designer)|Alexander Arkhangelsky]]
| first_flight = 7 October [[1934 in aviation|1934]]
| developed_into = [[Arkhangelsky Ar-2]]
| introduction = 1936
| retired = [[1950 in aviation|1950]] ([[Spanish Air Force]])
| status =
| primary_user = [[Soviet Air Forces]]
| more_users = [[Czechoslovak Air Force]]<br>[[Chinese Nationalist Air Force]]<br>[[Luftwaffe]]
| produced = 1936–1941
| number_built = 6,656
| unit cost =
| variants =
}}
The '''Tupolev ANT-40''', also known by its service name '''Tupolev SB''' ({{langx|ru|Скоростной бомбардировщик}} – ''Skorostnoi Bombardirovschik'' – high speed bomber) and development co-name '''TsAGI-40''', was a high speed [[Piston engine|twin-engined]] three-seat [[monoplane]] [[bomber]], first flown in [[1934 in aviation|1934]]. The [[Tupolev]] design was advanced but lacked refinement, much to the dismay of crews, maintenance personnel, and [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], who pointed out that "there are no trivialities in aviation".
Numerically the most important bomber in the world in the late 1930s, the SB was the first modern [[stressed skin]] aircraft produced in quantity in the [[Soviet Union]] and probably the most formidable bomber of the mid-1930s. It was produced in the Soviet Union and was also built under license in [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]]. Many versions saw extensive action in [[Spanish Civil War|Spain]], the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Republic of China]], [[Mongolia]], [[Winter War|Finland]] and at the beginning of [[World War II]] against [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in 1941. It was also used in various duties in civil variants, as [[Trainer (aircraft)|trainers]] and in many secondary roles. Successful in the Spanish Civil War because it outpaced most [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] present (composed mostly of biplanes), the aircraft was obsolete by [[1941 in aviation|1941]] as faster fighters (such as the [[Bf-109]]) had by then been introduced.{{clarify|date=August 2016}}<!-- the word "obsolete" should be changed right? --> By June 1941, 94 percent of bombers in the Red Army air force ([[Soviet Air Force|VVS]] [[Red Army|RKKA]]) were SBs.
==Development==
[[File:Aeroflot Tupolev ANT-40 SSSR-L2440.jpg|thumb|Aeroflot Tupolev ANT-40.]]
In 1933 the Soviet Air Force ministry (UVVS) issued an outline requirement for a high-speed bomber. Work on this proposal at [[TsAGI]] began in January 1934. The SB was designed and developed in the Tupolev KB ("Design Bureau") by a team led by [[Alexander Arkhangelsky (aircraft designer)|A. A. Arkhangelski]]. Two versions were planned – with [[Wright R-1820|Wright Cyclone]] [[radial engines]] (ANT-40 RTs), and with the [[Hispano-Suiza 12Y]] liquid-cooled [[V12 engine]]s (ANT-40 IS). The skills gained in the design of the [[Tupolev ANT-21|MI-3]] and DI-8 aircraft were widely used. The first two [[prototype]]s were designed as ANT-40.1 and ANT-40.2. The Cyclone powered prototype flew first, on 7 October 1934, while the first Hispano-Suiza powered prototype (ANT-40<sub>1</sub><ref name="Gunston Russian p405">Gunston 1995, p.405.</ref><ref name="AI Jan 89 p46">''Air International'' January 1989, p. 46.</ref>), which featured a larger wing, flew on 30 December 1934, demonstrating superior performance.<ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p64">Maslov 2007, p.64.</ref>
The second Hispano-Suiza powered aircraft, the ANT-40<sub>2</sub> was considered a production prototype, and its performance was impressive. It was however plagued by teething problems, leading unhappy test personnel to cover the ANT-40<sub>2</sub> with placards listing the aircraft's defects prior to a visit by [[Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze|Sergo Ordzhonikidze]], the Commissar for Heavy Industry. On seeing these placards, Ordzhonikidze summoned Tupolev to a meeting at the [[Kremlin]] to discuss these shortfalls. When Tupolev stated that most of the defects were trivial, [[Joseph Stalin]] said:<ref name="AI Jan 89 p46-7">''Air International'' January 1989, pp. 46–47.</ref> {{quote|There are no ''trivialities'' in aviation; everything is serious and any uncorrected 'triviality' could lead to the loss of an aircraft and its crew.|sign=}}
The first production aircraft, designated SB, rolled off the production line before the end of 1935, and before ANT-40<sub>2</sub> had completed its flight test programme.<ref name="AI Jan 89 p47 9">''Air International'' January 1989, pp. 47, 49.</ref> The aircraft entered full production in [[1936 in aviation|1936]], and was produced in two plants, State Aircraft Factory No 22 at Moscow and No 125 at [[Irkutsk]] until 1941.<ref name="Duffy p80">Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.80.</ref>
Despite the fact that the assembly lines were plagued with a constant string of modifications, some 400 SBs were delivered by the end of 1936—a number of these being diverted to Spain—and 24 [[Soviet Air Forces|VVS]] squadrons were in the process of working up with the new bomber.<ref name="AI Jan 89 p51">''Air International'' January 1989, p. 51.</ref> Giving excellent performance in the Spanish Civil War, it acquired the popular name "''Katyusha''" (Catherine).<ref name="Maslov p75">Maslov 2007, p. 75.</ref>
