View source for V sign

{{Short description|Hand sign (victory, peace or insult)}}
{{for multi|the V sign of dermatomyositis|Shawl sign|the ∨ symbol|Descending wedge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Churchill V sign HU 55521.jpg|thumb|The [[British prime minister|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] is one of the first people to have used the v sign. (1943) It is often interpreted as indicating the word "victory" which was widely used when the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] won [[World War II]].]]
{{Infobox symbol
|mark=✌
|unicode= {{unichar|270C|Victory hand|html=}}
|see also = {{unichar|262E|Peace symbol|nlink=Peace symbols#Peace symbol}}<br />{{unichar|01F54A|Dove of Peace|nlink=Doves as symbols}}
|different from={{unichar|1F594|REVERSED VICTORY HAND}}
}}
The '''V sign''' is a hand [[gesture]] in which the [[index finger|index]] and [[middle finger]]s are raised and parted to make a V shape while the other fingers are clenched. It has various meanings, depending on the circumstances and how it is presented.
When displayed with the palm inward toward the signer, it can be an offensive gesture in some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth nations]] (similar to [[The finger|showing the middle finger]]), dating back to at least 1900. When given with the palm outward, it is to be read as a '''victory sign''' ("V for Victory"); this usage was introduced in January 1941 as part of a campaign by the [[Allies of World War II]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=V for Victory: Celebrating a Gesture of Solidarity and Defiance | url=https://time.com/3880345/v-for-victory-a-gesture-of-solidarity-and-defiance/ |first=Ben |last=Cosgrove |date=4 July 2014 |magazine=Time (magazine)}}</ref> and made more widely known by [[Winston Churchill]]. During the [[Vietnam War]], in the 1960s, the "V sign" with palm outward was widely adopted by the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] as a [[Peace symbols|symbol of peace]] and still today in the United States and worldwide as the "'''peace sign'''".   <!-- With the meaning "yeah", described below, I think the V in pictures is non-symbolic (perhaps "we're having fun" or "I'm so cool"?). Please correct if wrong-->
==Usage==
[[File:NIXONcampaigns.jpg|thumb|U.S. presidential candidate [[Richard Nixon]] using the gesture as a victory sign in 1968]]
[[File:Steve McQueen.jpg|thumb|Actor [[Steve McQueen]] making the V{{nbsp}}sign (for peace) during a [[mug shot]], after a drunk driving arrest (1972)]]
The meaning of the V sign is partially dependent on the manner in which the hand is positioned.
Where the palm of the hand is facing inward toward the signer (i.e. the back of the hand faces the observer), this is seen as insulting gesture in Australia,  Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="V-sign-as-an-insult">V sign as an insult:<!--references for countries listed-->
* UK: Staff. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pphk5Crsp5A][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pphk5Crsp5A Workforce of Parkgate Iron and Steel Co., Rotherham (1901])  [[BFI]]  1901
* UK: Staff. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/beds/bucks/herts/7296889.stm No ban for speeding V-sign biker] [[BBC]]  14 March 2008
* UK: Staff. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/vote2001/hi/english/features/newsid_1344000/1344190.stm Two fingers Prescott] [[BBC]], 22 May 2001
* IE: Staff. [http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/shambolic-irish-give-two-fingers-to-the-past-135500.html Shambolic Irish give two fingers to the past] [[Irish Independent]]
* AU: {{cite news |last=Keim |first=Tony |date=18 November 2008 |title=Long tradition of flipping the bird |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/tradition-behind-the-bird/story-e6frer4f-1111118071016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910220355/http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/tradition-behind-the-bird/story-e6frer4f-1111118071016 |archive-date=10 September 2012 |access-date=14 April 2011 |newspaper=Courier Mail |ref=none}}
* AU: [http://www.abc.net.au/profiles/content/s2193276.htm?site=science/k2 Karl S. Kruszelnicki]. [http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s655611.htm Arrow Up Yours & Plague 1] [http://www.abc.net.au/ www.abc.net.au]. Accessed 23 April 2008
* NZ: Glyn Harper [http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/magazine/2002_Nov/stories/questions.html Just the Answer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219021729/http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/magazine/2002_Nov/stories/questions.html|date=19 February 2018}} Alumni Magazine [Massey University] November 2002.
