View source for Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

{{Short description|Seigneuries created in 1099}}
[[File:1187 Kingdom Of Jerusalem based on 1889 map.svg|thumb|right|250px|The Lordships of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187]]
[[File:1889 The Kingdom of Jerusalem, shewing the Fiefs, about 1187 A.D..jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Lordships of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187, depicted in a map of 1889 by [[Claude Reignier Conder]].]]
[[File:Blason Royaume de Jérusalem.svg|thumb|right|125px|Coat of arms of the kingdom of Jerusalem.]]
The [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], one of the [[Crusader states]] that was created in 1099, was divided into a number of smaller [[Manorialism|seigneuries]]. According to the 13th-century jurist [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], the four highest crown vassals (referred to as barons) in the kingdom proper were the [[count of Jaffa and Ascalon]], the [[prince of Galilee]], the [[lord of Sidon]], and the [[lord of Oultrejordain]].
There were also a number of independent seigneuries, and some land held under direct royal control, such as [[Jerusalem]] itself, [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] and [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]].
== Northern states ==
Aside from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, there were also three other major Crusader states in the Near East:
*[[County of Edessa]]
*[[County of Tripoli]]
*[[Principality of Antioch]]
These states nominally bore some dependency on the kingdom of Jerusalem. The king of Jerusalem was bound to reconcile them in case of disputes, or between a vassal prince and the [[Latin patriarch of Antioch]], and could claim the regency in case of a vacancy or minority in their successions.
Edessa was perhaps the most closely tied to the kingdom, despite its distance. Its first two counts became kings of Jerusalem, and the county was bestowed as a royal gift on [[Joscelin I of Edessa]].
The County of Tripoli, the nearest of them, is sometimes considered to have been a vassal lordship under the king's suzerainty, although it preserved an extraordinary degree of sovereignty.
Antioch was almost independent, for it was founded already before the kingship and its first holder was a rival of kings, the original leader of the crusade. Later in its history, it would at times recognize Byzantine or Armenian suzerainty, or none at all.
These states dated their documents by the reigns of their own rulers, carried out their own foreign policy, and sent military aid to the kingdom of their own will, rather than through feudal obligation; therefore, they are generally recognized as sovereign and are treated more fully under their own articles.
The [[Principality of Antioch]], [[County of Tripoli]] and the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] were autonomous states.<ref name="hamilton">{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IySQoHdviNkC&pg=PA44 |page=44|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem |date=2005-07-07 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01747-3 |language=en}}</ref>
== County of Jaffa and Ascalon ==
{{main|County of Jaffa and Ascalon}}
[[Jaffa]], on the Mediterranean coast, was fortified after the First Crusade, and was a separate county until the revolt of [[Hugh II of Le Puiset]] in 1134. Afterwards, it was usually held directly by the royal family or one of their relatives. After 1153, it became the double County of Jaffa and Ascalon, when the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] fortress of [[Ascalon]] was conquered. It passed in and out of direct royal control, and became titular after the loss of the counties to the Muslims in the 13th-century . A number of seigneuries were vassals to the count of Jaffa, including the Lordship of Ramla, Lordship of Ibelin and Lordship of Mirabel.
=== Counts of Jaffa ===
Jaffa was taken by the Crusaders in June 1099 during the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege of Jerusalem]] and became part of the kingdom shortly thereafter.  The counts of Jaffa were:
*[[Hugh I of Jaffa]], first cousin of [[King Baldwin II]], 1110–1118
::Albert of Namur ruled on behalf of his stepson Hugh II from 1118 to 1122.
*[[Hugh II of Jaffa]], son of Hugh I, 1122–1134
::Jaffa was confiscated into the royal domain in 1134.
*[[Amalric of Jerusalem]], son of [[Queen Melisende]], 1151–1153 (when he reached the age of maturity)
Jaffa merged with newly-conquered Ascalon in 1153, becoming the County of Jaffa and Ascalon.
=== Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon ===
After the [[siege of Ascalon]] in 1153, the frontier fortress of Ascalon joined Jaffa in a combined county.  The counts of Jaffa and Ascalon were:
*[[Amalric of Jerusalem]], 1153–1163
::Amalric became king in 1163. The county was next granted to his daughter on her first marriage.
*[[Sibylla of Jerusalem]], 1176–1186, with her husbands [[William of Montferrat, count of Jaffa and Ascalon|William of Montferrat]] (1176–1177) and [[Guy of Lusignan]] (1180–1186)
::Jaffa and Ascalon were occupied by the [[Ayyubids]] from 1187 to 1191.
* [[Geoffrey of Lusignan]] (1191–1193), brother of Guy of Lusignan
*[[Aimery of Lusignan]], brother of Guy of Lusignan, 1193–1198
::Aimery married [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Queen Isabella I]] in 1198, and so from 1198 to 1221 the county was part of the royal domain.
*[[Walter IV of Brienne]] (1221–1244), nephew of John of Brienne and grandson-in-law of King Aimery and Queen Isabella I, 1221–1244
*[[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], son of [[Philip of Ibelin (1180–1227)|Philip of Ibelin]], Queen Isabella I's half-brother, 1244–1266
::Ascalon was again occupied by the Ayyubids in 1247.
* [[James of Ibelin]], son of John, 1266–1268
Jaffa was occupied by the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] in 1268.
=== Lordship of Ramla ===
{{main|Lordship of Ramla}}
Originally held by the bishop of Ramla-Lydda, in 1126 [[Ramla]] became part of Jaffa, and a separate lordship was created after Hugh II's revolt in 1134. The [[Ibelin (castle)|castle of Ibelin]] happened to be located quite near Ramla. It was later a part of the Lordship of Ibelin, inherited from [[Helvis of Ramla]], daughter of [[Baldwin I of Ramla]] and wife of [[Barisan of Ibelin]].  The Lords of Ramla were:
*[[Baldwin I of Ramla]], 1134–1138
*[[Barisan of Ibelin]], 1138–1150
*[[Manasses of Hierges]], 1150–1152
*[[Hugh of Ibelin]], son of Barisan of Ibelin, 1152–1169
*[[Baldwin of Ibelin]], brother of Hugh of Ibelin, 1169–1186
* Thomas of Ibelin, son of Baldwin of Ibelin, 1186–1187
*''Ramla occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]], 1187–1191''
*[[Balian of Ibelin]], brother of Baldwin of Ibelin, 1191–1193
*[[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin]], son of Balian, 1193–1247
*''Lordship held by Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon after 1247''.
=== Lordship of Ibelin ===
{{main|House of Ibelin}}
The Lordship of [[Ibelin (castle)|Ibelin]] was also created out of Jaffa (in the 1140s, or perhaps as early as 1134 after Hugh II's revolt). The lordship was given as a reward to Barisan of Ibelin, whose wife [[Helvis of Ramla]] already owned lands in the vicinity. The castle of [[Ramla]], the family's other inheritance, was nearby, and together these territories formed a wealthy entity.  [[Balian of Ibelin]] married [[Maria Comnena, Queen consort of Jerusalem|Maria Comnena]], widow of [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]], and the Ibelins became the most powerful noble family of the kingdom, later ruling also over [[Beirut]] (see Lordship of Beirut, below).  The lords of Ibelin were:
*[[Barisan of Ibelin]], c. 1134–1150
*[[Hugh of Ibelin]], son of Barisan of Ibelin, 1150–1170
*[[Balian of Ibelin]], son of Barisan of Ibelin, 1170–1193
*[[John, Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin]], son of Balian, 1193–1236
*''Lordship held by Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon after 1236.''
=== Lordship of Mirabel ===
[[Mirabel (castle)|Mirabel]] was separated from Jaffa after the revolt in 1134, and given to [[Baldwin of Ibelin]] in 1166, although it was separate from Ibelin.  He was succeeded by his son Thomas of Ibelin, ruling from 1186–1188.