In 1937, negotiations were concluded between the Soviet and Czechoslovak governments, for the supply of SB bombers and a licence for local production, in exchange for the right to produce the [[Škoda 75 mm Model 1936]] [[mountain gun]]. The version of the SB to be supplied to, and subsequently license-built as the '''Avia B-71''' was the SB 2M-100A but fitted with the Avia-built Hispano-Suiza 12-Ydrs engine. A single 7.92&nbsp;mm vz. 30 [[machine gun]] supplanted the twin [[ShKAS]] machine guns in the nose and similar weapons were provided for the dorsal and ventral stations.<ref name="AI Feb 89 p100-1">''Air International'' February 1989, pp. 100–101.</ref><ref name="Maslov p78">Maslov 2007, p.78.</ref>
60 aircraft were to be flown to Czechoslovakia by mid-1938. The planned licensed production program took a decidedly leisurely course, despite the increasingly dangerous political situation. By 15 March 1939, when the German ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' occupied [[Bohemia and Moravia]], not one Czech-built aircraft had been delivered.<ref name="AI Feb 89 p100-1"/><ref name="Maslov p78"/>
[[File:Tupolev SB 2M-100A 3.jpg|thumb|Tupolev SB in [[Central Air Force Museum|Monino Air Force Museum]] ]]
Development of the SB continued, meanwhile, with revisions being made to reflect the lessons of early operations in Spain. As problems were encountered in converting pilots to fly the SB, a [[Training aircraft|trainer]] version, the USB was built in September 1937, with a modified nose with an open cockpit for an instructor and dual controls.<ref name="AI Feb 89 p81">''Air International'' February 1989, p. 81.</ref><ref name="Gunston Russian p406">Gunston 1995, p.406.</ref> Problems were also encountered with the armament, the nose guns having limited traverse and so being little use against head-on attacks and later aircraft were modified with a better field of fire. From 1940, the dorsal gun position was replaced by an enclosed turret, while the ventral gun position, which was difficult to use, was also modified.<ref name="AI Feb 89 p80-1">''Air International'' February 1989, pp. 80–81.</ref><ref name="Maslov p74">Maslov 2007, p.74.</ref>
The aircraft was also progressively fitted with improved engines. At first it was equipped with the Klimov M-100, a license-built version of the Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs engine, but this was soon replaced by the more powerful M-100A, and from 1938 by the yet more powerful M-103. While the engine installation of the SB 2-M103 initially retained the drag inducing frontal radiators of the M-100 powered aircraft, an improved engine installation was developed with the radiators slung under the engines.<ref name="Maslov p67-70">Maslov 2007, pp. 67–70.</ref> On 2 September 1937 M.Yu. Alexeev set an official altitude record of {{convert|12246|m|ft|abbr=on}} with load of {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in an M-103 powered SB. He had earlier set an unofficial record of {{convert|12695|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Duffy p82">Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 82.</ref>
In an attempt to further improve the performance of the SB, which by 1939 was becoming obsolete, the development of two second-generation versions were authorised, a direct replacement for the SB and a specialised dive bomber. The level bomber, known as the SN-MN or MMN, had a new wing of reduced wing area and was powered by more powerful [[Klimov M-105]] engines. Performance was little better than the standard aircraft and it was abandoned. The dive-bomber, designated SB-RK (later redesignated [[Arkhangelsky Ar-2]] after its designer, with Tupolev having been imprisoned and being in disgrace) was similar to the MMN but was fitted with dive brakes and it was ordered into production.<ref name="AI Mar 89 p148-9">''Air International'' March 1989, pp. 148–149.</ref><ref name="Maslov p71">Maslov 2007, p. 71.</ref>
Even though the SB was no longer a state of the art aircraft, production continued to increase through 1939 and 1940, as the Soviet Union tried to build up the strength of their air forces to compete with the growing threat of Nazi Germany, with almost 4,000 being built in these two years.<ref name="Maslov p79"/> The SB was phased out of production in early 1941, being replaced by the [[Petlyakov Pe-2]].<ref name="AI Mar 89 p153">''Air International'' March 1989, p. 153.</ref> A total of 5,695 were built at Factory No 22 at Moscow before it was evacuated to [[Kazan]], while Factory No 125 built a further 1,136 at Irkutsk.<ref name="Duffy p222">Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 222.</ref> Three prototypes were built at the Tupolev design bureau,<ref name="Duffy p222"/> while [[Aero Vodochody]] and [[Avia Motors|Avia]] in Czechoslovakia built 45 and 66 respectively,<ref name="AI Feb 89 p100-1"/><ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/> giving a total of 6,945 built.