* ZA: {{cite web |last=Greenaway |first=Mike |date=2 July 2022 |title=The day that Wales' JPR Williams was almost lynched in Durban |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/rugby/springboks/the-day-that-wales-jpr-williams-was-almost-lynched-in-durban-c22f81d2-8c4a-4d9c-9d69-0aa7cd4c85c0 |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UIjVGcSe8MC&pg=PA683 |page=683 |title=The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English |isbn=9780203962114 |last1=Victor |first1=Terry |last2=Dalzell |first2=Tom |date=December 2007 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}
</ref>
With the palm outward toward the observer, it can mean "victory", in a setting of wartime or competition. This was first popularised in January 1941 by [[Victor de Laveleye]], a Belgian politician in exile, who suggested it as a symbol of unity in a radio speech and the subsequent "V for Victory" campaign by the BBC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2today.com/20th-july-1941--for-victory-widespread-across-europe|title=20th July 1941: 'V for Victory' widespread across Europe|work=ww2today.com}}</ref> It is sometimes made using both hands with upraised arms as [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and, in imitation of him, [[Richard Nixon]], used to do. This sign came to mean "peace" or "friend", used around the world by peace and counter-culture groups; popularized in the American [[peace movement]] of the 1960s. The commonality with the symbol's use from the 1940s was its meaning the "end of war".<ref>{{cite news |last=Zelinsky |first=Nathaniel  |date=18 March 2011 |title=From Churchill to Libya: How the V symbol went viral |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]  |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/from-churchill-to-libya-how-the-v-symbol-went-viral/2011/03/18/AFzPiYYB_story.html | access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>
In [[American Sign Language]], the number 2 is signalled with two fingers raised and the palm towards the signer, the letter V with the palm away,<ref>Staff. [http://www.iidc.indiana.edu/cedir/kidsweb/asl.html American Manual Alphabet Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503055955/http://www.iidc.indiana.edu/cedir/kidsweb/asl.html |date=3 May 2009 }}
Center for Disability Information & Referral (CeDIR), Indiana Institute on Disability and Community at Indiana University</ref> and the ordinal ''second'' with the sign palm forward before being turned ([[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yawing]]) until the palm faces backward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-signs/n/numbersordianlandcardinal.htm|title="numbers" ASL American Sign Language|work=lifeprint.com}}</ref> General [[finger-counting]] systems use either facing for the number 2.
The V shape is also used in a number of signs in many [[sign languages]], including (in American Sign Language) "to look" (with the palm down) or "to see" (palm up). When the pointer and middle fingers are pointed at the signer's eyes then turned and the pointer finger is pointed at someone it means "I am watching you."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/pages-signs/s/see.htm|title="see" American Sign Language (ASL)|work=lifeprint.com}}</ref>
V-signs in motion are used in [[air quotes]], flexing the fingers, palm out, of one or both hands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/air-quotes.html|title=Air quotes|work=phrases.org.uk|author=Gary Martin|date=11 December 2023 }}</ref>
==As an insult==<!--If this section title is changed from "As an insult", then change the redirect [[V sign as an insult]]-->
[[File:Winston Churchill, cigar in mouth, gives his famous 'V' for victory sign during a visit to Bradford, 4 December 1942. H25966.jpg|thumb|Churchill was initially unaware of the offensive meaning of holding up his hand like in this gesture (1942).]]
The insulting version of the gesture (with the palm inward {{Unichar|1F594|Reversed victory hand}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2700.pdf|title=The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, range 2700–27BF|work=unicode.org}}</ref> is often compared to the offensive gesture known as "[[the finger]]". The "two-fingered salute" (also "'''the forks'''" in Australia<ref>Tony Keim [http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/tradition-behind-the-bird/story-e6frer4f-1111118071016 "Long tradition of flipping the bird"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910220355/http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/tradition-behind-the-bird/story-e6frer4f-1111118071016 |date=10 September 2012 }}, ''Courier Mail'', 18 November 2008, accessed 14 April 2011.</ref>) is commonly performed by flicking the V upwards from wrist or elbow. The V sign, when the palm is facing toward the person giving the sign, has long been an insulting gesture in the [[United Kingdom]], and later in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and [[South Africa]].<ref name=V-sign-as-an-insult/> It is frequently used to signify defiance (especially to authority), contempt, or derision.<ref>Defiance, contempt or derision:
* Staff, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-vsign.html V-sign], [http://www.encyclopedia.com/about.aspx encyclopedia.com] cites The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2008 "Brit. a similar sign made with the first two fingers pointing up and the back of the hand facing outward, used as a gesture of abuse or contempt." Accessed 9 May 2008.
* Staff. [https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/latest/2007/12/20/hooligan-grandson-of-legend-115875-20260703/ Hooligan grandson of legend], [[Daily Mirror]], 20 December 2007
* Staff. [http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/2086046.vsign_led_to_assault_on_school_bus_teens/ V-sign led to assault on school bus teens] [[The Press (York)]], 1 March 2008</ref> It was known in Canada with the meaning "[[wikt:up yours|Up yours!]]" as late as to the [[Greatest Generation|generation which fought in World War II]], perhaps because of their familiarity with the [[V sign#Victory sign|Victory sign]] throughout the war years. However, subsequent generations seldom use it, and its meaning in this sense is becoming increasingly unknown in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/permalink/post/12828083|title = Thorn Tree – Meaning of gestures in the USA and Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/permalink/post/12833081|title = Thorn Tree – Meaning of gestures in the USA and Canada}}</ref>
As an example of the V sign (palm inward) as an insult, on 1 November 1990, ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', a British [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]], ran an article on its front page with the headline "Up Yours, [[Jacques Delors|Delors]]" next to a hand making a V sign protruding from a [[Union Jack]] cuff.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Philip|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/11/01/Tabloid-Sun-opens-campaign-against-European-union/7326657435600/|title=Tabloid Sun opens campaign against European union|work=UPI|date=1 November 1990|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ponsford|first=Dominic|url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/sun-reprises-1990-classic-front-with-up-yours-senors-message-to-spain-over-gibraltar/|title=Sun reprises 1990 classic front with 'UP YOURS SENORS' message to Spain over Gibraltar|work=Press Gazette|date=4 April 2017|access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> The article attracted complaints about alleged [[Francophobia]], which the [[Press Council (UK)|Press Council]] rejected after the newspaper stated that the paper reserved the right to use vulgar abuse in the interests of Britain.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wheeler |first=Brian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4124328.stm|title=From two jags to two finger|work=BBC News|date=24 June 2005 |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Robbie paparazzi V sign.jpg|thumb|English singer-songwriter and entertainer [[Robbie Williams]] does the reversed V sign at a [[Paparazzi|paparazzo]] photographer in London in 2000.]]
