View source for Tytthus

{{Short description|Genus of true bugs}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
| image = Tytthus-parviceps-USDA.jpg
| image_caption = ''Tytthus parviceps''
| taxon = Tytthus
| authority = [[Franz Xaver Fieber| Fieber]], 1864<ref name="Fieber-1864">{{Cite journal| author=Fieber, Franz Xaver| author-link=Franz Xaver Fieber| year=1864| title=Neuere Entdeckungen in europäischen Hemipteren (| journal=Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift| volume=8| issue=3| pages=65–86, pages 82 to 84| url=http://research.amnh.org/pbi/library/1910.pdf| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126041136/http://research.amnh.org/pbi/library/1910.pdf| archivedate=26 January 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
| type_species = Tytthus pubescens
| type_species_authority = (Knight, 1931)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = {{center| ''See text''}}
| synonyms =
''Breddiniessa'' <small>Kirkaldy, 1903</small><br/>
''Cylloceps'' <small>Uhler, 1893</small><br/>
''Isoproba'' <small>Osborn and Drake, 1915</small><br/>
''Periscopus'' <small>Breddin, 1896</small>
| synonyms_ref= <ref name="Carvalho-1955"/><ref name="Carvalho-1958" /><ref name="Henry-2012" />
| display_parents = 2
}}
'''''Tytthus''''' is a genus of insects in family [[Miridae]], the plant bugs.<ref name="Henry-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Henry, T. J.|year=2012|title=Revision of the plant bug genus ''Tytthus'' (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Phylinae)|journal=ZooKeys|issue=220|pages=1–114|pmc=3459032|doi=10.3897/zookeys.220.2178|pmid=23077429|doi-access=free}}</ref> They are carnivorous, feeding upon the eggs of various [[planthopper]]s in the family [[Delphacidae]], and thus are important in the [[Biological pest control|biological control of pests]]. The genus is distributed throughout the [[Holarctic]] of the Northern Hemisphere, but species are also found in the tropics, in China, South America, Australia, and the Indo-Pacific.<ref name="Henry-2012" />
==Type species==
In 1860 [[Gustav Flor]] described a bug he found in Estonia and named it ''Capsus geminus''.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Flor, Gustav|year=1860|title=Die Rhynchoten Livlands in systematischer Folge Beschrieben, Erster Theil: Rhynchota frontirostria Zett. (Hemiptera heteroptera Aut.) |publisher=C. Schulz|location=[[Dorpat]]|page=[https://archive.org/download/dierhynchotenliv11flor/page/n475_w494 464]}}</ref> When [[Franz Xaver Fieber|Fieber]] established the genus ''Tytthus'' in 1864, he named two species to the genus, Zetterstedt's ''Capus pygmaeus'' and Flor's ''Capus geminus''. ''Capus geminus'' thus became ''Tytthus geminus'', by which name it was known as for well over a hundred years.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kelton, Leonard A.|year=1980|title=The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 8, The plant bugs of the Prairie Provinces of Canada, Heteroptera: Miridae|series=(Agriculture Canada Research Branch Publication 1703)|location=Ottawa|publisher=Canadian Government Publishing Centre|page=303|isbn=978-0-660-10613-7}}</ref> In 1906 [[George Willis Kirkaldy|Kirkaldy]] named then ''Tytthus geminus'' as the [[type species]] for the genus.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kirkaldy, George W.|author-link=George Willis Kirkaldy|year=1906|title=List of the genera of pagiopodous Hemiptera-Heteroptera, with their type species, from 1758 to 1904 (and also of the aquatic and semi-aquatic Trochalopoda)|journal=Transactions of the American Entomological Society|volume=32|pages=117–156b, page 128}}</ref> But, as Henry and Wheeler discovered in 1988, the name ''Capsus geminus'' was not available in 1860, because [[Thomas Say]] had already used it 1832 for another species entirely.<ref name="Henry-1988">{{Cite book|author1=Henry, Thomas J. |author2=Wheeler, Alfred George Jr. |name-list-style=amp |year=1988|chapter=Family Miridae Hahn, 1833 (= Capsidae Burmeister, 1835). The plant bugs|pages=251–507, pages 457&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;458|editor=Henry, Thomas J. |editor2=Froeschner, Richard C.|title=Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States|location=Leiden, Netherlands|publisher=E. J. Brill|isbn=978-0-916846-44-2}}</ref> So, after researching the various previous [[Scientific name#Scientific nomenclature|nomenclaturial acts]] regarding the bug, they discovered that the next [[available name]] was one used by Harry H. Knight in 1931 to describe the same bug as if it were a new species,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knight, Harry H.