View source for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies

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The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] is involved with a wide spectrum of public works projects:  environmental protection, water supply, recreation, flood damage and reduction, beach nourishment, homeland security, military construction, and support to other Governmental agencies. Through 19 [[Flood Control Act]]s since 1917, Congress has authorized the Corps of Engineers to be involved with flood protection and damage reduction in almost every state of the union.
Corps of Engineers' projects are either authorized specifically by Congress or as part of a Congressionally authorized category of projects. Projects are authorized and built in all fifty states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usace.army.mil |title=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Home Page |publisher=Usace.army.mil |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112084612/http://www.usace.army.mil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Local citizen, special interest, and political groups can lobby Congress for authorization and appropriations for specific projects in their area. In contrast, locals have also opposed corps projects or parts of projects.<ref name=GAOReport>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d051050t.pdf |title=GAO-05-1050T Army Corps of Engineers: Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523230347/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d051050t.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Many of the Corps of Engineers' civil works projects have been characterized as being riddled with patronage (see [[pork barrel]]) or a waste of money and resources (see [[boondoggle (project)]]), such as the [[New Madrid Floodway Project]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grunwald |first=Michael |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1663903,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topics |title=Reining in the Corps of Engineers |magazine=TIME |date=20 September 2007 |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419195451/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1663903,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topics |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the New Orleans flood protection.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grunwald |first=Michael |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1646611_1646683_1648904,00.html |title=The Threatening Storm – Hurricane Katrina – Two Years Later |magazine=TIME |date=2 August 2007 |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525201356/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1646611_1646683_1648904,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Projects have allegedly been justified based on flawed or manipulated analyses during the planning phase. Some projects are said to have created profound detrimental environmental effects and/or provided questionable economic benefit such as the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet in southeast Louisiana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mrgomustgo.org/ |title=Close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet – The Hurricane Highway |publisher=Mrgomustgo.org |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606021127/http://mrgomustgo.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Faulty design and substandard construction have been cited in the failure of levees in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.<ref>{{cite news |page=707 |author=J. David Rogers, G. Paul Kemp |title=Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 |publisher=Water Policy |year=2015 |access-date=2016-02-10 |url=http://wp.iwaponline.com/content/17/4/707 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203220852/http://wp.iwaponline.com/content/17/4/707 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reforming the Corps' [[Modus operandi|way of doing business]] has been championed by U.S. Senators Russ Feingold and John McCain.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=0382f7e7-e7a3-4b21-e294-bf4a05966689 |title=FEINGOLD, McCAIN CONTINUE EFFORT TO HOLD ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS ACCOUNTABLE - Press Releases - United States Senator John McCain |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121032936/http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=0382f7e7-e7a3-4b21-e294-bf4a05966689 |url-status=live }}</ref> Holding the corps accountable has been proposed by the group Levees.org led by [[Sandy Rosenthal]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Burdeau|first=Cain|title=Group Wants 9-11-Style Panel on Levees|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=5 February 2007|access-date=22 February 2016|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501233.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120522/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501233.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
One of the difficulties of making changes, however, is the political process itself.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2007/08/broken-the-army-corps-of-engineers.html |title=Broken: The Army Corps of Engineers |publisher=Mother Jones |date=26 August 2007 |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=6 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706142342/http://www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2007/08/broken-the-army-corps-of-engineers.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[https://archive.today/20081031075451/http://feingold.senate.gov/~feingold/statements/06/07/20060719corpsreform.htm Statement of U.S. Senator Russ Feingold On Reforming the Army Corps of Engineers]</ref> Depending on the point of view of any debate on these projects, they may or may not be considered sound from an engineering standpoint (see below). Whether or not USACE planners and engineers actually do the best they can with what they are directed to do is part of the controversy.
==Levee Failures in New Orleans During Hurricane Katrina==
{{see also|2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans|Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)}}
===Description of Failures===
On 29 August 2005, [[Hurricane Katrina]] passed to the east of New Orleans, the Corps's flood protection failed catastrophically with [[levee]] breaches in over 50 places. The levee failures caused massive flooding in New Orleans with associated property loss and drownings. When Katrina arrived, the hurricane protection authorized was between 60 and 90% complete; the projected date of completion was estimated to be 2015.
===Authorization in the Flood Control Act of 1965===
The [[Flood Control Act of 1965]] (FCA 1965), enacted after [[Hurricane Betsy]] flooded large sections of New Orleans, mandated the US Army Corps of Engineers as the Federal agency responsible for levee design and construction. Among other projects and studies, FCA 1965 authorized the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity, Louisiana Hurricane Protection Project. The project was to construct a series of control structures, concrete floodwalls, and levees to provide hurricane protection to areas around Lake Pontchartrain. Although federally authorized, it was a joint federal, state, and local effort.<ref name="GAOReport"/> The state and local effort was handled by the [[Orleans Levee Board]] which provided operational control and maintenance of the levees after the corps turned completed structures over to it.