On 3 April 2009, Scottish association football players [[Barry Ferguson]] and [[Allan McGregor]] were banned from the [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland national squad]] for showing the V sign while sitting on the bench during the game against Iceland. Both players had been drinking alcohol in their hotel bar after a defeat to The Netherlands until around 11&nbsp;am the next morning, meaning that both of the players breached the SFA discipline code before the incident as well, but the attitude shown by the V sign was considered to be so rude that the [[Scottish Football Association|SFA]] decided to exclude those players from the national team.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/apr/03/barry-ferguson-allan-mcgregor-banned Barry Ferguson and Allan McGregor banned for life by Scotland], The Guardian, Friday 3 April 2009</ref> Their club side [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] fined both Ferguson and McGregor, and removed the club captaincy from Ferguson, as a result of the controversy.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rangers/7981287.stm | work=BBC News | title=Scots end Gers pair's cap career | date=3 April 2009 | access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> McGregor's ban was lifted by Scotland manager [[Craig Levein]] in 2010 and he returned to the Scottish national squad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8876685.stm|title=Sweden 3–0 Scotland|date=11 August 2010|publisher=BBC|access-date=16 May 2011}}</ref>
[[Steve McQueen]] gives the sign in the closing scene of the 1971 motorsport film, [[Le Mans (film)|''Le Mans'']]. A still picture of the gesture was recorded by photographer Nigel Snowdon and has become an icon of both McQueen and the film itself.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Eoin |last=Young |title=From the archives - Eoin Young's first and last Autocar columns |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motorsport/archives-eoin-young-s-first-and-last-autocar-columns |magazine=Autocar |date=2014-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sheryl |last=Garratt |title=In the driving seat with Steve McQueen |url=https://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/steve-mcqueen/index.html |work=The Telegraph |date=2015-11-07}}</ref>
For a time in the UK, "a Harvey (Smith)" became a way of describing the insulting version of the V sign, much as "[[Word of Cambronne|the word of Cambronne]]" is used in France, or "the [[Pierre Trudeau|Trudeau]] salute" is used to describe the [[the finger|one-fingered salute]] in Canada. This happened because, in 1971, show-jumper [[Harvey Smith (equestrian)|Harvey Smith]] was disqualified for making a televised V sign to the judges after winning the British Show Jumping Derby at [[All England Jumping Course at Hickstead|Hickstead]]. His win was reinstated two days later.<ref>Staff [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/15/newsid_2534000/2534107.stm On this Day 15 August 1971: 'V-sign' costs rider victory] "BBC The infamous gesture won him an entry in the Chambers dictionary which defined 'a Harvey Smith' as 'a V-sign with the palm inwards, signifying derision and contempt'". Accessed 23 April 2008</ref> Harvey Smith pleaded that he was using a Victory sign, a defence also used by other figures in the public eye.<ref name=iocns>Staff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081018230141/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-v-sign/biography/v-for-get-stuffed The V sign], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145709/http://www.icons.org.uk/about-us www.icons.org.uk]. Accessed 23 April 2008</ref>
Sometimes overseas visitors to the countries mentioned above use the "two-fingered salute" without knowing it is offensive to the natives, for example when ordering two beers in a noisy pub, or in the case of the United States president [[George H. W. Bush]], who, while touring Australia in 1992, attempted to give a "peace sign" to a group of farmers in [[Canberra]]—who were protesting about U.S. farm subsidies—and instead gave the insulting V sign.<ref>[[Webster Griffin Tarpley]] and [[Anton Chaitkin]] (2004). George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography, Progressive Press paperback edition (2004), p. 651(web link to [http://tarpley.net/online-books/george-bush-the-unauthorized-biography/chapter-25-thyroid-storm/ Chapter XXV – Thyroid Storm]). Tarpley & Chaitkin cite the [[Washington Post]], 3 January 1992.</ref>
===Origins===
A commonly repeated legend claims that the two-fingered salute or V sign derives from a gesture made by [[Welsh longbow|longbowmen]] fighting in the English army at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] (1415) during the [[Hundred Years' War]], but no written historical [[primary source]]s support this contention.<ref>David Wilton, ''Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends'', Oxford University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-19-537557-2}}.</ref> This origin legend states that English archers believed that those who were captured by the French had their [[Index finger|index]] and [[middle finger]]s cut off so that they could no longer operate their longbows, and that the V sign was used by uncaptured and victorious archers in a display of defiance against the French. In conflict with this origin myth, the chronicler [[Jean de Wavrin]], contemporary of the battle, reported that Henry V mentioned in a pre-battle speech that the French were said to be threatening to cut off ''three'' fingers (not two) from captured bowmen.