|year=1931|title=Three new species of ''Cyrtorhinus'' from North America (Hemiptera, Miridae)|journal=Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society|volume=26|pages=171&ndash;173|url=http://research.amnh.org/pbi/library/2319.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126044743/http://research.amnh.org/pbi/library/2319.pdf|archivedate=26 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> but placing it in the genus ''[[Cyrtorhinus]]'' Fieber, 1858 as [[Odo Morannal Reuter|Reuter]] had made ''Tytthus'' a junior synonym of ''Cyrtorhinus''.<ref name="Reuter-1875">{{Cite journal|author=Reuter, Odo M.|year=1875|title=Genera Cimicidarum Europae disposuit|journal=Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–66, page 31 |url=http://research.amnh.org/pbi/library/2672.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326034924/http://research.amnh.org/pbi/library/2672.pdf|archivedate=26 March 2007|url-status=live|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.4014}}</ref><ref name="Wheeler-1992">{{Cite book|author1=Wheeler, Alfred George  |author2=Henry, Thomas J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1992|title=A synthesis of the Holarctic Miridae (Heteroptera) : distribution, biology, and origin, with emphasis on North America|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Entomological Society of America|pages=140&ndash;141|isbn=978-0-938522-39-3}}</ref> Knight's name, ''Cyrtorhinus pubescens'' was the oldest junior [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]].<ref name="Wheeler-1992" /> In 1992, Wheeler and Henry published a treatise reviewing the [[Miridae]] family occurring in the Holarctic, and formally corrected the nomenclaturial error in accordance with the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]],<ref name="Wheeler-1992" /> with the result that the type species was henceforth called ''Tytthus pubescens'' (Knight, 1931).<ref name="Henry-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ryan, Rob|year=2012|title=An addendum to Southwood & Leston's Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles|journal=[[British Journal of Entomology and Natural History]]|volume=25|issue=4|pages=205–216 |url=http://www.benhs.org.uk/site/sites/default/files/articles/AddendumToLandAndWaterBugsOfTheBritishIsles.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126053417/http://www.benhs.org.uk/site/sites/default/files/articles/AddendumToLandAndWaterBugsOfTheBritishIsles.pdf|archivedate=26 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Tribe==
In 1955 Carvalho and Southwood (1955) rescued ''Tytthus'' from synonymity with the look-alike genus ''[[Cyrtorhinus]]'' Fieber, 1858, and showed that ''Tytthus'' belonged in the subfamily [[Phylinae]] based upon analysis of the pretarsal structures and the male genitalia.<ref name="Carvalho-1955">{{Cite journal |author=Carvalho, José Cândido de Melo |author2=Southwood, T. R. E.|year=1955|title=Revisao do complexo ''Cyrtorhinus'' Fieber-''Mecomma'' Fieber (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae)|journal=Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia|volume=11|pages=7&ndash;72}}</ref> And as a result it was placed in the catch-all (nominal) tribe [[Phylini]] when Carvalho created it in 1958.<ref name="Carvalho-1958">{{Cite book|author=Carvalho, José Cândido de Melo|year=1958|title=Catálogo dos mirídeos do mundo, 1758-1956. Parte II. Subfamilia Phylinae|series=(Arquivos do Museu Nacional, volume 45)|location=Rio de Janeiro|publisher= Oficinas Gráficas do IBGE|page=66}}</ref> Similarities in a number of structures including the U-shaped endosoma (internal holding pouch for the tip of the [[aedeagus]]), the fine setae (bristles) of the [[parempodia]], and the relative small size of the male [[genitalia]], led Schuh in 1974 to place ''Tytthus'' in the Leucophoropterini along with the genus ''Karoocapsus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schuh, Randall Tobias|year=1974|title=Orthotylinae and Phylinae (Hemiptera: miridae) of South Africa with a phylogenetic analysis of the ant-mimetic tribes of the two subfamilies for the world|journal=Entomologica Americana|volume=47|pages=1–332}}</ref>