=== Investigations of the levee failures ===
In October 2005, Lt. Gen. Carl Strock, [[Chief of Engineers]] and the Commander of the Corps of Engineers, established the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET) to "provide credible and objective scientific and engineering answers to fundamental questions about the performance of the hurricane protection and flood damage reduction system in the New Orleans metropolitan area.<ref name=IPET>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Portals/70/docs/projects/29Jan07/IPET_Summary_USGS.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – Final Draft, Vol I_2Jun08_mh.doc |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121034305/http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Portals/70/docs/projects/29Jan07/IPET_Summary_USGS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> IPET membership consisted of multiple employees of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, past and present, as well as individuals from academia, other states, water experts, and other Federal agencies.
The same month, [[Washington Post]] article reported that "...local officials often resisted proposals to protect their communities from storms because they did not want to pay their share of federal projects.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grunwald|first1=Michael|last2=Glasser|first2=Susan|title=The Slow Drowning of New Orleans|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=10 February 2016|access-date=2016-02-10|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/08/AR2005100801458_pf.html|archive-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724043456/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/08/AR2005100801458_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this claim was refuted in an August 2015 report published in Water Policy, the official journal of World Water Council. The authors concluded, "... we have not uncovered any information that would suggest that the members of the OLB who served on the Engineering Committee or the OLD staff engineers behaved irresponsibly or in a manner that did not place the interests of the city residents at the forefront...."<ref>{{cite news |page=721 |author=J. David Rogers, G. Paul Kemp |title=Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 |publisher=Water Policy |year=2015 |access-date=2015-10-31 |url=http://wp.iwaponline.com/content/17/4/707 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203220852/http://wp.iwaponline.com/content/17/4/707 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2006, General Strock accepted responsibility on behalf of the Corps for the failure of the flood protection, calling it "a system in name only." Faulty design specifications and incomplete or substandard construction of levee segments contributed to the failure of the flood protection.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schwartz |first=John |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/01/us/01cnd-corps.html |title=Army Engineers admit levees were badly made |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 June 2005 |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520140031/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/01/us/01cnd-corps.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In April 2007, the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] (ASCE) began referring to the flooding as the worst engineering catastrophe in US history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/katrina/reports/ERPreport.pdf |title=The New Orleans Levees: The Worst Engineering Catastrophe in US History – What Went Wrong and Why |publisher=Eng.auburn.edu |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061810/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/katrina/reports/ERPreport.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 June 2007, the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] issued its External Peer Review (ERP) report,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/katrina/reports/ERPreport.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061810/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/katrina/reports/ERPreport.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the peer review of the Corps-sponsored IPET and also an accompanying press release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Buhrman|first=Joan|title=Move Beyond Sound-bites and "Armchair" Theories to Make the Nation Safer from Disaster, Engineers Say|publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|date=1 June 2007|access-date=2016-02-10|url=http://levees.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/ASCE_Press_Release_June.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030817/http://levees.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/ASCE_Press_Release_June.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the press release was criticized because it contained information that was not present in the report, included information that conflicted with the report, and minimized the Army Corps' involvement in the catastrophe. The press release stated, "Even without breaching, Hurricane Katrina’s rainfall and surge overtopping would have caused extensive and severe flooding—and the worst loss of life and property loss ever experienced in New Orleans". Meanwhile, the ERP report stated that had levees and pump stations not failed, "far less property loss would have occurred and nearly two-thirds of deaths could have been avoided".
On 9 July 2007, retired LtG Elvin "Vald" Heiberg III, stated in a letter to the New Orleans Times Picayune that people should blame him for the Katrina disaster. He says that, as Commander of the New Orleans District and later as the Commander of the Corps of Engineers in the mid 1980s, he gave in to local interests{{snd}} notably, ''Save Our Wetlands''{{snd}} too easily after various legal challenges.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pope|first=John|title=Lt. Gen. Elvin 'Vald' Heiberg III, who apologized after Katrina for New Orleans' deficient protection, dies at 81|publisher=The Times-Picayune|date=7 October 2013|access-date=2016-02-10|url=http://www.nola.com/military/index.ssf/2013/10/lt_gen_elvin_vald_heiberg_iii.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055405/http://www.nola.com/military/index.ssf/2013/10/lt_gen_elvin_vald_heiberg_iii.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, two law professors, Thomas McGarity and Douglas Kysar, in their article that highlighted the 'hazards of hindsight analysis,’ put the process under the microscope and concluded that the corps had decided to build what locals preferred. The corps had not been forced to do anything against its will.<ref>{{cite news | page=179 | author=Douglas A. Kysar, Tomas O. McGarityl | title=Did NEPA Drown New Orleans? The Levees, the Blame Game, and the Hazards of Hindsight | publisher=Duke Law Journal | year=2006 | access-date=2016-02-10 | url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=dlj | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084332/http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=dlj | url-status=live }}</ref>
