View source for Viceroyalty of New Granada

{{Short description|Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire (1717–1822)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{lang|es|Virreinato de la Nueva Granada}}<br />{{small|{{lang|es|Virreinato del Nuevo Reyno de Granada}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Viceroyalty of New Granada
| common_name            = New Granada
| status                 = Vassal
| empire                 = Spain
| status_text            = [[Viceroyalty#Spanish Empire|Viceroyalty]] of the [[Spanish Empire]]
| national_motto         = ''Utraque Unum''<br /><small>"Out of two (worlds) one"</small>
| national_anthem        = ''[[Marcha Real]]''<br /><small>"Royal March"</small><br />{{center|[[File:Marcha Real (1915).ogg]]}}
| common_languages       = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ({{small|official, administrative}})<br />[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous languages]] ([[Arawakan languages]], [[Barbacoan languages]], [[Chibchan languages]], [[Guajiboan languages]], [[Páez language|Páez]], [[Ticuna language|Ticuna]])
| religion               = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| era                    = [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
| year_start             = 1717–1723<br />1739–1810<br />1816
| year_end               = 1822
| date_start             = 27 May
| date_end               = 24 May
| event_end              = [[Battle of Pichincha]]
| event1                 = Suppressed
| date_event1            = 5 November 1723
| event2                 = Reestablished
| date_event2            = 20 August 1739
| event3                 = [[Captaincy General of Venezuela|Separation of Venezuela]]
| date_event3            = 8 September 1777
| event4                 = [[Colombian War of Independence|Independence declared]]
| date_event4            = 20 July 1810
| event5                 = [[Spanish reconquest of New Granada|Reconquest]]
| date_event5            = 3 September 1816
| p1                     = New Spain
| p2                     = New Kingdom of Granada
| p3                     = Venezuela Province
| p4                     = Viceroyalty of Peru
| flag_p1                = Flag of New Spain.svg
| flag_p2                = Flag of New Spain.svg
| flag_p3                = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg
| flag_p4                = Flag of New Spain.svg
| s1                     = Venezuela Province
| s2                     = Captaincy General of Venezuela
| s3                     = Trinidad and Tobago
| s4                     = Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca
| s5                     = United Provinces of New Granada
| s6                     = Gran Colombia
| flag_s1                = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg
| flag_s2                = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
| flag_s3                = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg
| flag_s4                = Flag of Cundinamarca.svg
| flag_s5                = Flag of New Granada (1811-1814).svg
| flag_s6                = Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg
| flag_type              = Top: [[Flag of Spain]]{{efn|First national flag, naval since 1785 and fortress flag from 1793, the last flag to float in continental America<ref>{{Cite book |title=Callao-Lima, Peru |publisher=United States. Bureau of Naval Personnel |year=1920 |pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 |last=Lawrence |first=Sondhaus |year=2012 |pages=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Travels in Peru |last=Von Tschudi |first=Johann |year=1847 |pages=33}}</ref>}}<br />
Bottom: [[Cross of Burgundy]]
| image_flag             = File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785–1873,_1875–1931).svg
| symbol_type            = [[Coat of arms of Bogotá|Coat of arms]]
| image_flag2            = File:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg
| image_coat             = Escudo del Virreinato de Nueva Granada (1717 - 1819).svg
| image_map              = Viceroyalty of New Granada (orthographic projection).svg
| image_map_caption      = Viceroyalty of New Granada at its largest extent, 1739–1777
| capital                = [[Santa Fe de Bogotá]]
| government_type        = Monarchy
| title_leader           = [[List of heads of state of Spain|Kings]]
| leader1                = [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]]
| year_leader1           = 1717–1724 (first)
| leader2                = [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]
| year_leader2           = 1813–1822 (last)
| title_deputy           = [[List of Viceroys of New Granada|Viceroy]]
| deputy1                = [[Antonio Ignacio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero]]
| year_deputy1           = 1718–1719 (first)
| deputy2                = Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón
| year_deputy2           = 1819–1822 (last)
| stat_year1             = 1778<ref name=“Encyclopedia”>{{Cite web | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/new-granada-viceroyalty#:~:text=The%20census%20of%201778%20recorded,and%20blacks%2C%20and%2070%2C000%20slaves| title=New Granada, Viceroyalty of | website=www.encyclopedia.com | access-date=2024-08-17}}</ref>
| stat_pop1              = 1,280,000
| stat_year2             = 1810<ref name="Atlas"/>
| stat_pop2              = 2,150,000
| currency               = [[Spanish colonial real|Spanish real]]