==Design==
The SB was an [[Aluminium|all-metal]] [[monoplane]] powered by two Klimov M-100 12-cylinder [[Radiator (engine cooling)|water-cooled]] engines (license production version of Hispano-Suiza 12-Yrds engine) which drove fixed-pitch two-bladed [[Steel|metal]] [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]]s. The engines were provided with [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb-type]] frontal [[radiator]]s enclosed by vertical [[thermostat]]-controlled cooling [[louver|shutters]]. At an early production stage, the M-100 engine gave place to an improved M-100A engine, driving ground-adjustable three-pitch propellers, with speed being boosted to {{convert|423|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
Because of its broad, high aspect ratio wing, that gave it a good altitude performance – Soviet crews nicknamed the SB the "[[Pterodactyl]]".<ref name="Jackson p. 150">Jackson 2003 p. 150.</ref>
==Operational history==
There were a number of foreign customers for the SB. They were mostly satisfied with the aircraft's performance. There were some complaints about the high noise level, cramped crew compartments, hard undercarriage suspension and in particular about the front gunner's position, which could be reached only through a hatch under the fuselage, preventing the gunner from escaping in the event of a ditching or [[belly landing]]. Czechoslovakia signed an agreement to produce the ANT-40 as Avia B-71.
<ref name="Jackson p. 151">Jackson 2003 p. 151.</ref>
===Spanish Civil War===
While only 54 SBs had been delivered to the Soviet Air Forces by 1 July 1936,<ref name="Maslov p67">Maslov 2007, p. 67.</ref> this did not stop the new Tupolev bomber being amongst the first shipments of military equipment sent by the Soviet Union to support the Spanish Republicans when the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out on 17 July 1936. An initial batch of 31 SBs arrived in [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] aboard the Soviet Freighter ''Komsomol'' in October 1936, flying their first mission, a bombing raid by four SBs against Tablada airfield, [[Seville]] on 28 October. The SBs were used to equip ''Grupo'' 12 of the [[Spanish Republican Air Force]], which at first was mainly manned by Soviet volunteers and under Soviet control.<ref name="Martinez p45-7">Martinez 1986, pp. 45–47.</ref>
The SB could outpace the [[Fiat CR.32]] and [[Heinkel He 51]] [[biplane]] fighters of the nationalist forces, and was therefore difficult to intercept, with dives from high altitude being the only way to intercept the SB.<ref name="Maslov p76">Maslov 2007, p.76.</ref> On 29 May 1937 two SBs attacked the [[German pocket battleship Deutschland|German pocket battleship ''Deutschland'']], mistaking it for the Nationalist cruiser [[Spanish cruiser Canarias|''Canarias'']], killing 31 and injuring an additional 83 German sailors.<ref name="Martinez p49">Martinez 1986, p. 49.</ref> In June–July, a second consignment of 31 SBs were received, allowing ''Grupo'' 12 to return to full strength, and a new unit, ''Grupo'' 24, to be established.<ref name="Martinez p51">Martinez 1986, p.51.</ref> The delivery of [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]s to re-equip the German [[Condor Legion]] meant that the SB could no longer evade Nationalist fighters by sheer speed, and losses rose.<ref name="Maslov p76"/>
A third and final batch of 31 SBs arrived in June 1938,<ref name="AI Mar 151">''Air International'' March 1989, p. 151.</ref> allowing operations to continue, although losses continued to be high. By the time the Civil War ended in April 1939, 73 SBs had been lost, 40 of them to enemy action.<ref name="Maslov p76"/> Nineteen SBs were taken over by the Nationalists, and used to form a bomber squadron. Although some were re-engined with French [[Hispano-Suiza 12Y]]brs engines to aid maintenance, they were still subject to spares shortages, and in April 1943 only three were airworthy. When [[Junkers Ju 88]]s were received in December 1943, the remaining SBs were used for occasional training flights until withdrawn and scrapped in 1948.<ref name="Martinez p55"/>
===China===
[[File:Soviet Aviators in China.jpg|thumb|Soviet aviators at Hankou airfield.]]