The IPET draft findings indicate that; {{blockquote|With the exception of four foundation design failures, all of the major breaches were caused by overtopping and subsequent erosion. Reduced protective elevations increased the amount of overtopping, erosion, and subsequent flooding, particularly in eastern New Orleans. The structures that ultimately breached performed as designed, providing protection until overtopping occurred and then becoming vulnerable to catastrophic breaching. The levee-floodwall designs for the 17th Street and London Avenue Outfall Canals and IHNC were inadequate. In these cases, the structures failed catastrophically prior to water reaching design elevations. A significant number of structures that were subjected to water levels beyond their design limits performed well. Typically, in the case of floodwalls, they represented more conservative design assumptions and, for levees, use of higher quality, less erodible materials.<ref name=IPET />}}
In October 2007, Dr. Ray Seed, University of California-Berkeley civil engineering Professor and ASCE member submitted an ethics complaint to the ASCE alleging that the corps with the help of the ASCE sought to minimize the corps' mistakes in the flooding, intimidate anyone who tried to intervene and delay the final results until the public's attention had turned elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/11/WFMarcusonIII_a_.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – W F Marcuson III_a_.doc |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609203324/http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/11/WFMarcusonIII_a_.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> The corps acknowledged receiving a copy of the letter but has refused to comment until after the ASCE's Committee on Professional Conduct (CPC), led by Rich Hovey, comments on the complaint.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schleifstein|first=Mark|date=19 November 2007|title=Critic: Corps tried to thwart inquiry New Orleans Times-Picayune|publisher=The Times-Picayune|url=http://levees.org/2/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Critic-Corps-tried-to-thwart-inquiry.pdf|access-date=2020-04-30|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221041539/https://levees.org/2/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Critic-Corps-tried-to-thwart-inquiry.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
It took over a year for the ASCE to announce the results of the CPC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://levees.org/2/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Levee-group-slams-ASCE-investigation.pdf |title=Levee group slams ASCE investigation |publisher=NOLA.com |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202074935/http://levees.org/2/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Levee-group-slams-ASCE-investigation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> When the results of the internal ethics investigation were announced, the ASCE panel did not file any charges of ethical misconduct against any of its staffers. They blamed their errors in their June press release on "staff level and not by review panel members."<ref>{{cite news|last=Schleifstein |first=Mark |title=American Society of Civil Engineers finds no ethical violations in its own Katrina review |publisher=The Times-Picayune |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=2016-02-10 |url=http://content.asce.org/files/pdf/BoehlertReport.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215333/http://content.asce.org/files/pdf/BoehlertReport.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
An external task force led by retired congressman Sherwood Boehlert (R, NY) also conducted an investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boehlert|first=Sherwood|title=Report on Engineering Reviews: Recommendations to the American Society of Civil Engineers|publisher=Task Force on Engineering Reviews|date=12 September 2008|access-date=2016-02-10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/24/us/decade-after-katrina-pointing-finger-more-firmly-at-army-corps.html?_r=3|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001212201/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/24/us/decade-after-katrina-pointing-finger-more-firmly-at-army-corps.html?_r=3|url-status=live}}</ref>
Boehlert's task force was assembled at the request of ASCE in response to Dr. Seed's ethics complaint and also a video produced by Levees.org spoofing the apparent conflict of interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nola.com/national/t-p/index.ssf?/base//news-0/122128325453780.xml&coll=1 |title=New Orleans, Louisiana Local News |publisher=Nola.com |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305235837/http://www.nola.com/national/t-p/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2F%2Fnews-0%2F122128325453780.xml&coll=1 |archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref> The task force consisted of members from the [National Science Foundation], the [National Academy of Sciences], the [National Institute of Standards and Technology], and the [American Water Works Association].<ref name=Boehlert>{{Cite web |url=http://salsa.wiredforchange.com/dia/track.jsp?v=2&c=MnokuWBvi3gNd20QOoc0iViW3gAm4nN |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 September 2008 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729182900/http://salsa.wiredforchange.com/dia/track.jsp?v=2&c=MnokuWBvi3gNd20QOoc0iViW3gAm4nN |url-status=live }}</ref>
The task force's report criticized how ASCE conducts its peer reviews and recommended improvements. Most notably throughout the document was the inadequate "consideration of real or perceived conflict of interest". The task force acknowledged that the "[P]otential conflicts of interest in ASCE's engineering review process are not unique to ASCE and can be addressed through procedures utilized by many government agencies charged with providing unbiased assessments to the public" Mr. Boehlert's task force also praised ASCE by writing, "ASCE has long been respected for its investigatory skill and expertise, and its work on assessments is held in high regard by those in the engineering profession. ... The Task Force believes ASCE remains the best option for conducting post disaster engineering assessments."
The grassroots group, Levees.Org, claimed that the IPET investigation and an expert review panel (ERP) convened by ASCE lacked credibility because of the involvement and management of the Corps of Engineers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501233.html |title=Group Wants 9-11-Style Panel on Levees |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=26 May 2011 |first=Cain |last=Burdeau |date=6 February 2007 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103174704/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501233.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The group contended that the ERP validating the IPET process was an apparent conflict of interest because the Corps selected the ASCE, directly paid the ASCE over $2 million and awarded the panel members Outstanding Civilian Service Medals (OCSM) before their work was complete. Levees.org was not successful in convincing members of Congress to create an independent levee investigation commission.
