View source for Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark'

{{Short description|Elm cultivar}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ulmus americana'' 'Lewis & Clark'}}
{{Infobox Cultivar
| name = ''Ulmus americana'' 'Lewis & Clark' = {{tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}}
| image = U americana Lewis & Clark Priors Hold.jpg
| image_caption = 'Lewis & Clark', Boarhunt, UK, age 20 yrs
| species = ''[[Ulmus americana]]''
| cultivar = 'Lewis & Clark'
| marketing_names = {{Tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}}
| origin = North Dakota State University Research Foundation, US
}}
The [[American elm]] [[cultivar]] '''''Ulmus americana''''' ''''Lewis & Clark'''' (trade name '''{{tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}}''') is a development from the [[North Dakota State University]] (NDSU) Research Foundation breeding programme, released in 2004 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the eponymous expedition.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark' PRAIRIE EXPEDITION | website=Plant Finder | url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=437881 | access-date=August 15, 2021}}</ref> The cultivar was cloned from a tree discovered in 1994 along the [[Wild Rice River (North Dakota)|Wild Rice River]] south west of [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], North Dakota, where all those around it had succumbed to [[Dutch elm disease]]; the tree remains in perfect health (2008). {{tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}} proved only moderately successful in the US National Elm Trial, averaging a survival rate of 62.6% overall, potentially due to environmental factors rather than susceptibility to Dutch elm disease.<ref name=Griffin>{{cite journal|author1=Griffin, J.|display-authors=et al.|date=2017|title=Ten-Year Performance of the United States National Elm Trial|journal=Arboriculture & Urban Forestry|volume=43(3):107&ndash;120|publisher=International Society of Arboriculture, Atlanta, US|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/mcpherson/psw_2017_mcpherson002_griffin.pdf}}</ref>  Nevertheless, {{tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}} is considered the hardiest of the American Elm cultivars, able to survive in [[Hardiness Zone|Zone 3]] (-40 to -34 Celsius).  <ref name=West>West,  T. P.  (2022) ''Elms, the Good, the Bad and the Ugly''. NDSU North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. [https://www.greenindustryshow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Elms-Good-Bad-Ugly-Handout.pdf]</ref>
{{tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}} was introduced to the UK in 2008 by Hampshire & Isle of Wight Branch, ''[[Butterfly Conservation]]'', as part of an assessment of DED-resistant cultivars as potential hosts of the endangered [[Satyrium w-album|White-letter Hairstreak]].<ref name="Brookes">Brookes, A. H. (2020). ''Great Fontley Elm Trial, 2020 Report''. Butterfly Conservation, [[Lulworth]], England.</ref>
== Description ==
<gallery>
File:Lewis & Clark foliage.jpg|Foliage, midsummer
File:Lewis_&_Clark_autumn_colour.jpg|Foliage, October
</gallery>
{{tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}} is distinguished in maturity by its broad umbrella crown and dark green foliage.<ref>{{cite web | website=Sun Valley Garden Center | title=Prairie Expedition Elm | url=http://www.qscaping.com/NetPS-Engine.asp?CCID=20000011&page=pdp&PID=4180 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715134523/http://www.qscaping.com/NetPS-Engine.asp?CCID=20000011&page=pdp&PID=4180 | archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> However, the tree was judged to have little ornamental value in the National Elm Trial . <ref name=West/> The clone grows moderately quickly, averaging an increase of > 1&nbsp;m in height per annum when young, reaching a height of <17&nbsp;m in 25 to 30 years.<ref>{{cite web | website=NDSU/RF | title=Plant Sciences - Horticulture Varieties| url=http://ndsuresearchfoundation.org/horticulture.htm| url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712021321/http://ndsuresearchfoundation.org/horticulture.htm | archive-date=July 12, 2007}}</ref> The leaves are < 13&nbsp;cm in length by 9&nbsp;cm broad, coarsely-toothed, and with a 4&nbsp;mm [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]].
== Pests and diseases ==
Possession of an innate resistance to Dutch elm disease was suggested after inoculation with the causal fungus at the NDSU,<ref name=Capps>Capps, T. K. (1996). ''Selection, propagation and inoculation of American Elms with potential Dutch elm disease resistance''. MSc thesis, NDSU.</ref> however replication of the tests is considered too limited to be conclusive. No other specific information available, but the species as a whole is highly susceptible to [[Elm Yellows]]; it is also moderately preferred for feeding and reproduction by the adult Elm Leaf Beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'',<ref name=Miller,a>{{cite journal | last1=Miller | first1=Fredric | last2=Ware | first2=George | title=Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmus spp.) to Feeding by the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) | journal=Journal of Economic Entomology | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=94 | issue=1 | date=2001-02-01 | issn=0022-0493 | doi=10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.162 | pages=162–166 | pmid=11233108| s2cid=42980569 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and highly preferred for feeding by the Japanese Beetle ''[[Popillia japonica]]'' <ref name=Miller,b>{{cite journal | last1=Miller | first1=Fredric | last2=Ware | first2=George | last3=Jackson | first3=Jennifer | title=Preference of Temperate Chinese Elms ( Ulmus spp.) for the Adult Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | journal=Journal of Economic Entomology | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=94 | issue=2 | date=2001-04-01 | issn=0022-0493 | doi=10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.445 | pages=445–448 | pmid=11332837| s2cid=7520439 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Elm Leaf Beetle Survey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132152/http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm|title=Elm Leaf Beetle Survey|archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref> in the United States.
''U. americana'' is also the most susceptible of all the elms to [[verticillium wilt]].<ref name=Pegg>Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). ''Verticillium Wilts''. CABI Publishing. {{ISBN|0-85199-529-2}}</ref><ref name="Elm Leaf Beetle Survey"/>
== Cultivation ==
{{tdes|Prairie Expedition|caps}} has been included in the [[National Elm Trial]] coordinated by [[Colorado State University]]. The tree is in commerce in the US, and was introduced to the UK from Canada by [[Butterfly Conservation]] in 2008,<ref name=Brookes/> and thence to the Netherlands in 2010.
== Etymology ==
The tree is named for the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] of 1804.
== Accessions ==
=== North America ===
*[[North Dakota State University]], US. No details known.
=== Europe ===
*Great [[Fontley]], [[Fareham]], UK, ''Butterfly Conservation'' Elm trials plantation, Home Field. One tree planted 2008, d.b.h. 9.5&nbsp;cm in 2020
*[[Wijdemeren city council]], The Netherlands, Elm collection. Two trees planted 2016 Rading 1, Loosdrecht.
== Nurseries ==
=== North America ===
*Bylands Nurseries Ltd., [[Kelowna]], [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*Patmore Nursery, [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]], [[Manitoba]], Canada.
*Sester Farms, [[Gresham, Oregon]], US.
*Sun Valley Garden Centre, [[Eden Prairie]], [[Minnesota]], US.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://ndsuresearchfoundation.org/Prairie%20Expedition-RFM-37.htm ''U. americana''] Lewis & Clark Prairie Expedition NDSU Plant Sciences Introduction.
*[http://treehealth.agsci.colostate.edu/research/nationalelmtrial/NationalElmTrial.htm  National Elm Trial]
{{Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars |state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulmus americana 'Lewis and Clark'}}
[[Category:American elm cultivar]]
[[Category:Ulmus articles with images]]
[[Category:Ulmus]]