View source for Vicia

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae}}
{{About||the neopagan tradition|Feri Tradition|the Scottish surname Veitch or Vetch|Veitch}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image=Vicia orobus1 eF.jpg
|image_caption=''[[Vicia orobus]]''
|display_parents=2
|taxon=Vicia
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753)
|type_species=''[[Faba sativa]]''
|type_species_authority=[[Conrad Moench|Moench.]]
|subdivision_ranks=Species
|subdivision=247; see [[#Selected species|text]]
|subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330034-2 ''Vicia'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</ref>
|synonyms=
{{hidden begin}}
* ''Abacosa'' <small>Alef. (1861)</small>
* ''Anatropostylia'' {{small|(Plitmann) Kupicha (1973)}}
* ''Arachus'' <small>Medik. (1787)</small>
* ''Atossa'' <small>Alef. (1861)</small>
* ''Bona'' <small>Medik (1787)</small>
* ''Coppoleria'' <small>Tod. (1845)</small>
* ''Cracca'' <small>Medik. (1787) nom. illeg.</small>
* ''Cujunia'' <small>Alef. (1861)</small>
* ''Endiusa'' <small>Alef. (1859)</small>
* ''Endusia'' <small>Benth. and Hook f. (1865)</small><ref name = Woodgate>{{cite book |vauthors=Woodgate K, Maxted N, Bennett SJ |chapter=A generic conspectus of the forage legumes of the Mediterranean basin |veditors=Bennett S, Cocks PS |year=1999 |edition=1st |title=Genetic Resources of Mediterranean Pasture and Forage Legumes |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |pages=182–226 |isbn=978-94-010-6007-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4776-7 |chapter-url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792355229 |series=Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture |volume=33 |s2cid=29588535}}</ref>
* ''Ervilia'' <small>Link (1822)</small>
* ''Ervum'' <small>Tourn. ex L. (1753)</small>
* ''Faba'' <small>Adans. (1763)</small><ref name = Woodgate/>
* ''Faba'' <small>Mill. (1754)</small>
* ''Hypechusa'' <small>Alef. (1860)</small>
* ''Lens'' {{small|Mill. (1754)}}
* ''Lentilla'' {{small|W.Wight (1909)}}
* ''Orobella'' <small>C.Presl (1837)</small>
* ''Parallosa'' <small>Alef. (1859)</small>
* ''Rhynchium'' <small>Dulac (1867)</small>
* ''Sellunia'' <small>Alef. (1859)</small>
* ''Swantia'' <small>Alef. (1859)</small>
* ''Tuamina'' <small>Alef. (1861)</small>
* ''Vicilla'' <small>Schur (1866)</small>
* ''Viciodes'' <small>Moench (1794)</small>
* ''Wiggersia'' <small>Gaertn. (1801)</small>
{{hidden end}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref name = powo/>
}}
'''''Vicia''''' is a [[genus]] of over 240 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s that are part of the [[legume]] [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Fabaceae]]), and which are commonly known as '''vetches'''. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other [[genera]] of their [[subfamily]] [[Faboideae]] also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings (''[[Lathyrus]]'') or the milk-vetches (''[[Astragalus (plant)|Astragalus]]''). The [[lentil]]s are included in genus ''Vicia'', and were formerly classified in genus ''Lens''.<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331706-2 ''Lens'' Mill.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</ref> The broad bean (''[[Vicia faba]]'') is sometimes separated in a [[monotypic]] genus ''Faba''; although not often used today, it is of historical importance in [[plant taxonomy]] as the namesake of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Fabales]], the Fabaceae and the Faboideae. The [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Vicieae]] in which the vetches are placed is named after the genus' current name. The true peas (''[[Pisum]]'') are among the closest living relatives of vetches.