===Lawsuits against the Corps in New Orleans===
In March 2007, the City of New Orleans filed a $77&nbsp;billion claim against the USACE for damages sustained from faulty levee construction and resultant flooding during Hurricane Katrina.<ref>{{cite news| last= Simmons| first= Ann| title= Katrina Compensation Claims Flood Army Corps of Engineers| publisher= San Francisco Chronicle| date= 3 March 2007| access-date= 22 February 2016| url= http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Katrina-compensation-claims-flood-Army-Corps-of-2614260.php| archive-date= 5 March 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062711/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Katrina-compensation-claims-flood-Army-Corps-of-2614260.php| url-status= live}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands of individual claims were also received in the New Orleans branch office of the USACE. In addition to the City of New Orleans, other claimants include Entergy New Orleans, the city's now-bankrupt electric utility, and New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board.<ref>{{cite news |last=Heath |first=Brad |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-08-katrina-corps_N.htm |title=Katrina Claims Stagger Corps |work=USA Today |date=9 April 2007 |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004340/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-08-katrina-corps_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
In February 2007, the [[U.S. District Court]] ruled that the [[Flood Control Act of 1928]] did not apply to cases involving navigational projects<ref>{{cite news|last=Burdeau|first=Cain|title=Rebuking Agency, Judge Dismisses Katrina Lawsuit Against Corps|publisher=Insurance Journal|date=1 February 2008|access-date=22 February 2016|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/02/01/86940.htm|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302075559/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2008/02/01/86940.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but that the Corps may be sued over alleged defects in its Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet navigation channel.
In January 2008, the District Court ruled that even though the US Army Corps of Engineers was negligent and derelict in their duty to provide flood protection for the citizens of New Orleans, he was compelled to dismiss a class action lawsuit filed against the Corps for levee breaches after Hurricane Katrina due to FCA 1928 which protects the federal government from lawsuits over flood control projects.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burdeau |first1=Cain |last2=Kunzelman |first2=Michael |title=Katrina levee lawsuit dismissed |publisher=Associated Press |date=31 January 2008 |access-date=2016-02-11 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080131/ap_on_re_us/katrina_levee_suit_20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205115833/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080131/ap_on_re_us/katrina_levee_suit_20 |archive-date=5 February 2008 }}</ref> The case was not appealed.
In November 2009, the US District Court for Eastern Louisiana held the US Army Corps of Engineers responsible for the flooding from the two east IHNC levee breaches (and dozens of others) because the federal agency failed to properly maintain the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO). As of June 2011, the federal government has appealed the ruling.
In April 2010, scholars with the Louisiana State Office of Historic Preservation approved the text for a Historic Plaque for the 17th Street Canal.  After receiving permission from city agencies and the Corps of Engineers, the flood protection group Levees.org installed the Plaque at ground zero, on New Orleans city property, in the Lakeview neighborhood.
The text of the plaque read as follows:
{{cquote|On August 29, 2005, a federal floodwall atop a levee on the 17th Street Canal, the largest and most important drainage canal for the city, gave way here causing flooding that killed hundreds.   This breach was one of 50 ruptures in the federal Flood Protection System that occurred that day.  In 2008, the US District Court placed responsibility for this floodwall's collapse squarely on the US Army Corps of Engineers; however, the agency is protected from financial liability in the Flood Control Act of 1928.}}
===Internet Online Commenting Controversy===
In December 2008, the [[Sandy Rosenthal]] leader of the group Levees.org called a New Orleans CBS affiliate television station and offered to give them an exclusive to publicize several incidences{{verify spelling|date=September 2022|reason=''incidence'' is normally used only in the singular form, perhaps ''incidence'', ''incidents'',  or ''instances'' was intended}} in which employees of the corps used taxpayer-funded computers to post derogatory blog comments deriding citizen activists' efforts. In response to the news story, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers described the event as an isolated incident.<ref>{{cite AV media | title = Corps used the internet to attack its critics | medium = Youtube Video | publisher = Levees.org | location = New Orleans | date = 18 June 2009 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZXFK8z9WXo}}</ref> Three days after the incident was publicized, the Commander of the New Orleans District of the Corps of Engineers, Colonel Alvin Lee, issued a formal apology.  "Please accept my apology for the unprofessional comments someone in my District posted to your web site", said the letter. "I have reinforced with my entire staff that this was an inappropriate and unacceptable use of our computers and time".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://levees.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/document2008-12-18-131845-2.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125024237/http://levees.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/document2008-12-18-131845-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 June 2009, US Senator [[Mary Landrieu]] ordered a Pentagon investigation into the issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=BREAKING NEWS: US Senator will urge the Pentagon to review alleged Corps campaign against critics|publisher=Levees.org|date=23 June 2009|access-date=2016-02-11|url=http://levees.org/2009/06/23/breaking-news-us-senator-will-urge-the-pentagon-to-review-alleged-corps-campaign-against-critics/|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122024826/http://levees.org/2009/06/23/breaking-news-us-senator-will-urge-the-pentagon-to-review-alleged-corps-campaign-against-critics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 29 September 2009, the Department of Defense Inspector General's Office closed its investigation. "We believe that (corps New Orleans District office) officials took appropriate actions once informed of the allegations at issue," Assistant Inspector General John Crane said in a letter to U.S. Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La. "Accordingly, further review by this agency is not warranted."  Those actions included strongly worded messages to corps employees telling them comments that demeaned corps critics were not allowed. In addition, access to the site of the Levees.org group was blocked from corps computers, preventing employees from commenting there. Lastly, the employee of a contractor—who was a former corps employee himself and was identified as using a government computer to post disparaging remarks on NOLA.com—was barred from working on corps projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/department_of_defense_inspecto.html |title=Department of Defense Inspector General closes investigation into allegations of derogatory postings to NOLA.com by Army Corps of Engineers employees {{!}} NOLA.com |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122024826/http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/09/department_of_defense_inspecto.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Public Relations Controversy===
