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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Units and commands of the ''Schutzstaffel''}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2021}}
'''Units and commands of the ''Schutzstaffel''''' were organizational titles used by the [[SS]] to describe the many groups, forces, and formations that existed within the [[SS]] from its inception in 1923 to the eventual fall of [[Nazi Germany]] in 1945.
The SS unit nomenclature can be divided into several different types of organizations, mainly the early titles used by the SS, SS unit titles of the ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'', the military formation titles used by the [[Waffen-SS]], titles of commands associated with the [[Sicherheitspolizei|SS Security Police]], and special units titles used by such SS organizations as the mobile [[death squad]] units of the ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]''.
==Early SS commands==
===1920–1925===
From 1920 through 1925, several
early paramilitary terms were used to describe the various groups which would eventually become the SS.  Among the most were:
*'''Saal-Schutz''' ("Hall-Protection"): Formed at the end of 1920. It was a small permanent guard unit made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for Nazi Party meetings in Munich. It was disbanded after Hitler was sentenced to [[Landsberg Prison|prison]] in 1924.{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=228}}
*'''Stabswache''' ("Headquarters Guard"): Used by several units of the ''[[Freikorps]]'', and then adopted by the forerunner of the SS.{{sfn|McNab|2009|p=14}}
*'''Stosstrupp''' ("Shock Troops"): A carry over from [[World War I]], early bodyguard unit of the fledgling Nazi Party. A forerunner of the SS bodyguard dedicated to Hitler's protection.{{sfn|Weale|2012|p=16}}
*'''Schutzkommando''' ("Protection Command"): Also a title of the ''Freikorps'', this was one of the early names for the SS before the unit adopted its final name of the ''Schutzstaffel'', and was officially recognized in November 1925.{{sfn|Weale|2012|pp=26-29}}
===1925–1929===
In September 1925, the then fledgling SS established its first organizational structure, using the following titles:
*'''Oberleitung''' ("Senior Leadership"): This was the headquarters staff of the SS (then only a mere battalion of the Nazi Stormtroopers) and was headquartered in [[Munich]].
*'''SS-Gau''' ("SS-Region"): There were five SS-Regions established throughout Germany, headed by an SS leader known as an SS-''[[Gauführer]]'' (Region Leader).
*'''SS-Staffel''' ("SS-Squadron"): This was the standard unit of the early SS in the late 1920s.  An SS-Squadron contained a company of ten men, headed by an officer known as an SS-''[[Staffelführer]]'' (this title was quickly shortened to simply SS-''Führer'').
===1929–1931===
In January 1929, after [[Heinrich Himmler]] took over leadership of the SS, old organizational titles were done away with and the following terms came into being:
*'''Oberstab''' ("Senior Staff"): This was the name of the SS headquarters, which was under Himmler's command as of January, 1929.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=12, 13}}
*'''Abteilung''' ("Department"): The term ''Abteilung'' was used to describe the earliest form of the SS Main Offices and were considered subordinate offices attached to the ''Oberstab''.  The SS offices of 1929 encompassed administration, personnel, finance, security, and racial matters.
*'''SS-Oberführerbereiche''' ("Senior Leadership Area"): By 1930, the old ''SS-Gaus'' had been consolidated into three senior leadership areas encompassing east and west Germany (including northern areas of the country) and a region encompassing southern Germany which was considered the most important since this was the location of the main Nazi Party offices.  Each ''Oberführerbereich'' was commanded by an ''[[Oberführer]]''.
===1931–1933===
In 1931, as SS membership began to surpass 100,000, Himmler again reorganized the SS and created these new command titles:
*'''SS-Amt''' ("SS-Office"): Originally in 1931 there were three SS offices; the Headquarters Office (''SS-Amt''), the Race Office (''SS-Rasseamt'') and the Security Office (''Ic Dienst'' which became the ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' in 1932).{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=13}}{{sfn|Longerich|2012|p=125}}  By 1933, these offices would be renamed under the title of ''Hauptamt'' which would remain the standard name for an SS main office for the duration of the group's existence.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=13, 15}}
*'''SS-Gruppen''' ("SS-Groups"): These were the earliest division commands of what would become the ''[[Allgemeine SS]]''.  There were five SS-Groups originally established: North, South, East, West, and Southwest.  Each SS-Group was commanded by a ''[[Gruppenführer]]''.
*'''SS-Brigaden''' ("SS-[[Brigade]]s"): The SS brigades were intermediary commands between the SS-Groups and lower SS regiment commands known as ''Standarte''.  Each SS-Brigade was commanded by a ''[[Brigadeführer]]''.