== Principality of Galilee ==
{{main|Principality of Galilee}}
The Principality of Galilee was established by [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]] in 1099 and was centered around [[Tiberias]] in Galilee proper, and was sometimes called the Principality of Tiberias or the Tiberiad.  The principality became the fief of the families of Saint Omer, Montfaucon (Falcomberques), and then Bures.  The principality was destroyed by [[Saladin]] in 1187, although the title was used by relatives and younger sons of the [[kings of Cyprus]] (the titular kings of Jerusalem) afterwards.  The principality had its own vassals, the Lordships of [[Lordship of Beirut|Beirut]], [[Lordship of Nazareth|Nazareth]] and [[Lordship of Haifa|Haifa]], which often had their own sub-vassals.
=== Princes of Galilee ===
The princes of Galilee were:
* [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]], 1099–1101
* [[Hugh of Fauquembergues]], 1101–1106
* [[Gervaise de Bazoches]], 1106–1108
* [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]], second reign, 1109–1112
* [[Joscelin I of Edessa]] (as Lord of Courtenay), 1112–1119
* [[William I of Bures]], 1120–1141
* [[Elinand]], 1142–1148
* [[William II of Bures]], brother of Elinand, 1148–1158
* [[Eschiva of Bures]], 1159–1187, with [[Gautier of Saint Omer]] (1159–1171) and [[Raymond III of Tripoli]] (1174–1187)
* ''Galilee occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]],'' 1187–1240
* [[Eschiva of Saint Omer]], granddaughter of William II, 1240–1247, with [[Odo of Montbéliard]] (1240–1247)
* ''Galilee taken by Ayyubids,'' 1247.
The sons of William I I of Bures were titular princes of Galilee after the death of Eschiva of Bures in 1187:  [[Hugh II of Saint Omer]] from 1187–1204 and [[Raoul of Saint Omer]] from 1204–1219.  Eschiva of Saint Omer was daughter of Raoul of Saint Omer, and she was titular Princess of Galilee from 1219–1240 and 1247 until after 1265.  He husband was titular Prince of Galilee from 1219–1240.
=== Lordship of Beirut ===
Beirut was captured in 1110 and given to [[Fulk of Guînes]]. It was one of the longest-lived seigneuries, surviving until the final collapse of the kingdom in 1291, although only as a tiny strip on the Mediterranean coast surrounding Beirut. It was important for trade with Europe, and had its own vassals within the Principality of Galilee.  The lords of Beirut were :
*[[Foulques de Guines|Fulk of Guînes]], 1110–1117
**''Royal domain'' 1117–1125
*[[Walter I Brisebarre]], 1125–1138
*[[Guy I Brisebarre]], 1138–1149
*[[Walter II Brisebarre]], 1149–1156
*[[Guy II Brisebarre]], 1156–1164
*[[Walter III Brisebarre]], 1164–1166
**''Royal domain'' 1166–?
*''Beirut occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]],'' 1187–1198
*[[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John I of Ibelin]], 1204–1236
*[[Balian of Beirut|Balian of Ibelin]], 1236–1247
*[[John II of Beirut|John II of Ibelin]], 1247–1264
*[[Isabella of Ibelin (1252–1282)|Isabella of Ibelin]], 1264–1282, with her husbands and regent:
**[[Hugh II of Cyprus]], 1265–1267
**[[Haymo Létrange]], 1272–1273
**[[Alice de la Roche]], as regent to her daughter Isabella, 1274–1277
**[[Nicholas and Thomas Aleman|Nicholas Aleman]], 1277
**[[William Barlais]], 1278–1282
*[[Eschive d'Ibelin (1253–1312)|Eschive d'Ibelin]], 1282–1291, with her husbands:
**[[Humphrey of Montfort (died 1284)|Humphrey of Montfort]], 1282–1284
**[[Guy, Constable of Cyprus|Guy of Cyprus]], 1291
*''Beirut taken by [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]],'' 1291.
The sub-vassals of Beirut were the Lordship of Banias and the Lordship of Toron.