In 2007, the New Orleans District hired a PR firm, Outreach Process Partners (OPP), allegedly to develop educational materials and set up public meetings that the Corps is required by law to hold in order to get feedback from residents about corps' projects.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/georgianne-nienaber/army-corps-of-engineers-i_b_199344.html | work=HuffPost | first=Georgianne | last=Nienaber | title=Army Corps of Engineers in New Orleans: Buying Advice or Spin? | date=7 May 2009 | access-date=30 October 2015 | archive-date=21 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121000041/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/georgianne-nienaber/army-corps-of-engineers-i_b_199344.html | url-status=live }}</ref> For this work, OPP received nearly $5 million.<ref>{{cite web |author=OMB Watch |url=http://www.fedspending.org/fpds/fpds.php?datype=T&database=fpds&fiscal_year=2007&maj_agency_cat=97&stateCode=LA&detail=-1&pop_cd=LA02&sum_expand=CA |title=Federal Contracts for Federal Fiscal Year : 2007, Place of Performance State : Louisiana, Place of Performance Cong. District : Louisiana 2 (William J. Jefferson), Major Contracting Agency : Dept. of Defense, Level of Detail : Summary |publisher=Fedspending.org |date=28 May 2009 |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722173654/http://www.fedspending.org/fpds/fpds.php?datype=T&database=fpds&fiscal_year=2007&maj_agency_cat=97&stateCode=LA&detail=-1&pop_cd=LA02&sum_expand=CA |url-status=live }}</ref> The total cost of the PR contract is $5,250,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/ebs/Solicitations%5CW912P8-07-R-0106%5CAwardResults.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – AWDNTFY_NOD1.doc |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110212248/http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/ebs/Solicitations/W912P8-07-R-0106/AwardResults.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2009}}</ref>
In May 2009, an internet blogger discovered that OPP had a bar graph on its website that boasted how it helped reduce negative news coverage that plagued the Corps following Hurricane Katrina.<ref>{{cite news|last=Malbran|first=Pia|title=Outrage Over Army Corps' $4.7M PR Contract|work=CBS News|date=16 December 2008|access-date=2016-02-11|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/outrage-over-army-corps-47m-pr-contract/|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122024827/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/outrage-over-army-corps-47m-pr-contract/|url-status=live}}</ref> The group Levees.org publicly stated that corps' should not be spending taxpayer dollars trying to repair its reputation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailycomet.com/article/20090509/ARTICLES/905099949 |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122162449/http://www.dailycomet.com/article/20090509/ARTICLES/905099949 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Water supply issues==
Army involvement in works "of a civil nature," including water resources, goes back almost to the origins of the U.S. Over the years, as the Nation's needs have changed, so have the Army's Civil Works missions. Water resources controlled by the Corps of Engineers are used for navigation, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation as well as water supply. The Corps first got involved in water supply in the 1850s, when they built the Washington DC aqueduct. Today USACE reservoirs supply water to nearly 10 million people in 115 cities. In the drier parts of the Nation, water from Corps' reservoirs is also used for agriculture.
[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]], and Florida have been wrangling over how to allocate water from the Chattahoochee watershed for years as metro Atlanta's population has doubled since 1980. In October 2007, the governor of Georgia, [[Sonny Perdue]], indicating an impending crisis with the water supply from Lake Lanier, declared a state of emergency and confirmed that the state would sue the US Army Corps of Engineers who administers the water supply for Atlanta.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/10/18/pip.atlantadrought/ | publisher=CNN | title=Drought-stricken Georgia says it will sue over water | date=19 October 2007 | access-date=26 May 2010 | archive-date=5 November 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105012502/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/10/18/pip.atlantadrought/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The Corps acknowledged that they made a mistake in 2006 when they relied on a faulty gauge to measure [[Lake Lanier#Drought 2007–2009|Lake Lanier's level]] by nearly two feet. This mistake led to an overestimation of the amount of water left in the lake and the Corps accidentally released about {{convert|22|e9USgal|m3}} of water: enough to supply metro Atlanta's needs for about a month and a half.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/stories/2007/10/10/wateruse_1011.html|title=Lake Lanier has three months of water storage left {{!}} ajc.com|access-date=20 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012104144/http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/stories/2007/10/10/wateruse_1011.html|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>
However, USACE's analysis of the situation differed from the Governor's, indicating that even without rain for nine months, water supplies would still be adequate. The corps sent a letter to Perdue assessing the situation and pointing out that they are "not going to run out [of water] any time soon,"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/20/georgia.drought/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Georgia governor, corps differ over extent of water emergency | date=20 October 2007 | access-date=26 May 2010 | archive-date=29 July 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729213628/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/20/georgia.drought/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-November 2007, the Corps made adjustments to its water retention policies to keep more water in the Chattahoochee watershed. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service expedited its study of an interim drought plan submitted two weeks ago by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and concluded that freshwater mussels and sturgeon in Florida and Alabama—kept alive by water from Georgia's Chattahoochee watershed under federal law—will not be jeopardized under the plan.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/11/16/southern.drought/index.html#cnnSTCOther1 | publisher=CNN | title=Feds OK drought deal letting Georgia keep more water | date=16 November 2007 | access-date=26 May 2010 | archive-date=24 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724004131/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/11/16/southern.drought/index.html#cnnSTCOther1 | url-status=live }}</ref> The governors of the three states indicated that they would continue to meet and negotiate.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/11/16/southern.drought/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Feds OK drought deal letting Georgia keep more water | date=16 November 2007 | access-date=26 May 2010 | archive-date=24 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724004131/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/11/16/southern.drought/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