==''Allgemeine SS'' commands==
The core of the "General-SS" were the mustering formations spread throughout Germany, divided into several division sized formations and extending downwards into brigade, regiment, battalion, company, and squad like formations.  Most of these formations were "part time" and mustered weekly or monthly without pay.  The ''Allgemeine SS'' used unique names for these formations which were different from standard military terms in use by the German military.
Initially, General-SS formations were operated strictly in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] but were later formed in occupied countries during [[World War II]].  Most often, ''Allgemeine SS'' units in occupied territories were "paper commands", formed under the authority of an [[SS and Police Leader]] (who would serve as a dual commander) in order to give senior SS officers in occupation commands a command billet within the General-SS.
* '''SS-Oberabschnitt''' ("SS-Main District"): This division level command was the main administrative district for the ''Allgemeine SS'' in the German Reich and the highest command level in the [[Allgemeine-SS Order of Battle|Allgemeine SS order of battle]]. The first ''Oberabschnitte'' were formed in November 1933 from the five existing ''SS-Gruppen'' units and generally conformed to the existing ''[[Wehrkreis]]e'' (Military Districts) of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. An ''Oberabschnitt'' was usually commanded by a ''[[Gruppenführer]]'' or ''[[Obergruppenführer]]''.  Once the position of [[Higher SS and Police Leader]] was established, ''Oberabschnitt'' leaders typically served simultaneously in both positions.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=82}} The ''Oberabschnitt'' commander was known by the title of ''Führer'' and was assisted by a staff which typically comprised departments encompassing training, medical affairs, personnel, as well as specialty commands such as [[signals (military)|signals]] and [[pioneer (military)|engineer]] battalions.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=82}}
* '''SS-Abschnitt''' ("SS-District"):  The ''Abschnitt'' commands were formed in the early 1930s from the old SS-Brigades.  The function and operation was essentially the same as with the ''Oberabschnitt'', but the units were usually commanded by an SS-''[[Brigadeführer]]'' or ''[[Oberführer]]''.  SS-Abschnitte were designated by [[Roman numerals]] while the ''Oberabschnitt'' commands were given proper names.  As with the ''Oberabschnitte'', these commands were limited to the German Reich and were not established in the occupied territories.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=82, 117}}
* '''SS-[[Standarte (Nazi Germany)|Standarte]]''' ("SS-Regiment"):  The ''Standarten'' was the primary unit of the General-SS, named after the term for a "Regimental [[Ensign (flag)|Standard]]", or flag. The ''Standarte'' were organized into regimental-sized formations each with its own number, but also were referred to by other names, such as location, a popular name, or an honorary title; generally SS or NSDAP members killed before the Nazis obtained national power.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=169}} For example, the [[18th SS-Standarte]] in Königsberg was named "Ostpreußen" while the [[6th SS-Standarte]] of Berlin was named "Graham Kämmer".{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=169, 172, 178}} There were 127 ''SS-Standarte''.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=169-213}} The standard rank for the ''Standarte'' Leader was that of ''[[Standartenführer]]'' (colonel).
* '''SS-Sturmbann''' ("SS-Storm Unit"): The ''Sturmbann'' commands were battalion formations within a ''Standarte'', usually three or four in number.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=169}} These units were commanded by either a ''[[Sturmbannführer]]'' or ''[[Obersturmbannführer]]''.
* '''SS-Sturm''' ("SS-Company"): The ''Sturm'' was the company-level formation of the General-SS and the most typical in which an average SS member would associate.  Each ''Sturmbann'' had 3 to 5 of them.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=169}} Company commanders usually rated a rank between ''[[Untersturmführer]]'' and ''[[Hauptsturmführer]]''.
* '''SS-Trupp''' ("SS-Troop"): SS-Troops were [[platoon]]-sized formations. Each ''Sturm'' had 3 to 4 of them.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=169}} They were commanded by an SS non-commissioned officer initially known as a ''[[Truppführer]]''.  After the [[Night of the Long Knives]], the SS renamed its rank structure and each ''Trupp'' then fell under the command of one with the rank of ''[[Oberscharführer]]'' and ''[[Hauptscharführer]]''.
* '''SS-Schar''' ("SS-Squad"): SS-Squads were eight to ten man formations that served as the primary mustering unit within each SS-Company.  There were 3 for each ''Trupp''.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=169}} Such units were commanded by an SS-''[[Scharführer]]'' with an Assistant Squad Leader rated as an ''[[Unterscharführer]]''.
* '''SS-Rotte''' ("SS-Section"): This was the smallest unit of the General-SS.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=169}} It usually consisted of four to five SS members. The SS-Section was commanded by an SS-''[[Rottenführer]]'' and consisted of SS troopers holding the rank of ''[[Mann (military rank)|Mann]]'' or ''[[Sturmmann]]''.