==== Lordship of Banias ====
[[Banias]] ([[Caesarea Philippi]]) was under the control of the [[Hashshashin|Assassins]] from 1126–1129, when it was given to the Franks following the purge of the sect in Damascus by [[Taj al-Muluk Buri]].  The area was in dispute from 1132–1140 when Banias was merged with [[Toron]] under [[Humphrey II of Toron]].  It fell to [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur ad-Din]] in 1164, and when recovered it became part of the Lordship of Joscelin III of Edessa (see below).
==== Lordship of Toron ====
{{main|Toron}}
The castle of [[Toron]] was built by [[Hugh of Fauquembergues]] to help capture [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]], and was given to [[Humphrey I of Toron]] in 1107. The lords of Toron tended to be very influential in the kingdom.  Humphrey II was [[constable of Jerusalem]].  This grandson Humphrey IV was married to [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella]], Amalric I's daughter.  Toron was later merged with the royal domain of Tyre.  Toron had two vassals of its own, the Lordship of [[Hunin|Castel Neuf]], which fell to [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Nur ad-Din]] in 1167, and the Lordship of Toron-Ahmud, which was sold to the [[Teutonic Knights]] in 1261.  The lords of Toron were:
* [[Humphrey I of Toron]], before 1109–after 1136
* [[Humphrey II of Toron]], son of Humphrey I, before 1137–1179
* [[Humphrey IV of Toron]], grandson of Humphrey II, 1179–1183
* ''Royal domain,'' 1183–1187
* ''Toron occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]],'' 1187–1229
* [[Alice of Armenia]], granddaughter of Humphrey II, 1229–after 1236
* [[Maria of Antioch-Armenia]], granddaughter of Alice, after 1236–1239
* ''Toron occupied by Ayyubids,'' 1239–1241
* ''Toron merged with Lordship of Tyre'', 1241.
Toron itself had two sub-vassals, the Lordship of Chastel Neuf and the Lordship of Maron.
===== Lordship of Chastel Neuf =====
{{main|Hunin#Crusader_and_Mamluk_periods}}
Chastel Neuf was built by [[Hugh of Falkenberg]] around 1105 but was later given to the Hospitallers, until it fell to Nur ad-Din in 1167.<ref>Jean Richard, ''The Crusades, C.1071-c.1291'', transl. Jean Birrell, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 310.</ref>
===== Lordship of Maron =====
{{main|Meron,_Israel}}
Not much is known about the Lordship of Maron. It was given in 1229 to the [[Teutonic Knights]] in exchange for their claims on Toron.<ref>Jean Richard, ''The Crusades, C.1071-c.1291'', transl. Jean Birrell, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 310.</ref>
=== Lordship of Nazareth ===
[[Nazareth]] was the original site of the [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Latin patriarch]], established by [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]]. It was created as a seigneury in Galilee in 1115.  The [[archbishop of Nazareth]] also ruled over [[Haifa]].
=== Lordship of Haifa ===
[[Haifa]] was partly an ecclesiastical domain ruled by the [[archbishop of Nazareth]], and partly created from other lands in the Principality of Galilee.  The lords of Haifa were:
*[[Geldemar Carpenel]], 1100–1101
*[[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]], 1101–1103
* Rorgius, 1103–1107
* Pagan, 1107–1112
*''Royal domain,'' 1112–1187
*''Haifa occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]],'' 1187–1191
* Vivian, c. 1140s
* Pagan, 1190–?
* Rorgius II, ?–1244?
* Garsias Alvarez, c. 1250
* Gilles d'Estrain, c. 1260
*''Haifa taken by [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]],'' 1265.
== Lordship of Sidon ==
{{main|Lordship of Sidon}}
The cities of [[Sidon]] (Saete/Sagette) and [[Caesarea Maritima]] (Caesarea) were captured by the Crusaders between 1101 and 1110.  A noblemen [[Eustace Grenier|Eustace I Grenier]], a trussed advisor of [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem]], was granted the lordship of both cities.  He founded a dynasty that ruled until the 1260s when they were lost to the conquering [[Mongols]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]].