Other states<ref>[http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/Army_corps_of_engineers.htm Army Corps of Engineers – Hetch Hetchy Debate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123230753/http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/Army_corps_of_engineers.htm |date=23 January 2008 }}</ref>
and tribal nations<ref>[http://www.newsobserver.com/weather/drought/story/763474.html newsobserver.com | Lake Benson likely to pump up water supply] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> have also been involved with or had concerns about how the Corps manages water supply,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnisose.org/reports/Testimony%20to%20Senate%201.doc |title=Archived copy |website=www.mnisose.org |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111060432/http://www.mnisose.org/reports/Testimony%20to%20Senate%201.doc |archive-date=11 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sspa.com/Publications/Hathaway%20Flanigan%202002.pdf |access-date=2023-06-01 |title=Legal And Physical Constraints On The Conjunctive Use Water Supply Of The Middle Rio Grande Region |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111142723/http://www.sspa.com/publications/Hathaway%20Flanigan%202002.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2006 |lang=en |author1=Deborah L. Hathaway |author2=Kevin G. Flanigan |author3=Karen J. Lewis}}</ref> to the extent that Congress<ref>"http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/12feb20041500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2004/julqtr/pdf/33cfr385.36.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}"</ref> or the courts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.argentco.com/htm/f20030701.939641.htm |title=Eighth Circuit Holds Army Corps of Engineers Authorized to Release Water in Accordance with Flood Control Act and Master Manual, Flood Control Act, Drought, Missouri River, Missouri River Basin, Lake Sakajawea, Lake Oahe, Army Corps of Engineers, 8th Circuit Court of Appeals |publisher=Argentco.com |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707160812/http://www.argentco.com/htm/f20030701.939641.htm |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.argentco.com/htm/f20060106.636299.htm |title=Eleventh Circuit Refuses to Enjoin U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from Taking Steps to Finalize Lake Lanier Water Supply Contracts, Buford Dam, Buford Dam, Chattahoochie River, Lake Lanier, Army Corps of Engineers, 11th Circuit Court of Appeals |publisher=Argentco.com |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707160927/http://www.argentco.com/htm/f20060106.636299.htm |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> have often gotten involved in trying to mediate disputes.
==Wetlands jurisdiction==
One of the major responsibilities of the Corps of Engineers is administering the wetlands permitting program under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.  (also known as "The [[Clean Water Act]]"). This Act authorized the Secretary of the Army to issue permits for the discharge of dredged and fill material.
Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (codified in Chapter 33, Section 403 of the [[United States Code]]) gave the Corps authority over [[Navigability|navigable]] waters of the United States. As navigable waters are defined as "navigable waters of the United States are those waters that are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide and/or are presently being used, or have been used in the past, or may be susceptible for use to transport interstate or foreign commerce", the Corps has broad authority to enforce this, including licensing of bridges over navigable waters, and the maintenance of pierhead and [[bulkhead line]]s.
There is some disagreement over the extent of the Corps' reach into the wetlands, whether USACE or the [[US Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) should have jurisdiction, and how the wetlands should be regulated.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Often, it is difficult to describe the problem or make jurisdictional determinations. Many times, people are frustrated because the process isn't transparent or easy. In some cases, it appears that Corps (and EPA) regulators are searching for excuses to justify decisions in allegedly difficult circumstances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.sws.org/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/2756008642/m/8561001604 |title=Corps of Engineers Regulatory Horror Stories? – Topic Powered by eve community |publisher=Forum.sws.org |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075750/http://forum.sws.org/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/2756008642/m/8561001604 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] has addressed environmental regulation by the Corps of Engineers three times in the last two decades. In 1985, the Supreme Court ruled 9–0 that the Clean Water Act extended to wetlands adjacent to open waters. They left open the question about wetlands not adjacent to Federal waters (United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc., 474 U.S. 121 (1985)) (see [[Regulatory takings#Bayview Homes|Bayview Homes]] in [[Regulatory takings]]). In 2001, the Court further decided 5–4 that the CWA does not cover areas that had filled with water (Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook Cty. v. Army Corps of Engineers, 531 U.S. 159 (2001)). The Corps of Engineers had claimed authority over the site by saying that migratory birds used the pond as habitat but were overruled by the Supreme Court because they were claiming powers not granted by Congress by attempting to extend its jurisdiction to ponds with no connection to navigable waters.
The Court's most recent ruling was in June 2006 in ''[[Rapanos v. United States]]''. At issue was the way the Federal government regulates the nation's wetlands under the Clean Water Act. The law has been contentious with property owners because it requires a permit for filling and dredging wetlands that empty into navigable waters and their tributaries. Developers have long challenged the Corps' right to regulate wetlands that are not free-flowing into navigable waters. Narrowly avoiding gutting of the Clean Water Act, the Supreme Court voted 5–4 to send the case back to the lower courts for a ruling.