| footnotes              =
| today                  =
}}
The '''Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada'''  ({{langx|es|Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada|links=no}} {{IPA|es|birejˈnato ðe ˈnweβa ɣɾaˈnaða|}}), also called '''Viceroyalty of New Granada'''  or '''Viceroyalty of Santa Fe''', was the name given on 27 May 1717<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/abril2000/124archipielago.htm|title=El archipiélago de Los Monjes y las relaciones diplomáticas con Venezuela: Historia de una cesión territorial cuyas consecuencias siguen vigentes |work=banrep.gov.co}}</ref> to the jurisdiction of the [[Spanish Empire]] in northern [[South America]], corresponding to modern [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Panama]] and [[Venezuela]]. Created in 1717 by King [[Felipe V]], as part of a new territorial control policy, it was suspended in 1723 for financial problems and was restored in 1739 until the independence movement suspended it again in 1810. The territory corresponding to [[Panama]] was incorporated later in 1739, and the provinces of Venezuela were separated from the Viceroyalty and assigned to the [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] in 1777. In addition to those core areas, the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada included [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], southwestern [[Suriname]], parts of northwestern [[Brazil]], and northern [[Peru]]. A strip along the Atlantic Ocean in [[Mosquito Coast]] was added by the Royal Decree of 20 November 1803, but the British battled for administrative control.{{fact|date=June 2024}}
== Colonial history ==
[[File:Imperios Español y Portugués 1790.svg|thumb|left|Spanish and Portuguese empires, 1790.]]
Two centuries after the establishment of the [[New Kingdom of Granada]] in the 16th century, whose governor was dependent upon the [[Viceroy]] of Peru at [[Lima]], and an ''[[Audiencia Real|audiencia]]'' at [[Bogotá|Santa Fe de Bogotá]] (today capital of the republic of Colombia), the slowness of communications between the two capitals led to the creation of an independent Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717 (and its reestablishment in 1739 after a short interruption). Other provinces corresponding to modern Ecuador, the eastern and southern parts of today's Venezuela,<ref>{{in lang|es}} Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1997.</ref> and Panama came together in a political unit under the jurisdiction of Bogotá, confirming that city as one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the [[New World]], along with Lima and Mexico City. Sporadic attempts at reform were directed at increasing efficiency and centralizing authority, but control from Spain was never very effective.
The rough and diverse geography of northern South America and the limited range of proper roads made travel and communications within the viceroyalty difficult. The establishment of an autonomous [[Captaincy General of Venezuela|Captaincy General in Caracas]] in 1777 and the preservation of the older [[Real Audiencia of Quito|Audiencia of Quito]], nominally subject to the Viceroy but for most purposes independent, was a response to the necessities of effectively governing the peripheral regions. Some analysts also consider that these measures reflected a degree of local traditions that eventually contributed to the differing political and national differences among these territories once they became independent in the nineteenth century and which the unifying efforts of [[Simón Bolívar]] could not overcome.
=== Guajira rebellion ===
[[Image:Map of La Guajira 1769.png|thumb|left|250px|Map of La Guajira in 1769]]
The Spanish had never subjugated the [[Wayuu]]. The two groups were in a more or less permanent state of war. There had been rebellions in 1701 (when they destroyed a [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] mission), 1727 (when more than 2,000 Wayuus attacked the Spanish), 1741, 1757, 1761 and 1768. In 1718, Governor [[Soto de Herrera]] called them "barbarians, horse thieves, worthy of death, without God, without law, and without a king." Of all the Indians in the territory of Colombia, the Wayuu were unique in having learned the use of firearms and horses.<ref name=TGR>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/junio1990/junio2.htm|title=La rebelión Guajira de 1769 : algunas constantes de la Cultura Wayuu y razones de su pervivencia – banrepcultural.org|work=banrep.gov.co}}</ref>
In 1769 the Spanish took 22 Wayuus captive, in order to put them to work building the fortifications of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]. The reaction of the Wayuus was unexpected. On 2 May 1769, at El Rincón, near [[Riohacha]], they set their village afire, burning the church and two Spaniards who had taken refuge in it. They also captured the priest. The Spanish immediately dispatched an expedition from El Rincón to capture the Wayuus. At the head of this force was José Antonio de Sierra, a [[mestizo]] who had also headed the party that had taken the 22 Guajiro captives. The Guajiros recognized him and forced his party to take refuge in the house of the curate, which they then set afire. Sierra and eight of his men were killed.<ref name=TGR/>
[[Image:Pedro Messía de la Cerda (3).jpg|thumb|left|[[Pedro Messía de la Cerda]], Viceroy of New Granada]]
