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{{Short description|Person who shifts allegiance}}
{{for multi|the 2009 urban fantasy novel|Turn Coat|the Legends of Tomorrow episode|Turncoat (Legends of Tomorrow)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
A '''Turncoat,''' also known as a '''Turncloak,''' is a person who shifts [[allegiance]] from one loyalty or ideal to another, betraying or deserting an original cause by switching to the opposing side or party. In political and social history, this is distinct from being a [[traitor]], as the switch mostly takes place under the following circumstances:
*In groups, often driven by one or more leaders.
*When the goal that formerly motivated and benefited the person becomes (or is perceived as having become) either no longer feasible or too costly even if success is achieved.
From a military perspective, opposing armies generally wear uniforms of contrasting colors to prevent incidents of [[friendly fire]].  Thus the term "turn-coat" indicates that an individual has changed sides and his uniform coat to one matching the color of his former enemy.  For example, in the [[English Civil War]] during the 17th century, [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s soldiers turned their coats inside out to match the colors of the Royal army (see ''Examples'' below).
==Historical context==
Even in a modern historical context "turncoat" is often synonymous with the term "[[wikt: renegade|renegade]]", a term of religious origins having its origins in the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''"renegare"'' (to deny). Historical currents of great magnitude have periodically caught masses of people, along with their leaders, in their wake. In such a dire situation, new perspectives on past actions are laid bare and the question of personal treason becomes muddled. One example would be the situation that led to the [[Act of Abjuration]] or ''Plakkaat van Verlatinghe'', signed on July 26, 1581, in the Netherlands, an instance where changing sides was given a positive meaning.
The first written use of the term meaning was by J. Foxe in ''Actes & Monuments'' in 1570: "One who changes his principles or party; a renegade; an apostate." Cited 1571*<ref>The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] "turncoat, n. and adj." cites "John Foxe · The first volume of the ecclesiastical history containing the actes and monuments of thynges passed..in this realme · Rev. ed., 1570 (2 vols.)."</ref>
"Turncoat" could also have a more literal origin. According to the [[Charter Roll|Rotuli Chartarum]] 1199–1216 two barons changed fealty from [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke]],<ref>David Crouch. 2002. William Marshal. Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219. Longman. London</ref> to [[John, King of England|King John]]. In other words, they turned their coats (of arms) from one lord to another, hence turncoat.
==Process==
A mass-shift in allegiance by a population may take place during [[military occupation]], after a nation has been defeated in [[war]] or after a major social upheaval, such as a [[revolution]]. Following the initial traumatic times, many of the citizens of the area in question quickly embrace the cause of the victors to benefit from the new system. This shift of allegiance is often done without much knowledge about the new order that is replacing the former one. In the face of fear and insecurity, the prime motive for a turncoat to draw away from former allegiances may be mere survival.
Often the leaders are the first to change loyalties, for they have had access to [[Secrecy (sociology)|privileged information]] and are more aware of the hopelessness of the situation for their former cause. This is especially apparent in [[dictatorships]] and [[authoritarian]] states when most of the population has been fed [[propaganda]] and triumphalism and has been kept in the dark about important turns of events.
==Aftermath==
As time goes by, along with the embracing of life under the new circumstances comes a need of [[Deception|burying and rewriting]] the past by [[Cover-up|concealing evidence]]. The fear of the past coming to upset the newly found stability is always present in the mind of the turncoat. The past is rewritten and [[Whitewash (censorship)|whitewashed]] to cover former deeds. When successful, this activity results in the distortion and [[Historical revisionism (negationism)|falsification]] of historical events.
Even after the death of a turncoat his family and friends may wish to keep uncomfortable secrets from the past out of the light. There is a fear of loss of prestige as well as a wish to honor the memory of a family member from the part of those who have experienced the positive side of the person.
In certain countries, individuals and organizations have actively investigated the past to bring turncoats to justice to face their responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.historia.presse.fr/data/mag/693/69306801.html Jean-Paul Cointet, ''Epuration légale: 400 000 dossiers, moins de 800 morts''; Historia (fr)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040910175241/http://www.historia.presse.fr/data/mag/693/69306801.html |date=2004-09-10 }}</ref>
== Examples ==
There were many turncoats in history, including:
*The [[English Civil War]] during the 17th century.  The siege of [[Corfe Castle]] was won by [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s soldiers when they turned their coats inside out to match the colors of the Royal army.<ref>[S03E10 Great British Railway Journeys]</ref>
*During the revolution of the British American colonies when U.S. Continental Army Major General [[Benedict Arnold]] defected to the side of the British in May 1779.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Randall |first=Willard Sterne |title=Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor |date=1990 |publisher=Morrow |isbn=978-1-55710-034-4 |edition=1st |location=New York, N.Y}}</ref>
*Canada during the [[War of 1812]]. Some Canadians felt [[republicanism]] was a better system of government than the constitutional [[British monarchy]] and fought on the side of the invading Americans.
*Germany and Austria after World War II when many former enthusiastic members of the [[Nazi Party]] embraced the newly created nations of [[West Germany]] or [[East Germany]] and sought to erase or at least minimize their former role as Nazis. During the decades that followed, many former Nazis regained prestige and held high posts in the new republics. [[Kurt Waldheim]], an Austrian Nazi, even held the highest post as [[Secretary-General of the United Nations#Secretaries-General|Secretary-General]] of the [[United Nations]] from 1972 to 1981 and as [[President of Austria]] from 1986 to 1992.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110523143546/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1934744.ece The Times] ''Kurt Waldheim, Austrian head of the UN who as president of his country was later tainted by charges of complicity in Nazi atrocities'', Timesonline</ref>
*France after the downfall of the [[Vichy France|Vichy Regime]], when many [[collaborationists]], whether home-grown [[fascists]] or Nazi sympathizers, played down their role in the former government and its institutions.
*Russia and the former [[Warsaw Pact|Communist Eastern European countries]] after the fall of the [[USSR]], where many former [[CPSU|communists]] suddenly became fervent [[supporters]] of [[capitalism]]. As a result, many former [[apparatchik]]s abandoned the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] in favor of positions in the new government structures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziblatt |first=Daniel F. |date=1998 |title=The Adaptation of Ex-Communist Parties to Post-Communist East Central Europe: a Comparative Study of the East German and Hungarian Ex-Communist Parties |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article/31/2/119/423/The-Adaptation-of-ExCommunist-Parties-to |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=119–137 |doi=10.1016/S0967-067X(98)00003-8}}</ref>
*In Spain after the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939), and again during the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] (1975 onwards).<ref>[http://voicesofthetransition.110mb.com/golpismo/golpismo1.html Declan McGeough, ''Voices of the Transition, A Political History of Spain 1975–1982'']</ref>
==See also==
*[[Abjuration]]
*[[Benedict Arnold]] a general who originally fought for the [[American Continental Army]] but defected to the [[British Army]]
*[[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II]]
*[[Cover-up]]
*[[Craig Counsell]]
*[[Defection]]
*[[Dual loyalty]] in politics
*[[Flip-flop (politics)]]
*[[Historical revisionism (negationism)]], falsification of history
*[[History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)]]
**[[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Jacques Dutronc]] whose song ''L'opportuniste'' is about being a turncoat
*[[List of former Nazi Party members]]
*[[Nazi hunter]]
*[[Pursuit of Nazi collaborators]]
*[[Quisling]]
*[[Whitewash (censorship)]]
== References ==
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[[Category:Human behavior]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Political science]]
[[Category:Defectors by type]]