===Cavalry commands===
The ''Allgemeine SS'' also formed several [[cavalry]] commands, which were mainly intended to attract [[German nobility]] into the ranks of the SS.  These formations were little more than [[equestrianism|equestrian]] riding clubs and, by the start of World War II, the General-SS Cavalry had mostly ceased to exist except for a handful of members.  The command names of the General-SS cavalry were modeled after those of the regular mustering SS formations and were separate from the military cavalry terms of the Waffen-SS.
* '''SS-Reiterabschnitt''' ("SS-Cavalry District"): Modeled in the same manner as the ''SS-Abschnitt'' commands, only nine of these commands were ever established. They commanded one or more ''SS-Reiterstandarte''. This command level ended in 1936. Thereafter, the ''SS-Reiterstandarte'' were under each ''SS-Oberabschnitt''.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=214, 215}}
* '''SS-Reiterstandarte''' ("SS-Cavalry Regiment"): There were twenty-four cavalry regiments established by the ''Allgemeine SS''.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=216-221}}  These units wore a special crossed lances unit insignia. in comparison to the regular ''Standarte'' which displayed a unit patch bearing the ''Standarten'' number.
==Waffen-SS commands==
The [[Waffen-SS]] used standard Army military unit titles, in the following hierarchy.
* Army: Only two SS armies were ever established and contained primarily subordinate Regular Army commands
* Corps: Several SS Corps existed; these commands were usually the highest operational position in the Waffen-SS
* Division: There were 38 full divisions established in the Waffen-SS.  Many late war SS divisions never reached full strength, some no larger in reality than a battalion.
* Brigades: SS brigades were independently formed at the start of World War II, eventually merged into the higher divisions
* Regiments: The main-stay combat unit of the Waffen-SS, typically commanded by an SS-''[[Standartenführer]]''
* Battalions: Subordinate to a regiment and the first of the "front line" operational combat units
* Companies: Referred to as ''Kompanie''
* Platoons: Referred to as ''Zug''
* Squads: Referred to as ''Gruppe''.  This created an oddity in that a Waffen-SS squad leader (usually a junior NCO) was referred to as a ''[[Gruppenführer]]'' when this title was also a rank equivalent to a lieutenant general.
* Teams: Basic [[fire team]] formations of five to seven soldiers
==Senior SS commands==
By the mid-1930s, the SS leadership had grouped itself into two major senior commands which would last throughout [[World War II]].  The two most senior positions in the SS, apart from the ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'', were the [[SS and Police Leader]]s and the SS Main Office Commanders.
===SS and Police Leaders===
{{Main|SS and Police Leader}}
A wartime office which was granted considerable power was that of the [[SS and Police Leader]].{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=52}}  This unique position was a command authority of every SS unit in a given geographical area.  SS and Police leaders had control over administrative SS commands, [[Nazi concentration camps]], security forces, and (as World War II progressed) certain units of the Waffen-SS.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=52-81}}
There were three levels of SS and Police Leaders, these being:
* '''Supreme SS and Police Leader''' (''Höchster SS- und Polizeiführer (HöSSPF)''): These SS and Police Leaders had command over all SS units in a conquered country.  There were only two such commands established, one in [[Ukraine]] and the other in [[Italy]].{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=22, 23, 25}}
* '''Higher SS and Police Leader''' (''Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer (HSSPF)''): These commands held authority over a region, district, or state. They were "de facto" equal in power inside Germany to their "often nominal superior", the NSDAP regional ''[[Gauleiter]]''.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=22, 23}}
* '''SS and Police Leader''' (''SS- und Polizeiführer (SSPF)''): These SS commands were in charge of specific [[city|cities]], usually important or significant ones. They were subordinate to the HSSPF.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=52}}
===Main office commands===
By 1942 all activities of the SS were managed through twelve main offices.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=13–21}}{{sfn|Stackelberg|2007|p=302}}
*''[[Persönlicher Stab Reichsführer-SS|Persönlicher Stab Reichsführer-SS Hauptamt]]'' (Personal Staff of the Reich Leader SS)
*''[[SS-Hauptamt]]'' (Main Administrative Office; SS-HA)
*''[[SS Führungshauptamt|SS-Führungshauptamt]]'' (SS Main Operational Office; SS-FHA)
*''[[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'' (Reich Security Main Office; RSHA)
*''[[Ordnungspolizei|Ordnungspolizei Hauptamt]]'' (Order Police Main Office; Orpo)
*''[[SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt|Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt]]'' (Economic and Administration Main Office; SS-WVHA)
*''[[Hauptamt SS-Gericht]]'' (Main Office of SS Legal Matters)