[[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts]] wrote, "It is unfortunate that no opinion commands a majority of the court on precisely how to read Congress' limits on the reach of the Clean Water Act. Lower courts and regulated entities will now have to feel their way on a case-by-case basis."
Wetlands jurisdiction by the Corps of Engineers will, for the foreseeable future, remain contentious.
== Beach renourishment ==
{{main|Beach nourishment}}
The beach nourishment work by the Corps of Engineers is another area of controversy since the temporary replenishment of beach sand is extremely expensive and profitable. The reasons for [[beach nourishment]] are often misunderstood. USACE beach nourishment projects are authorized under Section 111 of the 1968 Rivers and Harbors Act (P.L. 90-483 as amended by Sec 940, WRDA '86(P.L. 99-662)) as mitigation for the damage caused by Federal navigation projects interrupting the littoral flow of beach material along shorelines. These laws require that authorized project be cost-shared; and the Federal share of costs for any one project may not exceed $2&nbsp;million. Many people believe that it is only done for the benefit of well-heeled adjacent land-owners rather than for erosive or littoral purposes. One lobbying firm, Marlowe & Company, charges 40 clients $40,000 each just to lobby for continued support for this controversial effort to save beaches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4217981.html?page=2 |title=Beach Nourishment Problems – Taxpayer Dollars – Harmed Wildlife – Army Corps of Engineers |publisher=Popular Mechanics |date=1 October 2009 |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224043238/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4217981.html?page=2 |archive-date=24 February 2008}}</ref> Many homeowners are disgruntled with the huge annual costs associated with this temporary fix; typical fees are $2,000 per month for a 3 bedroom beachfront condominium (such fees are most probably locally authorized since the Corps of Engineers does not assess fees because of the nature of its Congressionally approved funding). However, many coastal residents are not willing to pay the price. For example, in 2001, the Corps authorized a proposal for a $94&nbsp;million project {{convert|14|mi|km|sigfig=2}} long in Nags Head, N.C. In an attempt to fund the local share of the project, local county commissioners passed a 1 percent sales tax; voters rejected it. Nags Head officials proposed a cheaper, locally funded plan. Again, voters rejected it.  "Why," asked WCU program director Rob Young, "should federal taxpayers bail out a beachfront when local residents won't?"{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
== Barrier Islands in Louisiana and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill ==
Reacting to the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]], on 23 May 2010, [[Louisiana Attorney General]] [[Buddy Caldwell]] wrote a letter to Lieutenant General [[Robert L. Van Antwerp]] of the US Army Corps of Engineers,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/052310caldwellletter.pdf |title=Letter to Lt. General Robert L. Van Antwerp, US Army Corps of Engineers |publisher=Louisiana Attorney General's Office |author=James D. "Buddy" Caldwell |date=23 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526120401/http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/052310caldwellletter.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> stating that [[Louisiana]] has the right to dredge sand to build [[barrier islands]] to keep the [[oil spill]] from its [[wetlands]] without the approval of the Corps, as the [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|10th Amendment]] to the Constitution does not grant the federal government the authority to deny a state the right to act in an emergency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0524/BP-oil-spill-pushes-Louisiana-to-desperate-massive-berm-plan |title=BP oil spill pushes Louisiana to desperate, massive 'berm' plan |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |author=Bill Sasser |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526005628/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0524/BP-oil-spill-pushes-Louisiana-to-desperate-massive-berm-plan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/05/attorney_general_buddy_caldwel.html |title=Attorney General Buddy Caldwell tells Corps of Engineers state has emergency powers to build barrier islands |publisher=Times-Picayune |author=Times-Picayune staff |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525043951/http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/05/attorney_general_buddy_caldwel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also wrote that if the Corps "persists in its illegal and ill-advised efforts" to prevent the state from building the barriers that he would advise [[Louisiana Governor]] [[Bobby Jindall]] to proceed with the plans and challenge the Corps in court.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/05/25/will-the-gulf-cleanup-effort-yield-a-constitutional-smackdown? |title=Will the Gulf Cleanup Effort Yield a Constitutional Smackdown? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Ashby Jones |date=25 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526120151/http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/05/25/will-the-gulf-cleanup-effort-yield-a-constitutional-smackdown/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==New Jersey Beach Project 2017==
Despite court actions and an election where Margate NJ voters rejected a planned beach replenishment project,
in the summer of 2017, Corps engineers began work creating dunes in Ventnor and Margate City, New Jersey. They made a very big mess, and additionally, beaches which are tested weekly in the summer for bacteria and toxins experienced unprecedented closings due to dangerous levels.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/new_jersey/margate-in-uproar-about-lake-christie-may-go-to-court-to-halt-dune-work-20170731.html |title=Margate in uproar over 'Lake Christie,' may go to court to halt dune work |access-date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802083108/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/new_jersey/margate-in-uproar-about-lake-christie-may-go-to-court-to-halt-dune-work-20170731.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/top_three/crowds-protest-margate-dunes-over-public-health-concerns/article_d375fcbe-7ace-5a15-856f-326a268c4cbe.html#tncms-source=article-nav-next |title=Crowds protest Margate dunes over public health concerns |date=31 July 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801010241/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/top_three/crowds-protest-margate-dunes-over-public-health-concerns/article_d375fcbe-7ace-5a15-856f-326a268c4cbe.html#tncms-source=article-nav-next |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Dune Problems Cause Flooding July 29, 2017.jpg|alt=Margate Dune Flooding|thumb|Trapped Contaminated Water behind Margate Dunes]]
On 2 Aug 2017, Margate Commissioners voted to go back to court in order to seek an injunction. They wanted an immediate work stoppage by the NJ DEP and Army Corps of Engineers. Mistakes in building the dunes caused substantial flooding and contaminated, standing water between the new dune and the bulkheads.
