View source for United Nations Department of Peace Operations

{{short description|Department of the United Nations}}
{{distinguish|Department of Peace}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| image               = Emblem of the United Nations.svg
| image_size          = 120px
| name                = United Nations Department of Peace Operations
| map                 =
| map_caption         =
| type                =
| abbreviation        = DPO
| leader_title        = Head
| leader_name         = ''Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations''<br />
[[Jean-Pierre Lacroix (French diplomat)|Jean-Pierre Lacroix]]
| headquarters        = [[United Nations Headquarters]]
| status              =
| formation           = March 1992<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.globalgovernance.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/GGI-Factsheet-History-of-UN-Peacekeeping_October2012.pdf | title=History of UN Peacekeeping - Factsheet | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603210834/http://www.globalgovernance.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/GGI-Factsheet-History-of-UN-Peacekeeping_October2012.pdf | archive-date=2017-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Findlay |first=Trevor |date=2002 |title=The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations |url=http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/6010~v~The_Use_of_Force_in_the_UN_Peace_Operations.pdf |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]], Oxford University Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809213937/http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/6010~v~The_Use_of_Force_in_the_UN_Peace_Operations.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=dead |page=164 }}</ref>
| website             = {{URL|https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/department-of-peace-operations}}
| parent_organization = [[United Nations Secretariat]]
| subsidiaries        = Office of Operations, Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions, Office of Military Affairs, Policy, Evaluation and Training Division
| footnotes           =
}}
{{Sidebar
| title = [[United Nations|United Nations System]]
|image= [[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|100px]]
| above = Principal Organs
| heading1 = [[United Nations Secretariat]]
| heading2 = [[United Nations Security Council]]
| heading3 = [[United Nations General Assembly]]
| heading4=[[International Court of Justice]]
| heading5=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
| heading6=[[United Nations Trusteeship Council]]
}}
The '''Department of Peace Operations''' ('''DPO''') (French: ''Département des opérations de maintien de la paix'') is a department of the [[United Nations]] charged with the planning, preparation, management, and direction of [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping]] operations. Previously known as the '''Department of Peacekeeping Operations''' ('''DPKO'''), it was created in 1992 as part of a restructuring of the UN's peace and security apparatus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.int/cotedivoire/news/un-reform-two-new-departments-peace-and-security-pillar|title=UN reform: Two new departments for the peace and security pillar {{!}} Permanent Missions|website=un.int|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> The DPO retains the core functions and responsibilities of its predecessor, with a greater emphasis on cohesion, integrating different resources and knowledge, and promoting human rights.<ref name=":1" />
With an annual budget of roughly $6.5 billion as of 2020, the DPO is the largest UN agency by expenditure, exceeding the UN's own regular budget.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A/C.5/73/21 - E - A/C.5/73/21|url=https://undocs.org/A/C.5/73/21|access-date=2020-08-11|website=undocs.org}}</ref><ref>[https://www.unsceb.org/content/FS-F00-03?gyear=2018 Expenditure by agency, 2018]</ref> As of March 2020, it oversaw 81,370 personnel serving in 13 peacekeeping missions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DATA|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/data|access-date=2020-08-11|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en}}</ref>
==History==
The DPO traces its roots to 1948 with the creation of the [[United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan]] (UNMOGIP) and the [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]] (UNTSO). Up to the late 1980s, peacekeeping missions were operated by six officials in the United Nations Office of Special Political Affairs, which was headed first by [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|Under-Secretary-General]] [[Ralph Bunche]], and subsequently [[Brian Urquhart]] and [[Marrack Goulding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://search.archives.un.org/un-office-for-special-political-affairs |title=UN. Office for Special Political Affairs  |publisher=UN Archives and Records Management Section |access-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> From the beginning, peacekeeping operations  operated with a clear doctrine that applied to its traditional or classical peacekeeping operations for inter-state ceasefires: peacekeepers did not take sides or discharge firearms, save in self-defense, or meddle in politics.
The Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in March 1992 when [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] took office as Secretary-General of the United Nations; its creation was one of his first decisions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Findlay |first=Trevor |date=2002 |title=The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations |url=http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/6010~v~The_Use_of_Force_in_the_UN_Peace_Operations.pdf |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=164 }}</ref> In organisational terms, it upgraded and expanded upon the work of the previous Field Administration and Logistics Division (FALD) (which remained active as a subordinate department).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1yIDAAAQBAJ&q=Field+Administration+and+Logistics+Division+1992&pg=PA246|title=United Nations Disarmament Processes in Intra-State Conflict|last=Hill|first=S.|date=2004-10-01|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230502963|pages=246 (note 87)|language=en}}</ref> Goulding became under-secretary-general (or USG) for peacekeeping with Kofi Annan appointed as his deputy. The role of the DPKO, however, wasn't clarified until June 1992, when Boutrous-Ghali issued ''[[An Agenda for Peace]],'' a plan to strengthen the UN's capacity for preventive diplomacy and peacekeeping.
French nationals have served as Under-Secretaries-General for Peacekeeping Operations since 1997.<ref>[[Jeffrey Feltman]] (October 29, 2020), [https://www.brookings.edu/articles/restoring-some-impartiality-to-un-senior-appointments/ Restoring (some) impartiality to UN senior appointments] [[Brookings Institution]].</ref>
At an October 2006 press conference, then USG [[Jean-Marie Guéhenno]] announced that peacekeeping operations had reached an all-time high, and would continue to expand as [[UNIFIL]] and [[UNMIT]] reached full strength, and if a UN mission were to enter [[Darfur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/articles/article041006.htm|title=Top UN peacekeeping official warns of 'overstretch' as mission staff numbers surge: Press conference by Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Jean-Marie Guéhenno|website=un.org|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
As of 2010, DPO led 16 different missions in [[Africa]], the [[Caribbean]], the [[Middle East]], [[Americas]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate |title=Where we operate | access-date=2024-01-30}}</ref> Serving in these missions were over 100,000 uniformed and civilian personnel. Total approved annual expenses were over US$5 billion for the period July 2006 to June 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/bnote.htm|title=Background Note - United Nations Peacekeeping Operations|website=un.org|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
==Organizational structure==
[[File:Patrol of the Indian contingent of MONUSCO near Otobora, Nord-Kivu, July 2013 - PT9A7774.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Indian Peacekeeper with a child in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] (for [[MONUSCO]] mission), 2000]]
DPO is split into two main offices: the Office of Operations and the Office of Mission Support (OMS).
Included within the Office of Mission Support are the logistics and administrative divisions, which provide logistics, personnel, and financial support services to DPO missions.  OMS is responsible for determining financial reimbursement to UN member states for their contribution of [[Contingent owned equipment]], troops, and services to peacekeeping missions. [[Letters of assist|Letters of Assist]] are an important part of this. Also part of DPO are [[Mine action|Mine Action]], Training, Best Practices, and Military and Police Divisions.
A March 2007 [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution]] titled “Strengthening the capacity of the Organization in Peacekeeping Operations”  called for the re-structuring of the department and the establishment of a separate [[Department of Field Support]]. Whereas the new entity serves as an enabler by coordinating the administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations, DPO concentrates on policy planning and providing strategic directions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
This re-organisation was paralleled by a DPO reform effort launched in 2005 entitled 'Peace Operations 2010', which further pursues reforms initiated by the 'Brahimi Report' Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. This included an increase in personnel, the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures, and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peace Operations (DPO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), African Union and European Union. One area of this reform effort has been the development of clearer internal doctrine or guidance for UN peacekeeping. The highest level DPO doctrine document was issued in 2008, known as the 'capstone' doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf|title=Peacekeeping Resource Hub|website=pbpu.unlb.org|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
Secretary-General Guterres has made efforts to streamline peacekeeping efforts to conserve finances, and eliminate excess and unnecessary roles. Shared regional divisions of the DPA and DPO will restructure and remove duplication of tasks, allowing for more manpower to be available for new initiates and existing operations. This gives the department more resources and responsibilities for broader peace-building efforts, which are of course by their nature linked to political analysis and strategy (Cliffe, 2018).