<ref name=BSH>{{Cite web|url=https://bshistorian.wordpress.com/2007/07/02/two-fingers-up-to-english-history/|title=Two fingers up to English history…|date=2 July 2007|website=The BS Historian|access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50254g|title=A collection of the chronicles and ancient histories of Great Britain, now called England. 2. From A.D. 1399 to A.D. 1422 / by John de Wavrin, lord of Forestel; transl. by William Hardy,... and Edward L. C. P. Hardy,...|last=Wavrin|first=Jean de |publisher=Longman|location=London|pages=203|language=en}}</ref> Neither Wavrin nor any contemporary author reported the threat was ever carried out after that nor other battles, nor did they report anything concerning a gesture of defiance.<ref name=BSH/>
<!-- Needs a reference (rather than a wikipedia page) with some expert suggesting that these are intentional hand signs. If confirmed, it needs to go in the victory sign section anyway
[[File:Religion saved by Spain.jpg|thumb|Religion saved by Spain, by [[Titian]]]]
Another early appearance of the sign is in [[Titian]]'s painting [[Religion saved by Spain]] commemorating the [[Battle of Lepanto]] created between 1572 and 1575. This is an allegoric painting, portraying Spain as a woman in a dramatic landscape, with a shield in her right hand and a spear with the flag of Victory in her left hand. Both her hands show symbolic V ("victoria") gesture.-->
The first unambiguous, attested evidence of the use of the insulting V sign in the United Kingdom dates to 1901, when a worker outside Parkgate Ironworks in [[Rotherham]] used the gesture (captured on the film) to indicate that he did not like being filmed.<ref name=icons>Staff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081018230141/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-v-sign/biography/v-for-get-stuffed The V sign], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145709/http://www.icons.org.uk/about-us www.icons.org.uk web.archive.org]</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/I64ewblmTUY Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140123231202/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I64ewblmTUY Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=Parkgate Iron and Steel Co., Rotherham (1901)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I64ewblmTUY&t=58s|website=YouTube| date=10 July 2008 |publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=13 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
[[Peter Opie]] interviewed children in the 1950s and observed in ''The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren'' (1959) that the much-older thumbing of the nose ([[cocking a snook]]) had been replaced by the V sign as the most common insulting gesture used in the playground.<ref name= icons/>
Between 1975 and 1977, a group of anthropologists including [[Desmond Morris]] studied the history and spread of European gestures and found the rude version of the V-sign to be basically unknown outside the [[British Isles]]. In his ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'', published in 1979, Morris discussed various possible origins of this sign but came to no definite conclusion:
{{blockquote|Because of the strong taboo associated with the gesture (its public use has often been heavily penalised). As a result, there is a tendency to shy away from discussing it in detail. It is "known to be dirty" and is passed on from generation to generation by people who simply accept it as a recognised obscenity without bothering to analyse it... Several of the rival claims are equally appealing. The truth is that we will probably never know...<ref name=icons/>}}
==Victory sign==
=== Second World War: V for Victory campaign ===
On 18 May 1939, the French daily, ''Le Monde Quotidien'' had a headline of, 'V pour victoire'. On 14 January 1941, [[Victor de Laveleye]], former Belgian Minister of Justice and director of the [[Radio Belgique|Belgian French-language broadcasts]] on the [[BBC]] (1940–44), suggested in a broadcast that Belgians use a V for ''{{lang|fr|victoire}}'' (French: "victory") and ''{{lang|nl|vrijheid}}'' (Dutch: "freedom") as a rallying emblem during the [[Second World War]].
In the BBC broadcast, de Laveleye said that "the occupier, by seeing this sign, always the same, infinitely repeated, [would] understand that he is surrounded, encircled by an immense crowd of citizens eagerly awaiting his first moment of weakness, watching for his first failure." Within weeks chalked up Vs began appearing on walls throughout Belgium, the Netherlands and Northern France.<ref name=radio>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050312223729/http://home.luna.nl/~arjan-muil/radio/history/ww-2/v-campaign.html The V-campaign], Virtual Radiomuseum</ref> Buoyed by this success, the BBC started the "V for Victory" campaign, for which they put in charge the assistant news editor [[Douglas Ritchie]] posing as "Colonel Britton". Ritchie suggested an audible V using its [[Morse code]] rhythm (three dots and a dash). As the rousing opening bars of [[Beethoven's Fifth Symphony]] had the same rhythm, the BBC used this as its call-sign in its foreign language programmes to occupied Europe for the rest of the war. The more musically educated also understood that it was the Fate motif "''[[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)#Fate motif|knocking on the door]]''" of [[Nazi Germany]].