This success was soon known in other Guajiro areas, and more men joined the revolt. According to [[Pedro Messía de la Cerda, 2nd Marquis of Vega de Armijo|Messía]], at the peak, there were 20,000 Wayuus [[under arms]]. Many had firearms acquired from English and Dutch smugglers, sometimes even from the Spanish. This enabled the rebels to take nearly all the settlements of the region, which they burned. According to the authorities, more than 100 Spaniards were killed and many others were taken prisoner. Many cattle were also taken by the rebels. The Spaniards took refuge in [[Riohacha]] and sent urgent messages to [[Maracaibo]], [[Valledupar]], [[Santa Marta]] and Cartagena, the latter responding by sending 100 troops. The rebels themselves were not unified. Sierra's relatives among the Indians took up arms against the rebels to avenge his death. A battle between the two groups of Wayuus was fought at La Soledad. That and the arrival of the Spanish reinforcements caused the rebellion to fade away, but not before the Guajiro had regained much territory.<ref name=TGR/>
{{History of Colombia}}
== Administrative divisions ==
=== New Kingdom of Granada ''<small>(Real Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá)</small>'' ===
The [[Real Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá]] was established in 1549, but became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. It was re-incorporated into the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] from 1723 to 1739. It met in the city of [[Santa Fe de Bogotá]] until it was disestablished in 1810. It was briefly re-established between 1816 and 1819. It had the following provinces under its authority:
[[File:Virreinato de Nueva Granada (1800).png|thumb|Map of the Viceroyalty of New Granada by 1800, including the Captaincy General of Venezuela, which was already independent of the viceroyalty by that time.]]
* [[Bogotá Province|'''Province of Santa Fe''']] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819) ''<small>(seat of the Real Audiencia)</small>''
* [[Antioquia State|Province of Antioquia]] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Cartagena Province|Province of Cartagena de Indias]] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Casanare Province|Province of Casanare]] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Province of Mariquita]] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Neiva Province|Province of Neiva]] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Pamplona Province|Province of New Pamplona]] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Province of Santa Marta]] (1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1821)
* [[Tunja Province|Province of Tunja]] (1717 to 1723, 1739 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Chocó Department|Province of Chocó]] (1726 to 1810 and 1816 to 1819)
* [[Trinidad Province|Province of Trinidad]] (1739 to 1777)
* [[Darién Province|Province of Darién]] (1751 to 1821)
* [[Province of Tierra Firme|Province of Panama]] (1751 to 1821)
* [[Portobelo, Colón|Province of Portobelo]] (1751 to 1821)
* [[Duchy of Veragua|Province of Veraguas]] (1751 to 1821)
* [[Socorro Province|Province of Socorro]] (from 1795 to 1810 and from 1816 to 1819)
=== Kingdom of Quito <small>''(Real Audiencia of Quito)''</small> ===
* [[Pichincha Province|'''Province of Quito''']] (1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1822)
* [[Governorate of Bracamoros|Province of Jaén de Bracamoros]] (1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1821)
* [[Morona-Santiago Province|Province of Macas]] (1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1821)
* [[Governorate of Maynas|Province of Maynas]] (1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1802)
* [[Popayán Province|Province of Popayán]] (1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1821)
* [[Governorate of Quijos|Province of Quijos]] (1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1802)
* [[Azuay Province|Province of Cuenca]] (1763 to 1822)
* [[Guayas Province|Province of Guayaquil]] (1763 to 1803)
=== Kingdom of Tierra Firme ''<small>(Real Audiencia of Panama)</small>'' ===
* [[Province of Tierra Firme|'''Province of Panama''']] (1739 to 1751)
* [[Darién Province|Province of Darién]] (1739 to 1751)
* [[Portobelo, Colón|Province of Portobelo]] (1739 to 1751)
* [[Duchy of Veragua|Province of Veraguas]] (1739 to 1751)
=== Kingdom and Captaincy General of Venezuela ''<small>(Real Audiencia of Caracas)</small>'' ===
* [[Province of Caracas|'''Province of Caracas''']] (1786 to 1810)
* [[Barinas Province|Province of Barinas]] (1786 to 1810)
* [[Guayana Province|Province of Guayana]] (1786 to 1810)
* [[New Andalusia Province|Province of New Andalusia]] (1786 to 1810)
* [[Maracaibo Province (Spanish Empire)|Province of Maracaibo]] (1786 to 1810)
* [[Margarita Province|Province of Margarita]] (1786 to 1810)
* [[Province of Trinidad]] (1786 to 1802)
== Independent history ==
The retribution stoked renewed rebellion, which, combined with a weakened Spain, made possible a successful independence struggle led mainly by [[Simón Bolívar]] and [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] in neighboring Venezuela. Bolívar returned to New Granada only in 1819 after establishing himself as leader of the pro-independence forces in the Venezuelan ''[[llanos]]''. From there Bolivar led an army over the Andes and captured New Granada after a quick campaign that ended at the [[Battle of Boyacá]], on 7 August 1819, finally proclaimed independence in 1821. The pro-Spanish resistance was defeated in 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823 in Venezuela.
