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{{Short description|Literary genre}}
{{Literature}}
A '''verse novel''' is a type of [[narrative poetry]] in which a [[novel]]-length narrative is told through the medium of [[poetry]] rather than [[prose]]. Either simple or complex [[stanza]]ic verse-forms may be used, but there is usually a large cast, multiple voices, dialogue, narration, description, and action in a novelistic manner.
== History ==
Verse narratives are as old as the ''Epic of [[Gilgamesh]]'', the ''[[Iliad]]'', and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', but the verse novel is a distinct modern form. Although the narrative structure is similar to that of a [[novella]], the organization of the story is usually in a series of short sections, often with changing perspectives. Verse novels are often told with [[multiperspectivity|multiple narrators]], potentially providing readers with a view into the inner workings of the characters' minds. Some verse novels, following [[Lord Byron|Byron]]'s [[mock-heroic]] ''[[Don Juan (poem)|Don Juan]]'' (1818–24) employ an informal, colloquial register. ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'' (1831) by [[Alexander Pushkin]] is a classical example, and with ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]'' (1834) by [[Adam Mickiewicz]] is often taken as the seminal example of the modern genre.<ref>For discussion of the basic categorical issues see ''The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), ''s.v.'' 'Narrative Poetry'.</ref>
The major nineteenth-century verse novels that ground the form in Anglophone letters include ''[[The Bothie of Toper-na-fuosich]]'' (1848) and ''Amours de Voyage'' (1858) by [[Arthur Hugh Clough]], ''[[Aurora Leigh]]'' (1857) by [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], ''[[Lucile (poem)|Lucile]]'' (1860) by 'Owen Meredith' ([[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Robert Bulwer-Lytton]]), and ''[[The Ring and the Book]]'' (1868-9) by [[Robert Browning]]. The form appears to have declined with [[Modernism]], but has since the 1960s–70s undergone a remarkable revival. [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s ''[[Pale Fire]]'' (1962) takes the form of a 999-line [[poem]] in four [[canto]]s, though the plot of the novel unfolds in the commentary. Of particular note, [[Vikram Seth]]'s ''[[The Golden Gate (Vikram Seth novel)|The Golden Gate]]'' (1986) was a surprise bestseller, and [[Derek Walcott]]'s ''[[Omeros]]'' (1990) a more predictable success.<ref>The upturn is noted in J. A. Cuddon, ed., ''A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory'' (4th ed., rev. C. E. Preston, Oxford & malden, MA: Blackwells, 1998; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999), ''s.v.'' 'verse-novel'.</ref> The form has been particularly popular in the [[Caribbean]], with work since 1980 by Walcott, [[Edward Kamau Brathwaite]], [[David Dabydeen]], [[Kwame Dawes]], [[Ralph Thompson (poet)|Ralph Thompson]], [[George Elliott Clarke]] and [[Fred D'Aguiar]], and in Australia and New Zealand, with work since 1990 by [[Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]], [[John Tranter]], [[Dorothy Porter]],  [[David Foster (novelist)|David Foster]], [[Alistair Te Ariki Campbell]], and [[Robert Sullivan (New Zealand poet)|Robert Sullivan]].<ref>These geographical clusters are noted and discussed in the editorial introduction to [[Ralph Thompson (poet)|Ralph Thompson]], ''[[View from Mount Diablo]], An Annotated Edition'' (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, & Tirril: Humanities-Ebooks, 2009).</ref> Australian poet-author Alan Wearne's ''Night Markets'', and sequels, are major verse novels of urban social life and satire.
The Australian poet C. J. Dennis had great success in Australia during World War I with his verse novels ''[[The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke]]'' (1915) and ''[[The Moods of Ginger Mick]]'' (1916).  1915.
The American author, poet, dramatist, screenwriter and suffragist and feminist, [[Alice Duer Miller]] published her verse novel, ''Forsaking All Others'' (1935), about a tragic love affair, and had a surprising hit with her verse novel, ''The White Cliffs'' (1940) later dramatized and filmed, but retaining and expanding the poems as voice-over narration, as ''The White Cliffs of Dover'' (1944).