==List of heads==
The following is a chronological list of those who have held the position of [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|Under-Secretary-General]] for Peacekeeping Operations:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/66/380|title=Transparency in the selection and appointment of senior managers in the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/380)|date=27 September 2011|page=42}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| Country
! rowspan=2| [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|Refences}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
| '''1'''
| [[File:Marrack Goulding Perquín 1992.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Marrack Goulding]]'''<br />{{small|(1936–2010)}}
| March 1992
| 28 February 1993
| {{age in years and months|1992|03|1|1993|02|28}}
| {{GBR}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2010/sgsm13011.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Saddened by Death of Sir Marrack Goulding, Key Figure in Creating Department of Peacekeeping Operations|website=www.un.org|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| '''2'''
| [[File:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Kofi Annan]]'''<br />{{small|(1938–2018)}}
| 1 March 1993
| 31 December 1996
| {{age in years and months|1993|03|01|1996|12|31}}
| {{GHA}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1997/19970613.SG2031.R1.html|title=KOFI ANNAN, UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>
|-
| '''3'''
| [[File:Bernard Miyet.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Bernard Miyet]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1946)}}
| 28 January 1997
| 30 September 2000
| {{age in years and months|1997|01|28|2000|09|30}}
| rowspan="5" | {{FRA}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Kofi Annan]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1997/19970128.sga627.html|title=Secretary-General Announces New Appointments|date=28 January 1997|website=www.un.org|id=SG/A/627|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>
|-
| '''4'''
| [[File:Jean-Marie Guéhenno February 2015.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Jean-Marie Guéhenno]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1949)}}
| 1 October 2000
| 30 June 2008
| {{age in years and months|2000|10|01|2008|06|30}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2000/20000626.sga736.doc.html|title=SECRETARY-GENERAL APPOINTS JEAN-MARIE GU+HENNO UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS|date=26 June 2000|website=www.un.org|id=SG/A/736|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>
|-
| '''5'''
| [[File:Alain Le Roy (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Alain Le Roy]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1953)}}
| 30 June 2008
| 25 August 2011
| {{age in years and months|2008|06|30|2011|08|25}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sga1142.doc.htm|title=SECRETARY-GENERAL APPOINTS NEW PEACEKEEPING CHIEF, ALAIN LE ROY OF FRANCE|date=30 June 2008|website=www.un.org|id=SG/A/1142|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>
|-
| '''6'''
| [[File:Hervé Ladsous.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Hervé Ladsous]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1950)}}
| 2 September 2011
| 31 March 2017
| {{age in years and months|2011|09|02|2017|03|31}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sga1305.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Appoints Hervé Ladsous of France Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations|date=2 September 2011|website=www.un.org|id=SG/A/1305|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>
|-
| '''7'''
| [[File:Jean-Pierre Lacroix.jpg|60px]]
| '''[[Jean-Pierre Lacroix (diplomat)|Jean-Pierre Lacroix]]'''<br />{{small|(born 1960)}}
| 1 April 2017
| ''Incumbent''
| {{age in years and months|2017|04|01}}
| [[António Guterres]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2017-02-14/mr-jean-pierre-lacroix-france-under-secretary-general|title=Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix of France - Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations|date=2017-02-14|website=United Nations Secretary-General|language=en|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>
|}
==Notable personnel==
* [[Hédi Annabi]] (1943–2010), Tunisian diplomat and Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, Head of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti, Assistant-Secretary-General at the DPO.
* [[Maurice Baril]] (born 1943), General  in the [[Canadian Forces]], Military Advisor to the UN Secretary-General, head of the Military Division of the DPO.
*[[Kiran Bedi]] (born 1949), Indian tennis player, first woman officer of the [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]], first woman to be appointed the DPO civilian police adviser.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/us/2003/jan/11bedi.htm |title=Kiran Bedi named first woman UN Civilian Police Adviser |work=rediff.com |author=Suman Guha Mozumder |date=11 January 2003 }}</ref>
*[[Patrick Cammaert]] (born 1950), Dutch general, UN Force Commander for the Eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], Military Advisor to the UN Secretary-General, and Force Commander of the [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea]], as the Military Adviser in the DPO.
* [[Jonathan Conricus]] (born 1979), Swedish-Israeli [[IDF]] Lieutenant-Colonel, 24-year IDF veteran combat commander, IDF International Spokesperson, Assessment Officer in the Office of Military Affairs of the DPO, the first Israeli officer to hold any position at the UN.<ref name=it>Itamar Eichner (March 19, 2016). [https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4780475,00.html "The first Israeli at the UN's Peacekeeping Department,"] ''Ynet''.</ref>
*[[Edmond Mulet]] (born 1951), Guatemalan diplomat, lawyer, and notary public, Chief of Staff to UN Secretary-General, Assistant Secretary-General for DPO.