In 1999, however, Kerzhner and Josifov conservatively placed the Leucophoropterini as a synonym under the Phylini,<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Kerzhner I. M. |author2=Josifov M. |year=1999|chapter=Miridae|editor=Aukema, Berend |editor2=Rieger, Christian|title=Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region|volume=3, Cimicomorpha II|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Netherlands Entomological Society|pages=1&ndash;577, page&nbsp;300|isbn=978-90-71912-19-1}}</ref> following Linnavuouri, whose analysis in 1993 led him to believe that it was unnecessary to split the Phylini tribe based on the available evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Linnavuori, R. E.|year=1993|title=The Phylinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) of West, Central and north east Africa|journal=Garcia de Orta, Série Zoologia |location=Lisboa |volume=18|pages=115–296}}</ref> Evidence was soon forthcoming from Menard and Schuh in 2011, where molecular and morphological evidence provided strong support for the monophyly of Leucophoropterini, so long as ''Tytthus'', ''Karoocapsus'' and five other genera were grouped outside the tribe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Menard, Katrina L.  |author2=Schuh, Randall T.  |name-list-style=amp |year=2011|title=Revision of Leucophoropterini: Diagnoses, key to genera, description of the Australian fauna, and descriptions of new Indo-Pacific genera and species (Insect: Hemiptera: Miridae)|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=361|pages=1–159|doi=10.1206/361.1|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/2246/6142/1/B361.pdf|hdl=2246/6142 |s2cid=83502375 }}</ref> In 2013 the Semiini tribe was resurrected and redefined by Menard, Schuh and Woolley,<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Menard, Katrina L. |author2=Schuh, Randall T. |author3=Woolley, James B.  |name-list-style=amp |title=Total-evidence phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the Phylinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae), with the recognition of new tribes and subtribes and a redefinition of Phylini |journal=Cladistics |orig-year= 2013 |date=August 2014 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=391–427 |doi=10.1111/cla.12052|s2cid=84814137 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and ''Tytthus'' was placed with the Semiini.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Schuh, Randall T.  |author2=Menard, Katrina L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013|title=A revised classification of the Phylinae (Insecta, Heteroptera, Miridae): Arguments for the placement of genera |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3785 |location=New York |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |pages=37, 43 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/6451/N3785.pdf |oclc=861298407|doi=10.1206/3785.2 |hdl=2246/6451 |s2cid=85911892 }}</ref>
==Species==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Tytthus alboornatus]]'' <small>(Knight, 1931)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus amazonicus]]'' <small>Carvalho, 1983</small>
* ''[[Tytthus balli]]'' <small>(Knight, 1931)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus chinensis]]'' <small>(Stål 1860)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus columbiensis]]'' <small>Carvalho, 1984</small>
* ''[[Tytthus entrerianus]]'' <small>Carvalho and Carpintero, 1986</small>
* ''[[Tytthus femoralis]]'' <small>Henry, 2012</small>
* ''[[Tytthus fuscicornis]]'' <small>Henry, 2012</small>
* ''[[Tytthus insperatus]]'' <small>(Knight, 1925)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus juturnaiba]]'' <small>Carvalho and Wallerstein, 1978</small>
* ''[[Tytthus mexicanus]]'' <small>Henry, 2012</small>
* ''[[Tytthus montanus]]'' <small>Carvalho and Southwood, 1955</small>
* ''[[Tytthus mundulus]]'' <small>(Breddin, 1896)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus neotropicalis]]'' <small>(Carvalho, 1954)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus pallidus]]'' <small>Henry, 2012</small>
* ''[[Tytthus panamensis]]'' <small>Carvalho and Southwood, 1955</small>
* ''[[Tytthus parviceps]]'' <small>(Reuter, 1890)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus picea]]'' <small>(Osborn and Drake, 1915)</small><ref name="Henry-2012" />
* ''[[Tytthus pubescens]]'' <small>(Knight, 1931)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=''Tytthus pubescens''|publisher=Species-ID|url=http://species-id.net/wiki/Tytthus_pubescens}}</ref>
* ''[[Tytthus pygmaeus]]'' <small>(Zetterstedt, 1840)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus uniformis]]'' <small>Henry, 2012</small>