=== Lords of Sidon ===
Sidon became part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem following the [[siege of Sidon]] in 1110.  The lords of Sidon were:
* [[Eustace I Grenier]], 1110–1123
* [[Gerard Grenier]], son of Eustace I, 1123–1171
* [[Reginald of Sidon|Renaud Grenier]], son of Gerard, 1171–1187
* ''Occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]],'' 1187–1197
* Renaud Grenier, lordship restored, 1197–1202
* [[Balian Grenier|Balian I Grenier]], son of Renaud, 1202–1239
* [[Julian Grenier]], son of Balian I, 1239–1260
* ''Sidon destroyed by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] in 1249 and [[Mongols]] in 1260''
* ''Sidon sold to the [[Knights Templar]],'' 1260.
=== Lordship of Caesarea ===
[[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] was captured in 1101 and given to the [[archbishop of Caesarea]]. The lords of Caearea were :
*[[Eustace Grenier|Eustace I Grenier]], 1110–1123
*[[Walter I Grenier]], son of Eustace I, 1123–1154
*[[Hugh Grenier]], son of Walter I, 1154–1169
*[[Guy Grenier]], son of Hugh, fl. 1170s
*[[Walter II Grenier]], brother of Guy, c. 1180s–1189/1191
*''Caesarea occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]],'' 1187–1191
*[[Juliana Grenier]], sister of Walter II, 1189/1193–1213/1216, with husbands:
**Guy Brisebarre (possible lord), after 1183
**[[Aymar de Lairon]], 1189/1193–1213/1216
*[[Walter III of Caesarea|Walter III]], son of Juliana and Guy Brisebarre, 1213/1216–1229
*[[John of Caesarea|John]], son of Walter III, 1229–1238/1241
*[[Margaret of Caesarea|Margaret]], daughter of John, 1238/1241–1255/1265 with her husband:
**[[John Aleman]], 1238/1243–1264/1265
*[[Nicholas Aleman]], son of John Aleman (possible lord or titular lord), d. 1277
*''Caesarea taken by [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]],'' 1265
*''John of Nevilles,'' 1384–?
*''John Gorap?''
=== Lordship of the Schuf ===
The [[Chouf District|Schuf]] was created out of the Lordship of Sidon as a sub-vassal around 1170. It was centred on the Cave of Tyron. Julian of Sidon sold it to the [[Teutonic Knights]] in 1256.
== Lordship of Oultrejordain==
{{main|Oultrejordain}}
The Lordship of Oultrejordain, consisting of land with an undefined boundary to the east of the [[Jordan River]], was one of the largest and most important seigneuries. It was an important source of revenue, from the Muslim caravan routes that existed there. The last lord, [[Raynald of Châtillon]], received Oultrejordain by marrying its heiress, [[Stephanie of Milly, Lady of Oultrejordain|Stephanie of Milly]]. Raynald considered himself prince of Oultrejordain, not subject to the king, and was especially hostile to the Muslims. He was largely responsible for [[Saladin]]'s invasion of the kingdom in 1187. Saladin conquered much of the area in 1187 and personally executed Raynald at the [[Battle of Hattin]].  The lords of Oultrejordain were:
* [[Roman of Le Puy]], possibly 1118–1126
* [[Pagan the Butler]], 1126–1147
* [[Maurice of Montreal]], nephew of Pagan, 1147–1161
* [[Philip of Milly]], with his wife Isabella, daughter of Maurice, 1161–1168
* [[Stephanie of Milly, Lady of Oultrejordain|Stephanie de Milly]], daughter and heiress, whose husbands exercised the powers of the lordship:
** [[Humphrey III of Toron]], 1168–1173
** [[Miles of Plancy]], 1173–1174
** [[Raynald of Châtillon]], 1176–1187
* ''Oultrejordain lost to [[Saladin]],'' 1187.
== Other seigneuries ==
(''Titular lords/princes are italicized'')
=== Lordship of Adelon ===
The Lordship of [[Aadloun|Adelon]] seems to have been created after the center of the kingdom was moved to Acre, and held some influence under [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]].