In July 1937, the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] broke out. The Soviet Union signed the [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]] on 21 August 1937, and as part of this agreement, supplied large amounts of military equipment to the [[Republic of China|Chinese Nationalists]], as well as deploying complete air force units, nominally manned by Soviet volunteers. An initial delivery of 62 SBs was made in September–October 1937, with combat operations by Soviet forces starting in December with attacks on Japanese ships on the [[Yangtze River]]. On 23 February 1938, to celebrate [[Soviet Army Day]], Soviet SBs carried out a long range attack on Japanese airfields on Taiwan, claiming 40 Japanese aircraft destroyed on the ground.<ref name="AI Feb 89 p101">''Air International'' February 1989, p. 101.</ref><ref name="Maslov p77-8">Maslov 2007, pp. 77–78.</ref>
A further 60 SBs were delivered to China in early 1938, these being heavily used to attack Japanese forces during the [[Battle of Wuhan]]. Losses were heavy, forcing the Chinese SB units to be temporarily withdrawn from combat. The Soviet units operating the SB over China re-equipped with the [[Ilyushin DB-3]] in 1939, allowing their SBs to be transferred to Chinese units, but the Chinese made limited use of these reinforcements.<ref name="AI Mar 89 p150-1">''Air International'' March 1989, pp. 150–151.</ref>
The Soviet Union supplied a further 100 SBs in 1941, just before it signed the [[Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact]]. The SB was gradually phased out of front-line operations against the Japanese with the delivery of more modern American bombers from 1942, being partly replaced by [[Lockheed Hudson]]s and [[B-25 Mitchell]]s. Limited numbers of SBs continued in non-combat use, including operations against [[opium]] plantations, before being used against the Communists when the [[Chinese Civil War]] flared up in 1945, being finally withdrawn in 1946.<ref name="Maslov p77-8"/><ref name="AI Mar 89 p153-4">''Air International'' February 1989, pp. 153–154.</ref>
[[File:SB 38 SBAP.jpg|thumb|Tupolev SB 2M-103 of the 38th [[SBAP (Soviet Air Forces)|SBAP]], Summer 1939]]
===Mongolia===
As well as the aircraft operated by volunteers against the Japanese over China, SBs were used in combat against the Japanese during the [[Battle of Lake Khasan|Fighting near Lake Khasan]] on the eastern sector of the [[China–Russia border]] in July–August 1938, one SB being lost.<ref name="Maslov p76-7">Maslov 2007, pp. 76–77.</ref> Fighting between Soviet and Japanese forces broke out again at [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|Khalkhin Gol]] in Eastern Mongolia in May 1939. While SBs were not involved in the May air battles, where the Soviet forces received heavy losses, two Regiments of SBs were deployed to Mongolia in June, flying their first missions on 26 June.<ref name="Wald p2-3">Walg 1997, pp. 2–3.</ref> SBs were used heavily against Japanese forces when they attacked in early July. The Soviet SB regiments consisted of a mixture of early and later SBs, whose differing speeds caused problems in maintaining formation, while Japanese [[Nakajima Ki-27]] fighters proved adept in exploiting the poor defensive armament of the SB, with the radio operator operating both the dorsal and ventral guns.<ref name="Maslov p76-7"/> To minimise losses to Japanese fighters, the Soviets changed tactics, flying SB missions at over 6,100&nbsp;m (20,000&nbsp;ft) where it was difficult for the Japanese to intercept.<ref name="Wald p4-5">Walg 1997, pp. 4–5.</ref> SBs continued to be used against the Japanese as the Soviets and Mongolian forces commanded by [[Georgy Zhukov]] carried out a successful offensive until a cease-fire was signed in September 1939.
===Winter War===
[[File:Svenska frivilligflottiljen i finland SB2 (cropped).jpg|alt=Swedish volunteers in the Winter War inspect a downed Tupolev SB.|thumb|Swedish volunteers in the Winter War inspect a downed Tupolev SB.]]
On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union attacked [[Finland]] in the conflict that became known as the [[Winter War]], with the forces deployed against Finland including several hundred SBs. Losses were heavy, with bomber formations often un-escorted, and forced to operate at low level, where they were vulnerable to Finnish [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] fire and fighters. While in 1936 in Spain, the SB could outpace enemy fighters, by now it was vulnerable and poorly armed. SBs were fitted with skis for operation from snow covered airfields, slowing the aircraft and making them more vulnerable, while the need to wear heavy winter clothing made the gunner's job even harder.<ref name="AI Mar 89 p153"/><ref name="Maslov p78-9">Maslov 2007, pp. 78–79.</ref> By the end of the 15-week war, at least 100 SBs had been lost,<ref name="Maslov p79">Maslov 2007, p. 79.</ref> with the Finns claiming nearly 200 shot down, 92 of them to Finnish fighters.<ref name="AI Mar 89 p153"/><ref name="Stenman p10">Stenman 1982, p. 10.</ref>
===Eastern Front===
[[File:Zestrzelenie radzieckiego bombowca nad Berezyną (2-713).jpg|thumb|SB shot down near the Berezina river, July 1941]]
When [[Operation Barbarossa|Germany invaded the Soviet Union]] in June 1941, re-equipment with more modern aircraft such as the [[Petlyakov Pe-2|Pe-2]] had begun. Still, 94% of the Soviet operational bomber force was equipped with SBs,<ref name="Duffy p81">Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 81.</ref> with 1,500–2,000 SBs deployed along the Western border districts of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Maslov p80">Maslov 2007, p. 80.</ref><ref name="AI Mar p154">''Air International'' March 1989, p. 154.</ref> The ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' started Operation '' Barbarossa'' with co-ordinated strikes against 66 major Soviet airfields,<ref name="Maslov p80"/> destroying a large proportion of Soviet air strength on the ground or air on the first day of the invasion. The SBs that survived the carnage of the first day continued to be poorly used, many being frittered away in unescorted low-level attacks against German tanks, where the SB's relatively large size and lack of armour made it highly vulnerable to German light ''Flak'', while German fighters continued to take a heavy toll. Within a few days, losses forced most of the remaining SBs to switch to night attacks.<ref name="AI Mar p154"/>
SBs continued to be used, in the defense of [[Siege of Leningrad|Leningrad]] and [[Battle of Moscow|Moscow]], mainly at night by attacking German artillery. By December 1941 almost all of the SBs had either been replaced or lost,<ref name="Maslov p80"/> although it remained in large-scale use until March 1942 in the North against Finland.<ref name="AI Mar p154"/><ref name="Stenman p17">Stenman 1985, p. 17.</ref> SBs continued in use for non-combat roles such as supply dropping, glider towing and training, and continued in use in the Far East until 1945.<ref name="Maslov p80"/>
===Finnish use===
[[File:Tupolev SB (Finnish).jpg|thumb|Tupolev SBs of the [[Finnish Air Force]] lined up.]]