* ''[[Tytthus vagus]]'' <small>(Knight, 1923)</small>
* ''[[Tytthus wheeleri]]'' <small>Henry, 2012</small>
* ''[[Tytthus zwaluwenburgi]]'' <small>(Usinger, 1944)</small>
}}
===No longer valid===
* ''Tytthus annulicollis'' <small>(Poppius, 1915)</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus chinensis]]'' <small>(Stål 1860)</small>
* ''Tytthus elongatus'' <small>(Poppius, 1915)</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus chinensis]]'' <small>(Stål 1860)</small>
* ''Tytthus flaveolus'' <small>Reuter, 1871</small> now ''[[Fieberocapsus flaveolus]]'' <small>(Reuter, 1871)</small>
* ''Tytthus flavescens'' <small>Stichel, 1956</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus pygmaeus]]'' <small>(Zetterstedt, 1840)</small>
* ''Tytthus flavomarginatus'' <small>Stichel, 1956</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus pygmaeus]]'' <small>(Zetterstedt, 1840)</small>
* ''Tytthus flori'' <small>Stichel, 1956</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus pubescens]]'' <small>(Knight, 1931)</small>
* ''Tytthus geminus'' <small>(Flor, 1860)</small> now ''[[Tytthus pubescens]]'' <small>(Knight, 1931)</small>
* ''Tytthus hondurensis'' <small>Carvalho</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus picea]]'' <small>(Osborn and Drake, 1915)</small>
* ''Tytthus insignis'' <small>Douglas and Scott, 1866</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus pygmaeus]]'' <small>(Zetterstedt, 1840)</small>
* ''Tytthus intermedius'' <small>Stichel, 1956</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus parviceps]]'' <small>(Reuter, 1890)</small>
* ''Tytthus koreanus'' <small>Josifov and Kerzhner, 1972</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus chinensis]]'' <small>(Stål 1860)</small>
* ''Tytthus pallidior'' <small>Stichel, 1956</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus pubescens]]'' <small>(Knight, 1931)</small>
* ''Tytthus pellicia'' <small>(Uhler, 1893)</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus parviceps]]'' <small>(Reuter, 1890)</small>
* ''Tytthus pellucens'' <small>(Boheman, 1852)</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus pygmaeus]]'' <small>(Zetterstedt, 1840)</small>
* ''Tytthus riveti'' <small>(Cheesman, 1927)</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus chinensis]]'' <small>(Stål 1860)</small>
* ''Tytthus thoracicus'' <small>(Horvath, 1909)</small> junior synonym ''[[Tytthus parviceps]]'' <small>(Reuter, 1890)</small>
==Description==
Adults range from the males of ''Tytthus wheeleri'', which are just over a millimeter long, to ''T. mundulus'', which is about 3.60&nbsp;mm in length.<ref name="Henry-2012" /> Adults have shiny, broad, globose heads. The eyes have a yellow dot on the inside edge.<ref name="Henry-2012" /> In general, they have dark brown to black heads, a pronotum and scutellum, a pale translucent hemelytra, slender legs, and slender antennae.<ref name="Henry-2012" /> ''Tytthus'' resembles the genus ''[[Cyrtorhinus]]'',<ref name="Henry-2012" /> and was previously considered to be a junior synonym.<ref name="Reuter-1875" />
==Ecology==
The members of ''Tytthus'' feed on the eggs of [[Delphacidae]] and a few on the eggs of other [[planthopper]]s.<ref name="Henry-2012" /> One of the early success stories of biological pest control was Frederick Muir's importation of ''Tytthus mundulus'' from Queensland, Australia to Hawaii to eat the eggs of ''[[Perkinsiella saccharicida]]'' that fed on the sugar cane crops.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Usinger, R. L.|year=1939|title=Distribution and host relationships of ''Cyrtorhinus'' (Hemiptera, Miridae)|journal=Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society |volume=10|issue=2|pages=271–273|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/15993/PHES10_271-273.pdf?sequence=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126065312/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/15993/PHES10_271-273.pdf?sequence=1|archivedate=26 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Taxon profile: genus ''Tytthus'' Fieber, 1864|publisher=Biolib|url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id73159/}}
* {{EOL}}
* {{ITIS|id=106331|taxon=''Tytthus'' Fieber, 1864 |accessdate=26 January 2014}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10707876}}
[[Category:Hemiptera of Europe]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of North America]]
[[Category:Miridae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Franz Xaver Fieber]]