*Adam
*Agnes, c. 1200
**[[Thierry de Termonde]] (died 1206)
*[[Daniel I of Adelon|Daniel of Terremonde]] (died after 1225)
*Daniel II of Terremonde
*Peter, c. 1250
*Jordan
=== Lordship of Arsuf ===
[[Arsuf]], located north of Jaffa, (called Arsur by the Crusaders) was captured in 1101 but remained a royal domain until around 1163 when John of Arsuf became lord.  The lords of Arsuf were:
*''Royal domain'', 1101–1163
*John of Arsuf, 1163–1177
*''Arsuf occupied by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]]'', 1187–1191
*[[Melisende of Arsuf]], sister of John of Arsuf, 1177– at least 1218, with [[Thierry d'Orca|Thierry of Orguenes]] (c. 1190s)
*[[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin]], husband of Melisende, before 1209–1236
*[[John of Arsuf]], son of Melisende of Arsuf and John of Ibelin, 1236–1258
*[[Balian of Arsuf|Balian of Ibelin]], 1258–1261
*''Arsuf sold to [[Knights Hospitaller]],'' 1261
*''Arsuf taken by [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]]'', 1265
*''Balian of Ibelin, titular'' 1261–1277
*''John of Ibelin, son of Balian,'' 1277–1309
*''Balian of Ibelin,'' ''son of John'', 1309–1333
*''Philip of Ibelin, son of Balian,'' 1333–1373.
===Lordship of Bethlehem===
*''Balian II of Ibelin'' (died before April 19, 1316), also titular [[Prince of Galilee]].
=== Lordship of Bethsan ===
[[Bethsan]] was occupied by Tancred in 1099; it was never part of Galilee, despite its location, but became a royal domain in 1101, probably until around 1120. It occasionally passed back under royal control until new lords were created.
*Adam of Bethune
*Adam II, son of Adam
*John, – after 1129
*Guermond, son of Adam II, – after 1174
*Hugh of Gibelet
*Walter
*Adam III
*Guermond II, c. 1210
*Baldwin
*Walter, c. 1310?
*Thibaut
=== Lordship of Blanchegarde ===
[[Blanchegarde]] (modern [[Tell es-Safi]]) was built by [[Fulk, King of Jerusalem|Fulk of Jerusalem]] in 1142, as part of the royal domain, and administered by the royal [[Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Viscounts and Castellans|castellans]].  It became a lordship in 1166, when it was given to Walter III Brisebarre, lord of Beirut.
*Walter III Brisebarre, 1166–1187
*''Blanchegarde taken by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]]'', 1191, 1192
*Gilles, c. 1210
*Raoul, ?–1265
*Amalric Barlais, 1265–?
=== Lordship of Botrun ===
The [[Lordship of Botrun]] was a fief around the city [[Batrun]] from 1115:
*Raymond of Agoult, before 1174
*[[William Dorel]], until 1174
*Cecilia (Lucia), 1174–1181/1206; married [[Plivain]]
*Isabella, 1206–1244; married [[Bohemond of Botron]], son of [[Bohemond III of Antioch|Bohemond III]]
*[[William of Botron|William]], 1244–1262
*[[John of Botron|John I]], 1262–1277
*[[Rudolf of Botron|Rudolf]] (Rostain), 1277–1289
=== Lordship of Caymont ===
[[Tel Yokneam|Caymont]] was created in 1192 after the [[Third Crusade]] for [[Balian of Ibelin]], who had lost his other territories to [[Saladin]]. It eventually passed into the royal domain.
=== Lordship of Dera ===
Little is known about [[Daraa|Dera]], except that it was created in 1118, during the reign of [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Runciman |year=1989 |title=A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=146 |isbn=978-0-521-06162-9 }}</ref>
=== Lordship of Hebron ===
[[Hebron]], known to the Crusaders as "Castellion Saint Abraham", was one of the earliest seigneuries created. Hebron had been under royal control at various times before 1149. It had its own sub-vassal, the Lordship of [[Beth Gibelin]], created by Fulk in 1149. Soon afterwards Hebron became a royal domain and Beth Gibelin passed to the [[Knights Hospitaller]].