Many Soviet SBs crashed or force-landed on Finnish soil during the Winter War, with the Finns salvaging as many aircraft as possible, with those in the best condition being sent to ''[[Valtion lentokonetehdas]]'' for possible repair for use by the Finnish air force. By the time of the [[Continuation War]] against the Soviet Union, five SBs had been repaired (with a further three added later), being used to equip [[No. 6 Squadron (Finland)|''Lentolaivue'' 6]], flying maritime patrol and attack missions.<ref name="Maslov p79"/><ref name="Stenman p10"/> These aircraft were supplemented by a further 16 SBs purchased from Germany, which had captured them during the initial weeks of the invasion of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Stenman p12-3">Stenman 1985, pp. 12–13.</ref> These SBs employed the first air-dropped [[depth charges]] used in combat. Finland lost seven SBs to accidents during the Continuation War, with none being lost in combat, with Finnish SBs claiming three Soviet submarines and a 4,000 ton merchant ship sunk.<ref name="Stenman p10, 20">Stenman 1985, pp. 10, 20.</ref>
== Variants ==
* '''[[Tupolev ANT-35|ANT-35]]''' – Airliner version. Also designated '''PS-35'''.
* '''ANT-38''' – Unbuilt 1934 proposal for high speed bomber – possibly related to ANT-41.<ref name="Gunston Russian p404">Gunston 1995, p. 404.</ref>
* '''ANT-40 RTs''' (''Rayt Tsiklon'') or '''SB''': first prototype with 545&nbsp;kW (730&nbsp;hp) Wright-Cyclone engines and with 19.0&nbsp;m (62&nbsp;ft 4&nbsp;in) wingspan. It was completed in September 1934, making its first flight on 7 October 1934.<ref name="Gunston Russian p405"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p64"/> It was damaged in a forced landing and rebuilt with 670&nbsp;kW (900&nbsp;hp) [[Tumansky M-87]] engines, and a second set of test flights were made from 5 February to 31 July 1935.<ref name="AI Jan 89 p45">''Air International'' January 1989, p. 45.</ref> Development not continued as ANT-40 IS was superior.<ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p64"/> Used as experimental (ski gears, etc.) model.
* '''ANT-40 IS''' (''Hispano-Suiza''): Prototypes powered by 560&nbsp;kW (750&nbsp;hp) [[Hispano-Suiza 12Y]] engines, and with longer span (20.3&nbsp;m (66&nbsp;ft {{frac|7|1|4}}&nbsp;in) wings. Two built, with the first ANT-40<sub>1</sub> flying on 30 December 1934, reaching {{convert|378|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} during initial tests and 402&nbsp;km/h (250&nbsp;mph) during later flights.<ref name="Gunston Russian p405"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p64,6">Maslov 2007, pp. 64, 66.</ref> Second example, ANT-40<sub>2</sub>, with modified wings and tail emerged in September 1935 and served as a production prototype.<ref name="AI Jan 89 p46"/>
* '''[[Tupolev ANT-41|ANT-41]]''' – unrelated [[Torpedo bomber]] with similar layout to SB but larger and more powerful. One built in 1936, abandoned after destroyed in crash due to severe [[Aeroelasticity#Flutter|flutter]].<ref name="Gunston Russian p407"/>
* '''ANT-46''' – two-seat heavy fighter, similar to ANT-40<sub>1</sub>, but powered by two imported 597&nbsp;kW (800&nbsp;hp) [[Gnome-Rhône 14K]] engines and armed with two 100&nbsp;mm [[recoilless rifle]]s in outer wings, four fixed machine guns in the nose, and one flexibly mounted machine gun in the observers cockpit. One prototype, with Air Force designation '''DI-8''' first flown in August 1935, but abandoned after abandonment of [[Leonid Kurchevsky]]'s recoilless rifle projects and his subsequent arrest.<ref name="Gunston Russian p408">Gunston 1995, p. 408.</ref><ref name="Duffy p87">Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p. 87.</ref>
* '''ANT-48''' – high-speed sport aircraft project.