({{Audio|Beet5mov1bars1to5.ogg|Listen to this call-sign.}}).<ref name=radio/><ref>{{cite book |page=359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4XJQD4O_TkC&pg=PA359 |title = Encyclopedia of Radio|isbn = 9780203484289|last1 = Sterling|first1 = Christopher H.|date = December 2003| publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> The BBC also encouraged the use of the V gesture introduced by de Laveleye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://h2g2.com/dna/h2g2/A11047132 |title=The V sign at BBC's H2G2 website |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=1 November 1990 |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref>
By July 1941, the emblematic use of the letter V had spread through occupied Europe. On 19 July, Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] referred approvingly to the V for Victory campaign in a speech,<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news | work=news.bbc.co.uk | title=Newswatch 1940s | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/newswatch/history/noflash/html/1940s.stm | access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref> from which point he started using the V hand sign. Early on he sometimes gestured palm in (sometimes with a cigar between the fingers).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/images/wc%20outside%20D%20st.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202022237/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/images/wc%20outside%20D%20st.jpg |archive-date=2 December 2007 |title=Churchill outside Downing Street |publisher=Number-10.gov.uk |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> Later in the war, he used palm out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/images/WC%20V%20sign1.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613151055/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/images/WC%20V%20sign1.jpg|archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Churchill's famous victory sign |publisher=Number-10.gov.uk |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> After aides explained to the aristocratic Churchill what the palm in gesture meant to other classes, he made sure to use the appropriate sign.<ref name=iocns/><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff|url=http://postalheritage.org.uk/page/icons-vsign|title=The V Sign|work=The British Postal Museum & Archive (BPMA)|access-date=5 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406161458/http://postalheritage.org.uk/page/icons-vsign|archive-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yet the ''double-entendre'' of the gesture might have contributed to its popularity, "for a simple twist of hand would have presented the dorsal side in a mocking snub to the common enemy".<ref>James Jerman, Anthony Weir, ''Images of Lust: Sexual Carvings on Medieval Churches'' London: Routledge, 2013, page 145.</ref> Other allied leaders used the sign as well.
The Germans could not remove all the signs, so they adopted the V Sign as a German symbol, sometimes adding laurel leaves under it, painting their own V's on walls, vehicles and adding a massive V on the [[Eiffel Tower]].
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Håkon 7. malt i veien.jpg|Resistance graffiti on a Norwegian road, depicting the V-sign, "V" in Morse Code, and the [[H7 (monogram)|royal cipher of King Haakon VII]]
File:Victory, 1941.jpg|1941 postcard from the [[Independent State of Croatia]], as part of the Axis attempt to appropriate the "V" for themselves
File:V... - Wearing different uniforms but we all have the same big job. Let's go everybody - Keep `em firing. - NARA - 534899.jpg|The V-sign (and its Morse code equivalent) incorporated on an American propaganda poster for the [[War Production Board]], 1942 or 1943
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0216-500, Paris, deutsche Parole am Bourbon-Palast.jpg|A German V-sign and slogan on the [[Palais Bourbon]] in occupied [[Paris]]. The banner beneath the "V" reads "Germany is Victorious on All Fronts".
File:VEGA Royal Square Jersey.jpg|During the German occupation of [[Jersey]], a stonemason repairing the paving of the Royal Square incorporated a [[V sign#Second World War: V for Victory campaign|V for victory]] under the noses of the occupiers. This was later amended to refer to the Red Cross ship ''[[SS Vega (1913)|Vega]]''. The addition of the date 1945 and a more recent frame has transformed it into a monument.
</gallery>
In 1942, [[Aleister Crowley]], a British occultist, claimed to have invented the usage of a V-sign in February 1941 as a magical foil to the [[Nazi swastika|Nazis' use of the swastika]]. He maintained that he passed this to friends at the [[BBC]], and to the British [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Division]] through his connections in [[MI5]], eventually gaining the approval of Winston Churchill. Crowley noted that his 1913 publication ''[[Magick (Book 4)]]'' featured a V-sign and a swastika on the same plate.<ref>Kaczynski, Richard. ''Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley''. North Atlantic Books, 2010, p. 511.</ref>
===Vietnam War, victory, and peace===
[[File:Turning the Regs Around Cover Page.png|thumb|upright 0.75|GIs using the peace sign on [[Pacific Counseling Service#Turning the Regs Around|''Turning the Regs Around'']] (1973)]]
Protesters against the [[Vietnam War]] (and subsequent anti-war protests) and [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] activists in the 1960s adopted the gesture as a sign of peace. Because the hippies of the day often flashed this sign (palm out) while saying "Peace", it became popularly known (through association) as "the peace sign".<ref name=icons-asian-peace>Staff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621122852/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-v-sign/a-harvey-smith-to-you/the-asian-v-sign-in-progress The Japanese Version (the Sign of Peace)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145709/http://www.icons.org.uk/about-us ICONS. A portrait of England]. Accessed 1 June 2008</ref>
==As a photography pose==
[[File:V-sign detail, Katherine Stinson in Tokyo LCCN2014703919 (cropped).tif|thumb|American aviator [[Katherine Stinson]] flashes a clearly understood V sign for the cameras 25 years before Winston Churchill as she arrives  in Tokyo  December of 1916 on "barnstorming" tour]]
===Japan===
The V sign, primarily palm-outward, is very commonly made by [[Japanese people]], especially younger people, when posing for informal photographs, and is known as  {{nihongo||ピースサイン|pīsu sain|peace sign}}, or more commonly simply {{nihongo||ピース|pīsu|peace}}. As the name reflects, this dates to the Vietnam War era and anti-war activists, though the precise origin is disputed. The V sign was known in Japan from the post-[[World War II]] [[Allied occupation of Japan]], but did not acquire the use in photographs until later.