The parallel history of the verse autobiography, from strong Victorian foundation with [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]]'s ''[[The Prelude]]'' (1805, 1850), to decline with Modernism and later twentieth-century revival with [[John Betjeman]]'s ''[[Summoned by Bells]]'' (1960), Walcott's ''Another Life'' (1973), and [[James Merrill]]'s ''[[The Changing Light at Sandover]]'' (1982), is also striking. The forms are distinct, but many verse novels plainly deploy autobiographical elements, and the recent [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] examples almost all offer detailed representation of the (problems besetting) post-imperial and post-colonial identity, and so are inevitably strongly personal works.
There is also a distinct cluster of verse novels for younger readers, most notably [[Karen Hesse]]'s ''[[Out of the Dust]]'' (1997), which won a [[Newbery Medal]]. Hesse followed it with ''[[Witness (novel)|Witness]]'' (2001). Since then, many new titles have cropped up, with authors [[Sonya Sones]], [[Ellen Hopkins]], [[Steven Herrick]], [[Margaret Wild]], [[Nikki Grimes]], [[Virginia Euwer Wolff]], and [[Paul B. Janeczko]] all publishing multiple titles. [[Thanhha Lai]]'s ''[[Inside Out & Back Again]]'' (2011) won the [[National Book Award for Young People's Literature|National Book Award]].
Verse novels exist in other languages as well. In Hebrew, for example, [[Maya Arad]] (2003) and [[Ofra Offer Oren]] (2023) published verse novels composed of [[sonnet]]s.
== Versification ==
Long classical verse narratives were in [[stichic]] forms, prescribing a meter but not specifying any interlineal relations. This tradition is represented in English letters by the use of [[blank verse]] (unrhymed [[iambic pentameter]]), as by both Brownings and many later poets. But since [[Petrarch]] and [[Dante]] complex stanza forms have also been used for verse narratives, including ''[[terza rima]]'' (ABA BCB CDC etc.) and ''[[ottava rima]]'' (ABABABCC), and modern poets have experimented widely with adaptations and combinations of stanza-forms.
The stanza most specifically associated with the verse novel is the [[Onegin stanza]], invented by [[Pushkin]] in ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''. It is an adapted form of the [[Shakespearean sonnet]], retaining the three quatrains plus couplet structure but reducing the meter to [[iambic tetrameter]] and specifying a distinct [[rhyme scheme]]: the first quatrain is cross-rhymed (ABAB), the second couplet-rhymed (''CCDD''), and the third arch-rhymed (or chiasmic, EFFE), so that the whole is ABABCCDDEFFEGG.<ref>For detailed discussion of the Onegin stanza see the introduction in ''Eugene Onegin: A Novel in Verse by Aleksandr Pushkin. Translated from the Russian, with a Commentary'' by [[Vladimir Nabokov]] (rev. ed., in 4 vols, London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1975), especially i.10 ff.</ref> Additionally, Pushkin required that the first rhyme in each couplet (the A, C, and E rhymes) be unstressed (or "feminine"), and all others stressed (or "masculine"). In the [[rhyme scheme]] notation capitalizing masculine rhymes, this reads as {{not a typo|aBaBccDDeFeFGG}}. Not all those using the Onegin stanza have followed the prescription, but both Vikram Seth and Brad Walker notably did so, and the [[Cadence (poetry)|cadence]] of the unstressed rhymes is an important factor in his manipulations of tone.