* '''ANT-49''' – proposed long-range reconnaissance variant with aerial cameras in the bomb bay and larger fuel tanks; project cancelled before a prototype was built.
* '''SB 2M-100''' – first production model. Wing area increased to 56.7&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> (610&nbsp;ft<sup>2</sup>). Equipped with [[Klimov M-100]] engines (the Hispano-Suiza 12Y built under licence) driving two-bladed propellers.<ref name="Gunston Russian p407">Gunston 1995, p.407.</ref><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68">Maslov 2007, p. 68.</ref>
* '''SB 2M-100A''' – new M-100A engines of 642&nbsp;kW (860&nbsp;hp), driving three-bladed propellers.<ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/> Produced from late 1936.<ref name="AI Jan 89 p51"/>  Sometimes unofficially referred to as the '''SBbis'''.
* '''SB 2M-100A ''modernizirovannyi''''' – new rear gun installation with MV-3 dorsal turret. Tested in May 1937. Accepted, but no production.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/>
* '''SB-bis''' – prototype powered by 716&nbsp;kW (960&nbsp;hp) [[Klimov M-103]] engines, dual controls and variable-pitch propellers. It flew in September 1937, but increased weight lead to reduced performance.<ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/>
* '''SB-bis2''' – M-103 powered prototype with polished wings. Little increase in performance. No production.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/>
* '''SB-bis3''' – third M-103 powered prototype, with new engine nacelles with radiators relocated under engines rather than the frontal radiators fitted in earlier aircraft. Tested from 1 November 1937 – 17 January 1938, with testing showing maximum speed increasing to 446&nbsp;km/h (277&nbsp;mph).<ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/> Improvements later incorporated into production aircraft.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/>
* '''SB 2M-103''' — 10th series. 1938 production version with M-103 engines fitted with original frontal radiators and strengthened structure. Fitted with emergency flight controls for navigator, provision for retractable skis, and for two 368 litre external fuel tanks.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/>
* '''SB 2M-103''' – 14th series. Late 1939 production, with M-103 engine and revised nacelles and radiators as tested in SBbis3.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/>
* '''SB 2M-103''' – 18th series. Further improved production version, with fixed radiator intakes and partially polished wings. VISh-22 three-bladed variable-pitch propellers. Fitted with MV-3 dorsal turret.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p68"/>
* '''SB 2M-104''' — Approximately 30–50<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="Maslov Aeroplane p70">Maslov 2007, p. 70.</ref> aircraft were completed with M-104 engines, but engine not in series production.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/>
* '''SB 2M-106''' — A few aircraft completed with M-106 engines, but engine not in production.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/>
* '''USB''' – dual control trainer, with the instructor sitting in an open cockpit in the nose replacing the navigator. Over 120 built, powered by the M-100A or M-103.<ref name="AI Feb 89 p81"/><ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/>
* '''SB-MN''' (''Men'she nesushchye'' – reduced area) or '''MMN''' (''Modifikatsiya men'she nesushchye'') — second generation level bomber powered by 783&nbsp;kW (1,050&nbsp;hp) M-105 engines and with new wings with NACA 22 high lift [[airfoil]]s, reduced wing area and span (18.0&nbsp;m (59&nbsp;ft {{frac|0|3|4}}&nbsp;in). One built.<ref name="AI Mar 89 p148-9"/><ref name="Gunston Russian p39-0">Gunston 1995, pp. 39–40.</ref>
* '''SB-RK''' (''Razreznoye krilo'' – slotted wing) – [[Dive bomber]] developed in parallel with SB-MN. Same wings as SB-MN, but with large slotted flaps usable as dive brakes. The cooling radiators were buried within the wings, with an air intake on the leading and the exhaust on the wing's upper surface. Equipped with three [[ShKAS machine gun]]s, and it could carry six {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs or two {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs internally or {{convert|1500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bombs externally. Ordered into production as '''[[Arkhangelskii Ar-2]]'''. 200 built before it was superseded by the [[Petlyakov Pe-2|Pe-2]] and [[Tupolev Tu-2|Tu-2]].<ref name="AI Mar 89 p148-9"/><ref name="Gunston Russian p39-0"/>
* '''SBB-1''' — Archangelskii's last iteration of the SB, based on SB-MN and -RK, with even smaller wings (16.0&nbsp;m (52&nbsp;ft {{frac|5|7|8}}&nbsp;in) span) [[twin tail]] and other changes. Alternative designation '''B'''. One prototype flown 1940 but no production.<ref name="Gunston Russian p39-0"/>
* '''Avia B-71''' – SB 2M-100A licence built in Czechoslovakia.<ref name="Maslov p78"/>
* '''PS-40''' – cargo version for [[Aeroflot]], powered by M-100A engines and with all military equipment removed. Capable of carrying cargo or six passengers. 100 supplied during 1938.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="AI Mar 89 p150">''Air International'' March 1989, p.150.</ref>
* '''PS-41''' – Conversion of SB 2M-103 as freighter for Aeroflot. '''PS-41bis''' fitted with underwing fuel tanks.<ref name="Gunston Russian p406"/><ref name="AI Mar 89 p150"/>
* '''Pterodactyl''' – SB 2M-103 fitted with fixed [[tricycle landing gear]]. One converted 1940.<ref name="Maslov p71"/>
==Operators==
;{{flag|Bulgaria}}
* [[Bulgarian Air Force]] operated 32 Avia B-71 aircraft redesignated Avia-Katiusza Ě-8.