[[File:Amusement Girls 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.02|Young Japanese women giving V gesture in [[Ikebukuro]] (2010)]]
In Japan, it is generally believed to have been influenced by [[Beheiren]]'s anti-Vietnam War activists in the late 1960s and a [[Konica]] camera advertisement in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ameblo.jp/skip9/image-10568598135-10600580586.html|title=雑誌に載ったわたし。|work=日刊「きのこ」 skipのブログ}}</ref><ref>[http://nendai-ryuukou.com/1970/1971.htm 1971's buzzwords]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A more colorful account of this practice claims it was influenced by the American figure skater [[Janet Lynn]] during the [[1972 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sapporo]], [[Hokkaidō]]. She fell during a free-skate period, but continued to smile even as she sat on the ice. Though she placed third in the competition, her cheerful diligence and persistence resonated with many Japanese viewers. Lynn became an overnight [[Gaijin tarento|foreign celebrity in Japan]]. A peace activist, Lynn frequently flashed the V sign when she was covered in [[Media of Japan|Japanese media]], and she is credited by some Japanese for having popularized its use since the 1970s in amateur photographs.<ref name=icons-asian-peace/>
===Elsewhere===
[[File:5th Day - 3V.jpg|thumb|Iranian women during the Green uprising in 2009]]
In the United States, the usage of the V sign as a photography gesture is known but not widely used.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
The original poster for the 2003 film ''[[What a Girl Wants (film)|What a Girl Wants]]'' showed star [[Amanda Bynes]] giving a V sign as an American girl visiting [[London]]. In the US, the poster was altered to instead show Bynes with both arms down, to avoid giving the perception that the film was criticizing the then-recently commenced [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2003/04/11/why-ads-amanda-bynes-flick-were-edited/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|title=Sign of the Times|first=Rebecca|last=Ascher-Walsh|date=11 April 2003|access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303050156/https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20363549_440739,00.html |archive-date=2014-03-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Risks===
In addition to the risks due to different interpretations of the V-sign in different cultures, it has been suggested that fairly close photographs of palm-out V-signs may be a security risk, as people's fingerprints can be clearly identified, allowing misuse. At a distance of 1.5m or less, 100% of a fingerprint can be captured, and 50% at up to 3m. Criminals could copy the fingerprint to use with door-access and payment systems. It is also possible for law enforcement to identify people this way; Carl Stewart was arrested in 2021 after police [[EncroChat#Convictions|identified his fingerprints in an image he shared on EncroChat]]. Sufficiently detailed fingerprint information could only be harvested in "very demanding" conditions; to check that a V-sign photograph is not a security risk, it could be examined at high zoom.<ref name=argentina/><ref>{{Cite news |title=China's scissor-hand selfie-takers warned of cybersecurity threat |last=Yan |first=Alice |newspaper=South China Morning Post |date=17 September 2019 |url= https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3027667/chinas-scissor-hand-selfie-takers-warned-cybersecurity-threat}}</ref>
==Specific uses==
* In Argentina, the V sign, besides "victory", is linked to the political movement of [[Peronism]], associated with the return of [[Juan Domingo Perón]] to Argentina from exile in 1973.<ref name=argentina>{{cite web|url=https://www.eltribuno.com/jujuy/nota/2019-9-20-15-23-0-por-que-el-simbolo-mas-famoso-del-peronismo-podria-dejar-de-utilizarse|work=[[El Tribuno]]|title=Por qué el símbolo más famoso del peronismo podría dejar de utilizarse|trans-title=Why the most famous Peronist symbol may stop being used|date=20 September 2019|language=es}}</ref>
* In South Africa, after the Nationalist Party won the 1948 election with fewer voters than the opposition, Vs appeared as graffiti representing the word "Volkswil" (will of the people) and thereby questioning the results.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* In [[Tamil Nadu]], a state of [[India]], it refers to the political Party [[AIADMK]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* The Kendall Motor Oil brand logo has been using the V sign since 1928 to signify becoming the first Pennsylvania refiner to offer a highly refined product good for 2,000 miles.<ref>[https://kendallmotoroil.com/our-history/ "135 Years of Delivering the Good Stuff" (History) – Kendall Motor Oil.] Retrieved 2 August 2020</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2021}}
* The V sign, especially when printed in green, is a sign of the [[Iranian Green Movement]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* Following the first elections in Iraq after the U.S. invasion, a photo of a woman showing the V sign with one of her fingers dipped in purple ink became very well-known and was widely circulated.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} The ink is used to identify individuals who have already voted.