*[[Geldemar Carpenel]], 1100
*Gerard of Avesnes, 1100–1101
*''Royal domain,'' 1102–1104
*Hugh of Rebecques, 1104
*''Royal domain,'' 1104–1108
*Walter Mahomet, 1108–1118
*''Royal domain,'' 1118–1120
*Baldwin of Saint Abraham, 1120–1136
*Hugh II of Saint Abraham, 1136–1149
*''Royal domain'', 1149–1161
*''Hebron merged with Lordship of Oultrejordain'', 1161
*''Under [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] control'', 1187–1191
*''Royal domain'', 1191
*''Hebron destroyed by [[Khwarazmian dynasty#Mercenaries|Khwarazmians]]'', 1244.
=== Lordship of Montgisard ===
Montgisard (possibly [[Gezer]]) was built as a defense against [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur ad-Din]], and was the site of the [[Battle of Montgisard]] in 1177.
*William, c. 1155
*John
*Aimard, c. 1198
*Reginald, c. 1200
*William, c. 1230
*Robert, c. 1240
*Henry (?)
*Balian, c. 1300
*William
*Baldwin
*Robert
*John
*James, c. 1400.
=== Lordship of Nablus ===
[[Nablus]] was first captured in 1099 by [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]], and named "Naples" by the Crusaders. It later became a separate lordship out of part of [[Oultrejordain]]. It was lost during [[Saladin|Saladin's]] conquest of the kingdom.
*''Royal domain'', 1099–
*[[Pagan the Butler]], 1126–?
*Guy of Milly, ?–1142 or between 1138–1144
*[[Philip of Milly]], son of Guy, 1142 or between 1138–1144–1161
*[[Maria Comnena, Queen consort of Jerusalem|Maria Comnena]], received the lordship from her first husband [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric I of Jerusalem]]
*[[Balian of Ibelin]], 1177, Maria's second husband
*Stephanie of Ibelin, sister of Balian
*''Nablus taken by [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]]'', 1187.
Nablus was technically part of the royal domain, and also had a royal [[viscount]], who governed in place of the monarch :
*Ulric, 1115–1152
*Baldwin Bubalus, c. 1159–1162
*Baldwin, son of Ulric, c. 1162–1176
*Amalric, c. 1176–1187.
=== Lordship of Scandalion ===
[[Scandelion Castle|Scandelion]], today's Iskandarouna<ref name="Pringle">{{cite book |title= Iskandaruna (No. 106) |work=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer |author=Denys Pringle |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url={{Google books |id=-_NbE5obqRMC |page=51 |plainurl=yes}} |isbn=9780521102636 |access-date=15 December 2017 }}</ref> in the [[Tyre District]] of the [[South Governorate]] of [[Lebanon]], was built in 1116 as a royal domain.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} [[Denys Pringle]] quotes [[William of Tyre]] indicating the year 1117 for the date when [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]] has built the castle of Scandalion.<ref name="Pringle" /> It became a lordship by 1148 when Guy of Scandalion was created lord.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
*Guy of Scandalion, c. 1150
*Peter
*Raymond, c. 1200
*William of Mandelee
*Raymond
*Philip, c. 1270
*Humphrey, c. 1300
*Eschiva, c. 1370.