;{{CHN-ROC}}
* [[Chinese Nationalist Air Force]] received 62 SB 2M-100 bombers in the autumn 1937. The Soviet Union delivered 3 more SB 2M-100 and SB 2M-105 bombers from August 1938 – June 1941.
;[[File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|23px|link=Reorganized National Government of China]] [[Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China|China-Nanjing]]
* The [[Collaborationist Chinese Army#Air force|Reorganized Republic of China Air Force]] had two Tupolev bombers that had been flown by defected Nationalist pilots.
;{{CZS}}
* [[Czechoslovak Air Force]] received 60 Russian-built SB with Hispano Suiza 12Ybrs engines in April and May 1938. Another 101 bombers and 60 reconnaissance aircraft were ordered to be built under license as the Avia B-71 but only 101 were built.
;{{FIN}}
* [[Finnish Air Force]] operated 24 SB bombers. The first eight aircraft (seven powered by M-103 engines, one by M-100 engines) were captured during the [[Winter War]], another 16 aircraft were converted from German-captured material from 5 November 1941 – 27 August 1942. All aircraft were refitted with M-103 engines and were used as anti-submarine aircraft in the LeLv 6 squadron. Two aircraft were rebuilt and were used as trainers. The Finnish Air Force withdrew all SB aircraft in 1945, and all were scrapped in 1950.<ref name="Maslov p79"/>
;{{flag|Germany|Nazi}}
* ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' operated captured aircraft, including Czech-built Avia B-71 and Soviet SB.
;{{POL}}
* [[Polish Air Force]] operated few USB 2M-103 aircraft for training after World War II.
;{{flag|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|1939|name=Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945)}}
* [[Slovenské vzdušné zbrane|Slovak Air Force]] operated one Avia B-71 aircraft until April 18, 1943, when čtk Anton Vanko and four other airmen defected with it to Turkey.<ref name="AI Feb 89 p101"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cs-letci.com/ww2/svz/letadla/b71.htm|title=AVIA B 71|website=cs-letci.com}}</ref>
;{{USSR}}
* [[Soviet Air Force]]
* [[Aeroflot]] received an unknown number of retired military SB 2M-100 aircraft in 1938 and after rebuild, used them under the designation PS-40. Another batch of retired SBbis 3 bombers was rebuilt in 1940 and used under the designation PS-41.
;{{flag|Spanish Republic}}
* [[Republican Spanish Air Force]] received its first 31 SB 2M-100A bombers on 14 October 1936. The second batch of 31 aircraft was delivered in June–July 1937 and a final batch of 31 following in 1938. The Soviet Union delivered a total of 93 SBs to Spain.<ref name="Martinez p55">Martinez 1987, p.55.</ref>
;{{flag|Spanish State}}
* [[Nationalist Spanish Air Force]] captured 19 SB 2M-100A bombers. All were overhauled and Soviet M-100 engines were replaced with French Hispano Suiza 12Ybrs. These aircraft were used operationally and later for training duties, and were retired in 1950. Spanish pilots called captured SB bombers ''Katiuska''.