* In the [[Philippines]], the symbol was associated with the [[Marcos family]] when [[Ferdinand Marcos Sr.]] used the gesture during his four presidential campaigns. His son and namesake, [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Bongbong Marcos]], his [[UniTeam Alliance|electoral alliance]], and his supporters used the "V sign" gesture as [[Bongbong Marcos 2022 presidential campaign#Branding|the official identity]] of their [[Bongbong Marcos 2022 presidential campaign|political campaign]] during the [[2022 Philippine Presidential election|2022 presidential elections]].
* In [[Poland]], during the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity movement]], protesters showed the V sign meaning they would defeat Communism.<ref name="Francisco 2010">{{cite book | last1 = Francisco | first1 = Ronald | title = Collective Action Theory and Empirical Evidence | url = https://archive.org/details/collectiveaction00fran | url-access = limited | edition = 1 | publisher = Springer | year = 2010 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/collectiveaction00fran/page/n53 46] | isbn = 978-1-4419-1475-0 | quote = Subtle gestures, noise, and artwork are additional symbolic signs that dissidents use in coercive countries. Poland's Solidarity's signal was two fingers held up in the form of the letter V. This gesture diffused widely in Eastern Europe and now it is used in Palestine as a symbol of unity and nationalism.}}</ref> After partially free elections, when [[Tadeusz Mazowiecki]] was chosen as prime minister (24 August 1989), he went to the MPs with the V sign, which was transmitted on TV.<ref name="NST 1989-09-13">{{cite news | title = End to 45 years of Red rule | date = 13 September 1989 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IWNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6856%2C3067102 | work = New Straits Times | access-date = 29 January 2012 | quote = Tadeusz Mazowlecki, who nearly fainted during his opening speech, flashed a V-for-victory sign as deputies voted his Cabinet into office by 402–0 with 13 abstentions.}}</ref> It is sometimes shown during debates about the fall of Communism.
* In Romania, the sign represents victory and has been used as an extension of the [[Roman salute]] to announce that victory has been achieved. It was used heavily during the Romanian revolution after the ousting of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]. [[Mircea Dinescu]] appeared in the first transmission of [[Romanian Television]] after the revolutionaries occupied it, shouting "We won!" and flashing the victory sign.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20231223035831/https://infooradea.ro/34-de-ani-de-la-revolutia-romana-din-1989-faptele-cum-s-au-desfasurat-evenimentele/</ref>
* During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], Croatian and Bosnian troops and paramilitary militia used the sign as a greeting or an informal salute. U.S. and NATO peacekeepers stationed in Bosnia were forbidden from using the V-sign (victory symbol) to avoid upsetting or offending Serbs they might encounter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/bosnia/army/bosbuch.html#religion |title=A Soldier's Guide: Bosnia-Herzegovina |publisher=Dtic.mil |access-date=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225130901/http://www.dtic.mil/bosnia/army/bosbuch.html#religion |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In Vietnam, the V sign means "hello" since the [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] word for the number "2" (''[[wikt:hai#Vietnamese|hai]]'') sounds like the English pronunciation of the greeting "hi".{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* [[Ringo Starr]] of the [[Beatles]] uses the V sign extensively while using the phrase "Peace and Love" as a sort of [[catchphrase]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-22 |title=Peace and Love: Sir Ringo Starr to sell statues of 'iconic symbol' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-63716542 |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* A vulgar gesture signifying [[cunnilingus]] is to put the V sign with the fingers on either side of the [[mouth]] (usually with the [[knuckle]]s facing the observer) and to stick the [[tongue]] out. Most of the time the tongue is wriggled around.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* A partially obscured V sign can be added to someone else's head to produce devil's horns or "bunny ears" for an amusing photo. In September 2013, [[Manu Tuilagi]] apologised to Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] after making a "bunny ears" sign behind his head in a photo taken during a visit by the [[British and Irish Lions]] squad to Downing Street.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/britishandirishlionsrugby/10313911/Manu-Tuilagi-forced-to-apologise-for-playing-prank-on-Prime-Minister-David-Cameron-in-No-10-visit.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/britishandirishlionsrugby/10313911/Manu-Tuilagi-forced-to-apologise-for-playing-prank-on-Prime-Minister-David-Cameron-in-No-10-visit.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= Manu Tuilagi forced to apologise for playing prank on Prime Minister David Cameron in No 10 visit|date=17 September 2013|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=17 September 2013|last1= Mairs|first1= Gavin}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In Indonesia, candidate of the [[2014 Indonesian presidential election]] Joko Widodo used the sign for a political campaign. The V sign in Indonesia is called "Salam Dua Jari".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/591016/slank-salam-2-jari-konser-kemanusiaan-terbesar|title= Slank: Salam 2 Jari, Konser Kemanusiaan Terbesar|date=7 July 2014|work=Tempo|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
* In Belgium, the [[New Flemish Alliance]] (N-VA) political party uses it as a rallying gesture. During the taking the oath of the actual Belgian federal government, three N-VA ministers used the V sign instead of the formal three-fingers sign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtl.be/info/belgique/politique/1131881/prestation-de-serment-trois-n-va-font-le-v-signe-de-la-victoire-et-de-ralliement-de-leur-parti|title=Prestation de serment: trois N-VA font le 'V', signe de la victoire et de ralliement de leur parti (vidéo) |date=11 October 2014 |publisher=RTL Newmedia}}</ref>