[[File:Beach_and_Dune_Work,_Margate_NJ._Aug_2,_2017.jpg|thumb|Building dunes in Margate, NJ.]]
==Calls for Corps reform==
Some in Congress feel that reforms are necessary in the way the Corps operates. The Corps has been criticized as being mismanaged and lacking oversight and accountability, especially since Hurricane Katrina and the failure of the [[Flood Control Act of 1965|Army Corps built levees]] in New Orleans.
Senator [[Russ Feingold]] and Senator [[John McCain]] pushed to establish two amendments; one an independent review of Corps projects from planning and design to construction, and a second that would require that Corps projects be ranked in importance based on national priorities. In 2006, they succeeded in adding the peer review of corps projects to the [[Water Resources Development Act of 2007|Water resources development bill]] that was working its way through Congress.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
In August 2007, Senator Feingold himself tried to block passage of the bill because he felt the reforms it contained would not do enough to change the way the Corps does business.[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012232742/http://feingold.senate.gov/]
{{blockquote|After a decade of government and independent reports calling for reforming the corps and pointing out stunning flaws in corps projects and project studies, and after the tragic failures of New Orleans levees during Hurricane Katrina, the American people deserve meaningful reform. How many more flawed projects or wasted dollars will it take before we say enough is enough?|Senator Feingold from the Senate Floor<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/washington/25water.html?_r=1&8br&oref=slogin |title=Feingold blocks reform bill passage because it doesn't go far enough |work=The New York Times |date=25 September 2007 |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324145733/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/washington/25water.html?_r=1&8br&oref=slogin |url-status=live |last1=Herszenhorn |first1=David M. }}</ref>}}
Calls for reform go back decades; the Corps' credibility had been challenged as early as the late 1920s. Herbert Hoover, then Secretary of Commerce, declared the [[Great Mississippi Flood of 1927]] as "greatest disaster of peace times in our history", which covered {{convert|26000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}} in seven states. More than 700,000 people were driven from their homes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-pamphlets/ep870-1-29/entire.pdf |title=The Evolution of the Flood Control Act of 1936 |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529061103/http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-pamphlets/ep870-1-29/entire.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref> More recent attempts at reform have been made in the 106th, 107th, 108th, and 109th Congresses.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> But as Senator Feingold indicated by quoting the Times-Picayune:<ref name=autogenerated1 />{{cquote|"Unfortunately, not everyone in Congress is interested in changing the way the corps does business. The McCain-Feingold amendments face opposition and a rival set of measures by the main authors of the water resources bill, Sens. James Inhofe and Kit Bond.... Sham reform won't do anything to restore confidence in the corps, and Congress must do better."}}
On 8 November 2007, the [[Water Resources Development Act of 2007]] became law over President Bush' veto of the bill.
In 2012, President Obama issued [[List of United States federal executive orders 13489 and above|Executive Order 13604]], Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects, to streamline and reduce the time required for review and permitting of infrastructure projects.<ref>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-03-28/pdf/2012-7636.pdf Executive Order 13604] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927031531/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-03-28/pdf/2012-7636.pdf |date=27 September 2015 }}, Federal Register.</ref> The feasibility study and environmental assessment for the deepening of [[Charleston Harbor]] was the first project to be completed under this new process.<ref>Segrist, Liz. [http://www.charlestonbusiness.com/news/55667-army-corps-chief-rsquo-s-report-signs-off-on-charleston-harbor-deepening-project Army Corps Chief’s Report signs off on Charleston Harbor deepening project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927011101/http://www.charlestonbusiness.com/news/55667-army-corps-chief-rsquo-s-report-signs-off-on-charleston-harbor-deepening-project |date=27 September 2015 }}. Charleston Regional Business Journal, 14 September 2015.</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.levees.org Levees.org – Non profit in New Orleans holding the Army Corps accountable for their flood protection nationwide]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928070347/http://www.corpsreform.org/ Corps Reform Network – A network of grassroots groups working to ensure that Army Corps of Engineers projects are economically and environmentally sound]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120609203324/http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/11/WFMarcusonIII_a_.pdf Raymond Seed's ethics complaint letter to ASCE president]
* [http://www.topix.com/us/us-army-corps-of-engineers U.S. Army Corps of Engineers News]
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=U.S._congressional_actions_to_conserve_and_develop_water_resources U.S. congressional actions to conserve and develop water resources]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090109041216/http://usace.army.mil/CECW/PlanningCOP/Documents/library/steps.pdf Major Steps in Developing a Civil Works Project]
[[Category:United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
[[Category:Political controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Environmental controversies]]
[[Category:Environmental racism in the United States]]