View source for Urera

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Urera simplex (fruit).jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Urera simplex]]''
|taxon = Urera
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 28; see text
|subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:41030-1 ''Urera'' Gaudich.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</ref>
|authority = [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]] (1830)
|synonyms = ''Calostima'' {{small|Raf. (1837)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/>
}}
'''''Urera''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the nettle family, [[Urticaceae]]. It has a [[pantropical]] distribution.<ref name=st>Steinmann, V. W. (2005). [http://www1.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/ABM/ABM.71.2005/acta71(19-43).pdf Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).] ''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19-43.</ref>
==Description==
''Urera'' are [[liana]]s,<ref name=kew>[http://apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?flora=fz&taxon=105&nameid=490 ''Urera''.] Flora Zambesiaca.</ref> [[shrub]]s, and small [[tree]]s.<ref name=st/> Climbing species root along the stems and can reach the crowns of the trees they use for support.<ref name=kew/> Some are [[thorns, spines, and prickles|spiny]].<ref name=st/> They almost always have [[urticating hair]]s, often on bumps in the epidermis.<ref name=kew/> These are stiff, stinging [[trichome]]s with swollen bases.<ref name=st/> The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species. Also useful is the varying appearance and arrangement of [[cystolith]]s on the leaf surface. The [[inflorescence]] is a divided, branching [[panicle]] of flowers. Most species are [[dioecy|dioecious]], but a few are [[Plant reproductive morphology|monoecious]]. Most species have male flowers with either four or five [[stamen]]s and [[tepal]]s.<ref name=st/> Female flowers generally have four uneven, free to mostly fused tepals. The fruit is an [[achene]] covered in orange or red flesh.<ref name=kew/>
==Systematics and taxonomy==
The genus ''Urera'' was first described by [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré]] in 1826 in his review of the studies done on [[Louis de Freycinet]]'s voyage of the ''[[French corvette Uranie (1811)|Uranie]]''.<ref>[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudichaud-Beaupré, C.]] (1826): [Description of ''Urera'']. ''Botanique du voyage'' etc. ''de ''L'Uranie'' et ''La Physicienne: 496-97.</ref> He noted its distinctness, proposing the [[Tribe (biology)|subtribe]] Urereae. This was later raised to the rank of [[tribe (biology)|tribe]],<ref>Weddell, H. A. (1856): ''Urera''. ''In'': Baudry, G. & Baudry, J. (eds.): ''Monographie de la famille des Urticacées'': 143-62. [in French]. G. and J. Baudry, Paris, France.</ref> and subsequently merged into [[Urticeae]].<ref name=friis>Friis, I. (1989): The Urticaceae: a systematic review. ''In'': Crane, P. E. & Blackmore, S. (eds.): ''Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae'' (Vol. 2): 285–308. ''Systematics Association Special Volume'' 40B. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UK.</ref>
No botanical [[monograph]]s have been devoted to ''Urera'' since 1869.<ref name=st/> Knowledge of the systematics of the genus has accumulated mainly from new descriptions of species and floristic accounts.<ref name=st/>
About 113 [[Specific name (botany)|species epithet]]s have been published for the genus.<ref>{{aut|[[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI)}} (2005): [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Urera&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Urera''].</ref>  [[Plants of the World Online]] currently accepts 28 species. Many species have been transferred to other genera, including ''[[Boehmeria]]'', ''[[Dendrocnide]]'', ''[[Girardinia]]'', ''[[Gyrotaenia]]'', ''[[Laportea]]'', ''[[Obetia]]'', and ''[[Scepocarpus]]''. Other estimates for the number of valid species in ''Urera'' range up to 75.<ref name=st/> The genus is not well known, with current knowledge dependent mainly on outdated studies, and there is little agreement regarding its [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]].<ref name=st/>