* In [[Turkey]], using the Victory sign can lead to a prosecution and conviction if it is shown, because in Turkey the sign is associated with the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] if used by [[Kurds]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stockholmcf.org/lawsuit-against-leyla-zana-demands-prison-sentence-up-to-21-years/|title=Lawsuit against Leyla Zana demands prison sentence up to 21 years|last=SCF|date=1 March 2017|website=Stockholm Center for Freedom|language=en-US|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.bianet.org/bianet/law/191529-turkey-condemned-by-ecthr-for-sentencing-isikirik-to-prison-over-victory-sign|title=Turkey Condemned by ECtHR for Sentencing Işıkırık to Prison Over Victory Sign|website=Bianet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuIGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee|last=Tas|first=Latif|date=22 April 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317106159 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref>
* On the six-month anniversary of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a sculpture giving an inward-facing V-sign, which the BBC described as "the 'up yours' sign", was displayed in front of the Russian embassy in [[Prague]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outsized hand gives 'up yours' to Russian embassy in Prague |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-62647630?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=630608734929d817e9778456%26Outsized%20hand%20gives%20%27up%20yours%27%20to%20Russian%20embassy%20in%20Prague%262022-08-24T11%3A52%3A47.949Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:b17e1cf9-0254-4852-bdab-176361afdc9b&pinned_post_asset_id=630608734929d817e9778456&pinned_post_type=share |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=BBC News | date=24 August 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* The V sign was used by many protestors during the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Lech Walesa George H Bush.PNG|[[Lech Wałęsa]] and [[George H. W. Bush]], July 1989
File:Rihanna, LOUD Tour, Minneapolis 6 crop.jpg|Singer [[Rihanna]] using the V sign, 2011
File:NASA Success.jpg|An investigator flashes V-for-victory signs upon the 2006 arrival of material gathered by [[Stardust (spacecraft)|the ''Stardust'' spacecraft]] at the [[Johnson Space Center]] in Texas.
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[The finger]]{{snd}} another insulting hand gesture where only the middle finger is raised
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|45em}}
'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite book |first1=Nancy |last1=Armstrong |first2=Melissa |last2=Wagner |year=2003 |chapter=The 'V' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvbKr1qMr_AC&pg=PA227 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetogest0000arms/page/227 227–30] |title=Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man |publisher=Quirk Books |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-1-931686-20-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetogest0000arms/page/227 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Romana |last1=Lefevre |year=2011 |chapter=V |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvgshSm7H9EC&pg=PA122 |pages=122–3 |title=Rude Hand Gestures of the World: A Guide to Offending Without Words |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-8118-7807-4}}
* [[Desmond Morris|Morris, Desmond]] with Collett, Peter; [[Peter Marsh (psychologist)|Marsh, Peter]]; and [[O'Shaughnessy, Marie]] (1979) ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution''. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-01570-2}}; NY: Stein and Day, {{ISBN|0-8128-2607-8}}
==Further reading==
*{{Cite magazine |last=Burnett |first=Stephanie |date=2014-08-04 |title=Have You Ever Wondered Why East Asians Spontaneously Make V-Signs in Photos? |url=https://time.com/2980357/asia-photos-peace-sign-v-janet-lynn-konica-jun-inoue/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |magazine=Time |language=en}}
*{{Cite magazine |last=Solani |first=Dhvani |date=2021-03-31 |title=Why Does Basically Everyone Do This V-Finger Peace Thing in Photos? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7a4za/v-sign-fingers-peace-vagina-pose-photo |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Vice |language=en}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|V-sign}}
* Photos of the V sign:
** [http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/images/wc%20outside%20D%20st.jpg Churchill Outside no. 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809194958/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/images/wc%20outside%20D%20st.jpg |date=9 August 2008 }}
** [http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/images/WC%20V%20sign1.jpg Churchill Victory Sign]
** [http://library.educationworld.net/txt18/depart.jpg Nixon departing office]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080817222111/http://kuvat2.iltasanomat.fi/iltasanomat/iDoc/1353189-vayrynen400b.jpg Paavo Väyrynen after Finnish Centre party named him foreign trade and development minister]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20111206043828/http://www.need4peace.com/ Need4Peace]
* The V sign in the news:
** [https://www.theguardian.com/gall/0,8542,972149,00.html ''Guardian'' 6 June 2002: In pictures the V sign]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20040618185303/http://www.sky.com/skynews/article/0%2C%2C30100-13131728%2C00.html Sky News 18 June 2004: OAP fined £100 for V sign]
** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/r/rangers/7981287.stm BBC 3 April 2009: Scottish footballers dropped for V sign]
{{Gestures}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:V Sign}}
[[Category:Hand gestures]]
[[Category:Peace symbols]]
[[Category:Victory]]