=== Lordship of Tyre ===
{{Main|Lordship of Tyre}}
[[Conrad of Montferrat]] practically created this lordship during the [[Third Crusade]] by defending it, as it was the only remaining town of the kingdom. [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]], always an important town, had been part of the royal domain, and after Conrad, it also belonged to the kings personally. After the kingdom moved to Acre, coronations took place in Tyre. Sometime after 1246, Tyre was conferred upon [[Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre|Philip of Montfort]] by [[Henry I of Cyprus]] (then regent of Jerusalem) for his support of the Ibelin (baronial) party against the Imperialists. The grant was confirmed c. 1269 by [[Hugh III of Cyprus]], with a clause allowing Hugh to buy back the lordship. This was exercised in 1284, when the city was given to his sister [[Margaret of Antioch-Lusignan|Margaret]], already the dowager lady of Tyre.  The lords of Tyre were:
* ''Royal domain,'' 1124–1129
* [[Fulk, King of Jerusalem|Fulk of Anjou]], 1129–1131
* ''Royal domain,'' 1131–1187
* [[Conrad of Montferrat]], 1190–1192
* ''Royal domain.'' 1192–1246
* [[Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre|Philip of Montfort]], 1246–1269
* [[John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre|John of Montfort]], son of Philip, 1269–1283
* [[Humphrey of Montfort]], brother of John, 1283–1284
* ''Royal domain,'' 1284–1289
* [[Amalric, Lord of Tyre|Amalric of Lusignan]], 1289–1291
* ''Tyre taken by [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]],'' 1291.
===Lordship of Joscelin III of Edessa ===
This lordship, often called the ''seigneurie de Joscelin'', was an unusual creation given to [[Joscelin III]], the nominal [[count of Edessa]], which had been lost long before. It was created around 1176 when Joscelin married Agnes of Milly, and was formed from royal land around Acre. Joscelin had only daughters, who married into the families of von Henneberg and Mandelee. The heirs sold in 1220 the seigneury{{dubious|Lordship yes, seigneurie no. See Adrian Boas, "Montfort...", Brill 2017: the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, upon buying the estate, did NOT become a baron of the Kingdom of Jerusalem precisely because the estate lacked the privileges of a seigneury.|date=April 2018}} to the [[Teutonic Knights]], who used the place near Acre as their fortress in Outremer. The archives of the lordship are the only baronial archives of Outremer to survive.<ref>Susan Edington and Alan V. Murray, "Western Sources", in Alan V. Murray, ed., ''The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide'' (ABC-CLIO, 2015), p. 255.</ref>
== Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem ==
Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe.
Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or extinction of whole families.
Succession from father to son happened more rarely than in more peaceful countries in Europe. Female succession opened up the option for the liege or the monarch to reward services, loyalty and capability, as well as achievements, by giving an heiress' hand in marriage and her inherited lordship to a "new man".
A typical succession pattern was a father followed by a daughter, sister, or niece, who was then married to a man worthy of some reward, who then himself succeeded to the territory. This made the succession unpredictable and caused the family holding a particular territory to change once or perhaps even more often in a generation.
Sometimes families became extinct, or escaped from Syria, and either a distant relative came to claim their land, or more usually, their liege gave the lordship to another family. Sometimes a lord was condemned for treason, rebellion or some other reason, and he and possibly his descendants were disinherited from the lordship.
Occasionally, vacant lordships were put into the ''royal domain'', but more often, another person received the lordship. A less careful observer may think that they were not hereditary, but almost always their succession took place according to feudal rights of inheritance, utilizing the relatively high number of heiresses.
Many of these seigneuries ceased to exist after the loss of Jerusalem in 1187, and the rest of them after the fall of Acre in 1291, yet they often had Cypriot or European claimants for decades or centuries afterwards; these claimants, of course, held no actual territory in Syria after the mainland kingdom was lost.
== See also ==
* [[Crusader states]]
* [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
* [[King of Jerusalem]]
** [[Family tree of Kingdom of Jerusalem monarchs]]
* [[Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
* [[High Court of Jerusalem]]
* [[Assizes of Jerusalem]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Crusades|display=Crusades, s.v. 4. ''The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem under the First Three Kings''|volume=7|pages=529–532|first=Ernest|last=Barker|authorlink=Ernest Barker}}
* {{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291)|display=Jerusalem s.v. Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291)|first=Louis|last=Bréhier|authorlink=Louis Bréhier|volume=8}}
{{Crusader states}}
[[Category:Feudalism in the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Medieval titles]]
[[Category:Lordships of the Crusader states]]