The territories of the viceroyalty gained full [[de facto]] independence from Spain between 1819 and 1822 after a series of military and political struggles, uniting in a [[republic]] now known as [[Gran Colombia]].
With the dissolution of Gran Colombia, the states of [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]], and the [[Republic of New Granada]] were created. The Republic of New Granada, with its capital at Bogotá, lasted from 1831 to 1856. The name "Colombia" reappeared in the "[[United States of Colombia]]"; the new name for the country having been introduced by a liberal government after a [[Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)|civil war]]. The use of the term "New Granada" survived in conservative circles, such as among ecclesiastics.
== Demographics ==
In the 1778 census, New Granada had a population of around 1,280,000, around 40% of the population being Indians with around 500,000 people, with the next largest group being free Mestizos and Africans at around 400,000, then Whites with close to 300,000, and the smallest group at around 70,000 people being slaves.<ref name=“Encyclopedia”/> However, in the current territory of Colombia, it was estimated that the population was 826,550.<ref name="Censo1">{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115627/http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/45393 | archive-date=2013-12-24 | url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/45393 | title=Censo cuenta 826.550 habitantes en la Nueva Granada | language=es | trans-title=Census counts 826,550 inhabitants in New Granada | website=www.banrepcultural.org}}</ref>
New Granada was estimated to have 2,150,000 inhabitants in 1810.<ref name="Atlas">{{Cite book |first1=Agustín | last1=Codazzi | first2=Manuel María | last2=Paz | first3=Felipe | last3=Pérez |title=Atlas geográfico e histórico de la República de Colombia |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Geográfico_e_Histórico_de_la_República_de_Colombia_(1890)}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[History of the Americas]]
* [[History of Colombia]]
* [[History of Ecuador]]
* [[History of Venezuela]]
* [[List of Viceroys of New Granada]]
* [[Spanish Empire]]
* [[Criollo people]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
*Fisher, John R., Allan J. Keuthe and Anthony McFarlane, eds. ''Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru''. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-1654-8}}
*[[Allan J. Kuethe|Kuethe, Alan J.]] ''Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773-1808''. Gainesville, University Presses of Florida, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-0570-6}}
*McFarlane, Anthony. ''Colombia Before Independence: Economy, Society, and Politics under Bourbon Rule''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-521-41641-2}}
*Phelan, John Leddy. ''The People and the King: The'' Comunero ''Revolution in Colombia, 1781''. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-299-07290-2}}
*Torres, James. "Bullion and Monetary Flows in the Northern Andes: New Evidence and Insights". Revista Tiempo y Economia 6(1), 13–46, {{doi|10.21789/24222704.1430}}
== External links ==
{{commons category|Viceroyalty of New Granada|<br />Viceroyalty of New Granada<br />(Virreinato de Nueva Granada)}}
{{Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire}}
{{Spanish America}}
{{Colombia topics}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Viceroyalty of New Granada| ]]<!---cat sort position--->
[[Category:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire|New Granada]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Colonial Colombia| 02]]
[[Category:Colonial Panama]]
[[Category:Colonial Venezuela]]
[[Category:Colonial Brazil]]
[[Category:Colonial Peru]]
[[Category:Former colonies in South America]]
[[Category:Former countries in Central America]]
[[Category:Spanish period of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Former countries in North America]]
[[Category:Former countries in South America]]
[[Category:18th century in Central America]]
[[Category:19th century in Central America]]
[[Category:18th century in South America]]
[[Category:19th century in South America]]
[[Category:18th century in Colombia]]
[[Category:19th century in Colombia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1717|New Granada, Viceroyalty of]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1822|New Granada, Viceroyalty of]]
[[Category:Spain–Venezuela relations]]
[[Category:1717 establishments in the Viceroyalty of New Granada]]
[[Category:1717 establishments in South America]]
[[Category:1822 disestablishments in South America]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Philip V of Spain]]