== Recent examples ==
* ''[[The Boys Who Stole the Funeral]]'', [[Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]] (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1980)
* ''The Illusionists'', [[John Fuller (poet)|John Fuller]] (London: Secker & Warburg, 1980)
* ''Midquest: A Poem'', [[Fred Chappell]] (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981)
* ''[[The Nightmarkets]]'', [[Alan Wearne]] (Penguin, 1986)
* ''[[The Golden Gate (Vikram Seth novel)|The Golden Gate]]'', [[Vikram Seth]] (London: Faber & Faber, 1986)
* ''Love, Death and the Changing of the Seasons'', [[Marilyn Hacker]] (New York: Norton, 1986)
* ''Desperate Characters: A Novella in Verse and Other Poems,'' [[Nicholas Christopher]] (New York: Viking, 1988)
* ''[[Omeros]]'', [[Derek Walcott]] (London: Faber & Faber, 1990)
* ''[[Akhenaten (verse novel)|Akhenaten]]'', [[Dorothy Porter]] (St Lucia, QLD: University of Queensland Press, 1992)
* ''The Floor of Heaven'', [[John Tranter]] (Sydney: Collins Angus & Robertson, 1992)
* ''The Monkey's Mask: An Erotic Murder Mystery'', [[Dorothy Porter]] (Sydney: Hyland House Publishing, 1994)
* ''History: The Home Movie'', [[Craig Raine]] (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994)
* ''Turner'', [[David Dabydeen]] (London: Jonathan Cape, 1994)
* ''Prophets'', [[Kwame Dawes]] (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, 1995)
* ''Jacko Jacobus'', [[Kwame Dawes]] (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, 1996)
* ''[[Autobiography of Red]]'', [[Anne Carson]] (New York: Knopf, 1998)
* ''Bill of Rights'', [[Fred D'Aguiar]] (London: Chatto & Windus, 1998)
* ''[[Fredy Neptune|Fredy Neptune: A Novel in Verse]]'', [[Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]] (Manchester: Carcanet, 1999)
* ''Jack, the Lady Killer'', [[H. R. F. Keating]] (Hexham: Flambard, 1999)
* ''[[What a Piece of Work]]'', [[Dorothy Porter]] (Sydney: Picador, 1999)
* ''Bloodlines'', [[Fred D'Aguiar]] (London: Chatto & Windus, 2000)
* ''[[Whylah Falls]]'', [[George Elliott Clarke]] (Vancouver: Polestar, 1990; rev. ed. 2000)
* ''Tiepolo's Hound'', [[Derek Walcott]] (London: Faber & Faber, 2000)
* ''Maori Battalion: A Poetic Sequence'', [[Alistair Te Ariki Campbell]] (Wellington: Wai-te-ata Press, 2001)
* ''[[The Beauty of the Husband]]'', [[Anne Carson]] (London: Jonathan Cape, 2001)
* ''Ancestors'', [[Edward Kamau Brathwaite]] (New York: New Directions Press, 2001)
* ''The Lovemakers'', [[Alan Wearne]] (Penguin, 2001)
* ''Darlington's Fall'', [[Brad Leithauser]] (New York: Knopf, 2002)
* ''Time's Fool: A Tale in Verse'', [[Glyn Maxwell]] (Boston: Mariner Books, 2002)
* ''[[Wild Surmise]]'', [[Dorothy Porter]] (Sydney: Picador, 2002)
* ''Captain Cook in the Underworld'', [[Robert Sullivan (New Zealand poet)|Robert Sullivan]] (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002)
*''8 Stages of Grace'', [[Diane Brown]] (Vintage, 2002)
* ''The Prodigal'', [[Derek Walcott]] (London: Faber & Faber, 2004)
* ''The Poet Slave of Cuba: A Biography of Juan Francisco Manzano'', [[Margarita Engle]] (Juvenile/Children's) (New York: Henry Holt, 2006)
* ''Nine Hours North'', [[Tim Sinclair]] (Melbourne: Penguin, 2006)
* ''El Dorado'', [[Dorothy Porter]] (Sydney: Picador, 2007)
* ''[[Sharp Teeth]]'', Toby Barlow (New York: HarperCollins, 2008)
* ''[[Zorgamazoo]]'', [[Robert Paul Weston]] (New York: Penguin/Razorbill, 2008)
* ''I & I'', [[George Elliott Clarke]] (Fredericton, New Brunswick: Goose Lane Editions, 2009)
* ''[[View from Mount Diablo]]'', [[Ralph Thompson (poet)|Ralph Thompson]] (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, 2003; rev. & annotated ed., 2009)