*''[[SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt]]'' (SS Office of Race and Settlement; RuSHA)
*''[[SS Personalhauptamt|SS-Personalhauptamt]]'' (SS Personnel Main Office)
*''[[Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle]]'' (Racial German Assistance Main Office; VOMI)
*''[[SS-Schulungsamt]]'' (SS Education Office)
*''[[RKFDV|Hauptamt Reichskommissar für die Festigung Deutschen Volkstums]]'' (Main Office of the Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood; RKFDV)
The hierarchy of command in the main offices was:
* '''Office Chief''' (''Chef''): The Chief of a Main Office was referred to by the title of ''Chef'' followed by the office code.  For instance, [[Reinhard Heydrich]] was known by the title ''Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD'' (Chief of Security Police and SD) or CSSD, while serving as the overall office commander of the Reich Security Main Office.{{sfn|Headland|1992|p=22}}
* '''Department Chief''' (''Amtschef''): The title of department chief was the most commonly used and held by countless SS officers and could be extended to sub-department heads, as well. For example, [[Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)|Heinrich Müller]] was department chief of the RSHA "Amt IV" (Dept. 4): the [[Gestapo]].{{sfn|Evans|2008|p=16}} [[Adolf Eichmann]] was the commander of (Referat IV B4) or Sub-Department IV B4 that was the Gestapo's inner department of [[Jews|Jewish]] Affairs. He was known as the ''Amtschef, RSHA (IV-B4)'', and was Müller's subordinate.{{sfn|Weale|2012|p=144}}
* '''Chief of Staff''' (''Chef des Stabs''): Each department typically had a Chief of Staff, known by the title "Chief of the Staff" to avoid confusion with the title "[[Stabschef (SA)|Stabschef]]", which was a [[Uniforms and insignia of the Sturmabteilung|rank of the Nazi stormtroopers]].
Below the level of Department heads existed a plethora of administrative and bureaucratic titles to indicate positions as Assistant Department Heads, staff officers, and other clerical duties within the various main offices.
==Security police commands==
The offices of the [[Gestapo]] in major towns and cities were known as "Stapo-Leitstellen".  Smaller towns and some villages maintained smaller Gestapo offices known simply as "Stapostellen".  The ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' was organized in a different manner, grouped in ''SD-Abschnitte'' with smaller ''SD-Unterabschnitte'' commands (SD districts and sub-districts).  Both the Gestapo, SD, and the similarly organized [[Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)|Kriminalpolizei]] were overseen by an SS Police official known as ''Inspektor des Sicherheitspolizei und SD''.  In occupied territories, this commander was known by the alternate title ''Befehlshaber''.
==Death's Head commands==
The ''[[Totenkopfverbände]]'' maintained a hierarchy of [[Nazi concentration camp]] titles, in the following order:
* [[Commandant|Kommandant]]
* [[Lagerführer]]
* [[Rapportführer]]
* [[Blockführer]]
==Special Unit commands==
The ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' were regimental sized mobile [[death squad]]s that were further sub-divided into ''[[Einsatzkommando]]s'', which were company-sized formations. The ''Einsatzgruppen'' units perpetrated atrocities in the occupied Soviet Union, including mass murder of Jews, communists, prisoners of war, and hostages, and played a key role in [[the Holocaust]].{{sfn|McNab|2009|pp=113, 122–131}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}
=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | author-link = Richard J. Evans | title = [[The Coming of the Third Reich]] | year = 2003 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = The Third Reich at War | year = 2008 | place = New York | publisher = Penguin Group | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Headland | first = Ronald | year = 1992 | title = Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943 | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | location = Rutherford, N.J | isbn = 978-0-8386-3418-9 }}
*{{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Longerich | year = 2012 | title = Heinrich Himmler: A Life | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-199-59232-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The SS: 1923–1945 | publisher = Amber Books | location = London | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-906626-49-5 }}
* {{cite book | last = Stackelberg | first = Roderick | title = The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany | year = 2007 | location = New York | publisher = Routledge | isbn= 978-0-41530-861-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Weale | first = Adrian | title = Army of Evil: A History of the SS | year = 2012 | publisher = Caliber Printing | place = New York | isbn = 978-0-451-23791-0 }}
* {{cite book| last = Yerger | first = Mark C. | title = Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units, and Leaders of the General SS | publisher = Schiffer | location = Atglen, PA | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-7643-0145-4 }}
{{SS organizations}}
{{SS Divisions}}
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[[Category:Nazi SS]]