==Aircraft on display==
After Stalin's post-war cleanup in the 1950s, many ANT-40s that survived the Second World War were scrapped. In the late 1970s, however, ''Vozdushni Transport'' (A Soviet aviation newspaper) sent an expedition led by Evgeny Konoplev to survey an ANT-40 that was forced to land during a snow storm near the Yuzhne Muiski mountain range in the Baikal region. Konoplev considered what they found encouraging, with the aircraft being in fairly decent condition, in turn leading a team of VVS pilots to recover the airplane. It was returned to Moscow and restored by a group of volunteer Tupolev employees. The restored aircraft was unveiled in April 1982 at the [[Central Air Force Museum]] at [[Monino Airfield]]. Another ANT-40 is displayed in Verhnyaya Pyshma.<ref name="Duffy p83-4">Duffy and Kandalov 1996, pp. 83–84.</ref>
A reproduction of an SB is under construction by the La Senia Airfield Association in [[La Sénia|La Sénia, Catalonia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia donated parts of Soviet SB-2 bomber to Spanish museum |url=http://ria.ru/20190626/1555946231.html |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=RIA Novosti |date=3 March 2020 |language=Russian}}</ref>
==Specifications (SB 2M-103)==
[[File:Tupolev ANT-40 3-view line drawing.svg|thumb|Tupoljev ANT-40 3-view drawing]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=SB:The Radical Tupolev<ref name="AI Feb 89 p78">''Air International'' February 1989, p. 78.</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|crew=3
|length m=12.57
|length note=
|span m=20.33
|span note=
|height m=3.6
|height note=
|wing area sqm=56.7
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=<br>'''root:''' [[TsAGI]]-6 mod. (16%);<br>'''tip:''' TsAGI-6 mod (12.5%)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg=4768
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=6308
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=7880
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Klimov M-103]]
|eng1 type=V-12 liquid-cooled piston engines
|eng1 kw=716
|eng1 note=
|prop blade number=3
|prop name=variable-pitch propellers
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=450
|max speed note=at {{cvt|4100|m}}
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=2300
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=9300
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=<br>
** {{cvt|1000|m}} in 1 minute 48 seconds
** {{cvt|9000|m}} in 32 minutes
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|more performance=
<!--
Armament
-->
|guns= 4 × [[7.62 mm caliber|7.62 mm]] [[ShKAS machine gun]]s (two in nose, one in dorsal and one in ventral position)
|bombs= 6 × 100 kg (220 lb) ''or'' six 50 kg (110 lb) bombs in bomb-bay, 2 × 250 kg (550 lb) bombs on wing racks
|avionics=
}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent|
|related=
* [[Tupolev ANT-41]]
* [[Arkhangelsky Ar-2]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Bristol Blenheim]]
* [[Kawasaki Ki-48]]
* [[Martin Maryland]]
* [[Mitsubishi G3M]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force]]
|see also=
}}
==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
{{commons category|Tupolev ANT-40}}
{{refbegin}}
* Beevor, Antony. ''Stalingrad''. London:Penguin Books, 1999. {{ISBN|0-14-024985-0}}.
* Duffy, Paul and Andrei Kandalov. ''Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft''. Shrewsbury, UK:Airlife, 1996. {{ISBN|1-85310-728-X}}.
* [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995''. London:Osprey, 1995. {{ISBN|1-85532-405-9}}.
* Kulikov, Victor and Michulec, Robert.''Tupolew SB, Monografie Lotnicze 83''. Gdańsk, AJ-Press, 2002. {{ISBN|83-7237-113-X}} (Polish publication).
* Jackson, Robert. ''Aircraft of world war II – Development – Weaponry – Specifications''. London, Amber Books, 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-85605-751-6}}.
* {{cite book |last = Lawrence |first = Joseph |title = The Observer's Book Of Airplanes |location = London and New York |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co |year = 1945}}
* Martinez, Luis Garcia. "Los Katiuskas". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', Thirty-two, December 1986 – April 1987. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press, 1987. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}. pp.&nbsp;45–55.
* Maslov, Mikhail. "Database: The Tupolev SB Bombers". ''Aeroplane'', January 2007, Vol 35 no. 1. pp.&nbsp;62–87.
* MPM (Modely Plastikvym Modelarum) manual to SB 2M-100 model kit
* "SB: The Radical Tupolev". ''[[Air International]]'', January 1989. Vol 36 No 1. pp.&nbsp;44–51. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
* "SB: The Radical Tupolev Part Two". ''Air International'', February 1989. Vol 36 No 2. pp.&nbsp;77–89, 100–102. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
* "SB: The Radical Tupolev Part Three". ''Air International'', March 1989. Vol 36 No 3. pp.&nbsp;148–155. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
* Stenman, Kari. "The Anti-Soviet Tupolevs: Finland's Russian Bombers". ''Air Enthusiast'', Twenty-seven, March–June 1985. pp.&nbsp;9–20. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}.
* Walg, A.J. "Wings Over the Steppes: Aerial Warfare in Mongolia 1930–45: Part Two". ''Air Enthusiast'', No 67, January/February 1997. pp.&nbsp;2–5. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015707/http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/#ANT-40
{{refend}}
{{Tupolev aircraft}}
{{Soviet bomber-attack designations}}
{{Soviet fighter designations}}
{{Soviet transport designations}}
{{Spanish bombers}}
{{Avia aircraft}}
{{WWIIUSSRAF}}
[[Category:Tupolev aircraft|SB]]
[[Category:1930s Soviet bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II Soviet medium bombers]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1934]]
[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft of Finland]]
[[Category:World War II Chinese aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]]