* ''Love, Dishonor, Marry, Die, Cherish, Perish: A Novel, ''[[David Rakoff]], posthumous (New York: Doubleday, 2013)
* ''[[The Long Take]]'', [[Robin Robertson]], (Picador, 2018)
== Novels in verse for teens ==
* ''Psyche in a Dress'', [[Francesca Lia Block]] (2006)
* ''Frenchtown Summer'', [[Robert Cormier]] (New York: Random House, 1999)
* ''[[Heartbeat (novel)|Heartbeat]]'', [[Sharon Creech]] (New York: HarperCollins, 2004)
* ''The Weight of Water'', [[Sarah Crossan]] (London: Bloomsbury, 2011)
* ''Death Coming Up the Hill'', [[Chris Crowe (author)|Chris Crowe]] (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014)
* ''[[Keesha's House]]'', [[Helen Frost]], (2003)
* ''Dark Sons'', [[Nikki Grimes]] (New York: Hyperion Books, 2005)
* ''Downtown Boy'', [[Juan Felipe Herrera]] (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999)
* ''By the River'', [[Steven Herrick]] (Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin, 2004
* ''Aleutian Sparrow'', [[Karen Hesse]] (New York, Simon & Schuster, 2003)
* ''Out of the Dust'', [[Karen Hesse]] (New York: Scholastic, 1997)
* ''Witness'', [[Karen Hesse]] (New York: Scholastic, 2001)
* ''[[Crank (novel)|Crank]]'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (New York: Simon Pulse, 2006)
* ''[[Glass (novel)|Glass]]'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2007)
* ''[[Impulse (verse novel)|Impulse]]'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2007)
* ''[[Burned (Hopkins novel)|Burned]]'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2007)
* ''[[Identical (Hopkins novel)|Identical]]'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2008)
* ''[[Tricks (novel)|Tricks]], [[Ellen Hopkins]]'' (New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2009)
* ''[[Perfect (Hopkins novel)|Perfect]]'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (2011)
* ''Tilt'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (2012)
* ''Rumble'', [[Ellen Hopkins]] (2014)
* ''My Book of Life By Angel'', [[Martine Leavitt]] (2012)
* ''Realm of Possibility'', [[David Levithan]] (New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers, 2008)
* ''Street Love'', [[Walter Dean Myers]] (New York, CarperCollins, 2007)
* ''[[Long Way Down (novel)|Long Way Down]]'', [[Jason Reynolds]] (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017)
* ''The Weight of the Sky'', [[Lisa Ann Sandell]], (New York: Viking, 2006)
* ''[[Song of the Sparrow]]'', [[Lisa Ann Sandell]], (New York: Scholastic, 2008)
* ''[[One of Those Hideous Books Where the Mother Dies]]'', [[Sonya Sones]] (New York: Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2001)
* ''[[Stop Pretending: What Happened When My Big Sister Went Crazy]]'', [[Sonya Sones]] (New York: HarperTeen, 2001)
* ''[[What My Mother Doesn't Know]]'', [[Sonya Sones]] (New York: Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2001)
* ''[[What My Girlfriend Doesn't Know]]'', [[Sonya Sones]] (New York, Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2007)
* ''Jinx'', [[Margaret Wild]] (New York: Simon Pulse, 2004)
* ''One Night'', [[Margaret Wild]] (New York: Random House, 2006)
* ''Glimpse'', [[Carol Lynch Williams]] (New York: Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books, 2010)
* ''[[Make Lemonade]]'', [[Virginia Euwer Wolff]] (New York: Scholastic, 1994)
* ''[[True Believer (Wolff novel)|True Believer]]'', [[Virginia Euwer Wolff]] (New York, Simon Pulse, 2002)
* ''This Full House'', [[Virginia Euwer Wolff]] (New York: HarperCollins, 2009)
== See also ==
*[[Epic poetry]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Verse novels}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Verse novels| ]]
[[Category:Narrative poems]]
[[Category:Genres of poetry]]