*Sir [[Brian Urquhart]] (1919–2021), British international civil servant and World War II Major and author, took the lead in organising [[United Nations Emergency Force|the first U.N. peacekeeping force]], served as the DPO Under-Secretary-General.
==Financing==
The bulk of peacekeeping operations funding is appropriated much like the [[United Nations#Funding|general budget]], but [[United Nations Security Council#Permanent members|permanent members of the Security Council]] are required to pay a larger share, and all states are free to contribute additional funding, equipment, or other services to missions of their respective choices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we are funded |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/how-we-are-funded |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/financing.html|title=Financing of UN Peacekeeping Operations|website=un.org|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
[[UN Peacekeeping Operations]] budget for the fiscal year 1 July 2021 - 30 June 2022 amounted for $6.38 billion. This amount financed 10 of the 12 ongoing [[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions|UN peacekeeping missions]], along the liquidation of the UN African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur ([[United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur|UNAMID]]) and logistics support for the African Union Mission in Somalia ([[African Union Mission to Somalia|AMISOM]]), providing the technology, logistics and general support to all peace operations through global service centres in [[Brindisi]] ([[Italy]]) and a regional service centre in [[Entebbe]] ([[Uganda]]).
The UN Truce Supervision Organisation ([[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|UNTSO]]) and the UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ([[UNMOGIP]]) are excluded from the Peacekeeping Operations budget and are financed through the regular UN budget.
The top 5 providers of assessed contributions to the UN Peacekeeping Operations budget for 2020-2021 were: United States (27.89%), China (15.21%), Japan (8.56%), Germany (6.09%), and United Kingdom (5.79%).
==See also==
*[[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Koops, Joachim Alexander, et al., eds. ''The Oxford handbook of United Nations peacekeeping operations'' (Oxford UP, 2015).
* Curran, David, and Paul D. Williams. "The United Kingdom and United Nations peace operations." ''International Peacekeeping'' 23.5 (2016): 630–651. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228140223.pdf online]
* Di Salvatore, Jessica, et al. "Introducing the peacekeeping mandates (PEMA) dataset." ''Social Science Research Network'' (2020). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kseniya-Oksamytna/publication/347090016_Introducing_the_Peacekeeping_Mandates_PEMA_Dataset/links/5fe367c5299bf140883a2e25/Introducing-the-Peacekeeping-Mandates-PEMA-Dataset.pdf online]
* Dorn, A. Walter, and Robin Collins. "Peacekeeping works: The UN can help end civil wars." ''International Journal'' 75.1 (2020): 95–103. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:rlllYJtNlUwJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=5,27&sciodt=0,27&scillfp=2040077293084509063&oi=lle online]
* Daniel Druckman, Grace Mueller, and Paul F. Diehl. "Exploring the Compatibility of Multiple Missions in UN Peace Operations." ''International Peacekeeping'' (2020): 1-30. [ online]
* Gromes, Thorsten. "Does peacekeeping only work in easy environments? An analysis of conflict characteristics, mission profiles, and civil war recurrence." 'Contemporary security policy'' 40.4 (2019): 459-480. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13523260.2019.1659575 online]
* Mobekk, Eirin. ''UN Peace Operations: Lessons from Haiti, 1994-2016'' (Routledge, 2016).
* Mulder, Nicholas. ''The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Weapon-Rise-Sanctions-Modern/dp/0300259360/ excerpt]
* Tardy, Thierry. "France: the unlikely return to UN peacekeeping." ''International peacekeeping'' 23.5 (2016): 610–629,
==External links==
*Records of [https://search.archives.un.org/department-of-peacekeeping-operations-dpko-office-of-under-secretary-general-ousg-1992-present the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Office of the Under-Secretary-General (OUSG)] at the United Nations Archives
*[https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/ United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations Official Website]
*[http://www.unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=10 United Nations Rule of Law: The Department of Peacekeeping Operations], on the [[rule of law]] work conducted by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
* [http://www.fname.info/aisp/eng/ SPIA - Soldiers of Peace International Association]
* {{cite web |url=https://cic.nyu.edu/publications/un-peace-and-security-reform-cautious-steps-right-direction|title=UN Peace and Security Reform: Cautious Steps in the Right Direction|author=Sarah Cliffe|website =[[Center on International Cooperation]]|date =September 15, 2017}}
{{United Nations}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1992]]
[[Category:United Nations peacekeeping]]
[[Category:Military operations other than war]]
[[Category:United Nations Secretariat]]