Analysis of ''[[trnL-F]]'' [[chloroplast]] [[Plastome|DNA]] [[DNA sequencing|sequence]] data suggests that ''Urera'' could be sister to ''[[Poikilospermum]]'' within the Urticaceae.<ref>Monro, A. K. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170422112720/http://www.amjbot.org/content/93/3/426.full The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of ''Pilea'' (Urticaceae) based on CPDNA, NRDNA and morphology.] ''[[American Journal of Botany]]'' 93(3): 426-41.</ref>
[[File:urera-caracasana-berries.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Urera caracasana]]'' fruits]]
===Species===
[[File:Starr 030405-0219 Urera glabra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Urera glabra]]'']]
[[File:Urera baccifera inflorescence.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Urera baccifera]]'']]
28 species are accepted.<ref name=powo/>
*''[[Urera acuminata]]'' {{small|(Poir.) Gaudich. ex Decne.}}
*''[[Urera altissima]]'' {{small|Lillo}}
*''[[Urera aurantiaca]]'' {{small|Wedd.}}
*''[[Urera baccifera]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Gaudich. ex [[Hugh Algernon Weddell|Wedd.]], 1852</small> &ndash; guaritoto, scratchbush
*''[[Urera capitata]]'' {{small|Wedd.}}
*''[[Urera caracasana]]'' <small>([[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]) Gaudich. ex [[August Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small> &ndash; flameberry
*''[[Urera elata]]'' {{small|(Sw.) Griseb.}}
*''[[Urera expansa]]'' <small>([[Olof Swartz|Sw.]]) Griseb.</small>
*''[[Urera fenestrata]]'' {{small|A.K.Monro & Al.Rodr.}}
*''[[Urera filiformis]]'' {{small|Rusby}}
*''[[Urera glabriuscula]]'' {{small|V.W.Steinm.}}
*''[[Urera gravenreuthii]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Urera guanacastensis]]'' {{small|A.K.Monro & Al.Rodr.}}
*''[[Urera kaalae]]'' <small>[[Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee|Wawra]]</small> &ndash; ''Opuhe'' ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in Hawaii)
*''[[Urera keayi]]'' {{small|Letouzey}}
*''[[Urera killipiana]]'' {{small|Standl. & Steyerm.}}
*''[[Urera laciniata]]'' {{small|Wedd.}}
*''[[Urera lianoides]]'' {{small|A.K.Monro & Al.Rodr.}}
*''[[Urera lobulata]]'' {{small|Urb. & Ekman}}
*''[[Urera martiniana]]'' {{small|V.W.Steinm.}}
*''[[Urera nitida]]'' {{small|(Vell.) P.Brack}}
*''[[Urera pacifica]]'' {{small|V.W.Steinm.}}
*''[[Urera simplex]]'' {{small|Wedd.}}
*''[[Urera talbotii]]'' {{small|Rendle}}
*''[[Urera verrucosa]]'' {{small|(Liebm.) V.W.Steinm.}} &ndash; ''chichicastle'', ''mala mujer''
===Formerly placed here===
*''[[Touchardia sandwicensis]]'' {{small|(Wedd.) ined.}} &ndash; hopue, ''Ōpuhe'' ([[Hawaii]])<ref name="CFTH">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Urera_glabra.pdf |title=Ōpuhe |first=Little, E. L. |last=R. G. Skolmen |work=Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced) |publisher=United States Forest Service |year=1989 |access-date=2009-11-28}}</ref> (as ''Urera sandwicensis'' {{small|Wedd.}}, ''U. glabra'' {{small|(Hook. & Arn.) Wedd.}}, and ''U. konaensis'' {{small|H.St.John}})
==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Burger, W. (1977). ''Urera''. ''Fieldiana Botany'' 40: 276-80. [https://archive.org/download/floracostaricens40burg/floracostaricens40burg.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Pool, A. (2001). ''Urera''. ''In'': Stevens, W. D., et al. (eds.): ''Flora de Nicaragua'' (Vol. 3): 2492–95. ''Monographs in Botany'' 85. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
* Standley, P. C. &  Steyermark, J. A. (1952). ''Urera''. ''Fieldiana Botany'' 24(3), 424-28. [https://archive.org/download/floraofguatemala3fistan/floraofguatemala3fistan.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Sytsma, K. J., et al. (2002). [http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/9/1531.full.pdf Urticalean rosids: circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences.]{{dead link|date=January 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''American Journal of Botany'' 89(9), 1531–46.
* Weddell, H. A. (1869). ''Myriocarpa''. ''In'': [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|de Candolle, A. P.]] (ed.): ''Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis'' (Vol. 16): 23533–36. Paris, France.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5234538}}
[[Category:Urera| ]]
[[Category:Urticaceae genera]]
[[Category:Pantropical flora]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]