==Use by humans==
{{Hiero |"Grains of ''[[Vicia faba|puyr]]''" |<hiero>p:V1-y:r-Z1-N33:Z2</hiero> |align=left|era=default}}
Bitter vetch (''[[Vicia ervilia|V.&nbsp;ervilia]]'') was one of the [[Neolithic founder crops|first domesticated crops]]. It was grown in the [[Near East]] about 9,500 years ago, starting perhaps even one or two millennia earlier during the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]]. By the time of the [[Central Europe]]an [[Linear Pottery culture]] – about 7,000 years ago – broad bean (''[[Vicia faba|V.&nbsp;faba]]'') had also been domesticated. Vetch has been found at Neolithic and Eneolithic sites in Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovakia.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Daniel Zohary |author2-link=Maria Hopf |author2=Maria Hopf |author3-link=Ehud Weiss |author3=Ehud Weiss |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition=4th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-954906-1|title-link=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |author1-link=Daniel Zohary}}</ref> And at the same time, at the opposite end of [[Eurasia]], the [[Hoabinhian]] people also utilized the broad bean in their path towards [[agriculture]], as shown by the seeds found in [[Spirit Cave, Thailand]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chester F. Gorman |year=1969 |title=Hoabinhian: a pebble tool complex with early plant associations in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=163 |issue=3868 |pages=671–673 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3868.671 |pmid=17742735 |bibcode=1969Sci...163..671G |s2cid=34052655}}
</ref>
[[Bernard of Clairvaux]] shared a bread-of-vetch meal with his monks during the famine of 1124 to 1126, as an emblem of humility.{{#tag:ref|"Their bread like the prophets of old, was made of barley, millet and vetch and was of such miserable quality that once a visiting monk, lamenting sadly their plight, took away with him some of what had been set before him in the guest-house, that he might show to everybody the marvel of men, and such men, living on the like." (''Vita Prima'' I.v.25, quoted in Williams (1952), p. 24.)<ref>{{cite book |author=Watkin Wynn Williams |year=1952 |title=Saint Bernard of Clairvaux |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]}}</ref>|group=Note}} However, the bitter vetch largely was dropped from human use over time. It was only used to save as a crop of last resort in times of starvation: vetches "featured in the frugal diet of the poor until the eighteenth century, and even reappeared on the black market in the South of France during the Second World War", Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, of Marseillais background, has remarked.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat |author2=Anthea Bell |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=The History of Food |page=36 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-8119-8 |edition=2nd}}</ref> However, broad beans remained prominent. In the Near East the seeds are mentioned in [[Hittites|Hittite]] and [[Ancient Egypt]]ian sources dating from more than 3,000 years ago as well as in the [[Christian Bible]],{{#tag:ref|Usually translated simply as "beans"; the green beans (''[[Phaseolus]]'') are native to the [[Americas]] and were unknown in Europe before about 1500 AD.|group=Note}} and in the large [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Oppidum of Manching]] from the [[La Tène culture]] in Europe some 2,200 years ago. Dishes resembling [[ful medames]] are attested in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] which was compiled before 400 AD.
[[Image:VetchYield.png|thumb|300px|left|Worldwide vetch yield]]
[[File:Vicia pannonica2 W.jpg|thumb|right|Hungarian vetch (''[[Vicia pannonica|V.&nbsp;pannonica]]'') is often grown for [[forage]].]]
In our time, the common vetch (''[[Vicia sativa|V.&nbsp;sativa]]'') has also risen to prominence. Together with broad bean [[cultivar]]s such as horse bean or field bean, the [[FAO]] includes it among the 11 most important [[pulse (legume)|pulses]] in the world. The main usage of the common vetch is as [[forage]] for [[ruminant]] animals, both as [[fodder]] and [[legume]], but there are other uses, as tufted vetch ''[[Vicia cracca|V.&nbsp;cracca]]'' is grown as a mid-summer [[pollen]] source for [[honeybee]]s.
In 2017, global production of vetches was 920,537 [[tonnes]].<ref>Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/894899922 by a bug in VisualEditor and later identified by a bot. The original cite can be found at Special:Permalink/894833693 (or in a rev close to it) in either cite #48 or cite #14 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (1). [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> That year, 560,077 acres were devoted to the cultivation of vetches in the world. Over 54% of that output came from Europe alone. Africa (17.8% of world total), Asia (15.6% of world total), Americas (10.6% of world total) and Oceania (1.8% of world total).<sup>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize <nowiki>[14]</nowiki>]</sup>
The bitter vetch, too, is grown extensively for forage and fodder, as are hairy vetch (''[[Vicia villosa|V.&nbsp;villosa]]'', also called fodder vetch), bard vetch (''[[Vicia articulata|V.&nbsp;articulata]]''), French vetch (''[[Vicia serratifolia|V.&nbsp;serratifolia]]'') and Narbon bean (''[[Vicia narbonensis|V.&nbsp;narbonensis]]''). ''[[Vicia benghalensis|V.&nbsp;benghalensis]]'' and Hungarian vetch (''[[Vicia pannonica|V.&nbsp;pannonica]]'') are cultivated for forage and [[green manure]].
[[File:4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid.png|thumb|left|[[4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid]] (4-Cl-IAA), a [[phytohormone]] found in several vetches]]
The vetches also have a broad variety of other purposes. The Hairy Vetch has well-established uses as a green manure and as an [[allelopathic]] [[cover crop]]. As regards the broad bean, it is known to [[List of hyperaccumulators|accumulate]] [[aluminum]] in its tissue; in polluted soils it may be useful in [[phytoremediation]], but with one [[per mil]] of aluminum in the dry plant (possibly more in the seeds), it might not be edible anymore. The robust plants are useful as a [[beetle bank]] to provide [[habitat]] and shelter for [[carnivorous]] [[beetle]]s and other [[arthropod]]s to keep down [[pest (organism)|pest]] invertebrates. When the [[root nodule]]s of broad bean are [[Microbial inoculant|inoculated]] with the [[Rhodospirillaceae|rhodospirillacean bacterium]] ''[[Azospirillum brasilense]]'' and the [[Glomus (fungus)|glomeracean fungus]] ''[[Glomus clarum]]'', the species can also be productively grown in [[Soil salinity|salty soils]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=L. Lehle |author2=W. Tanner |name-list-style=amp |year=1973 |title=The function of ''myo''-inositol in the biosynthesis of raffinose – purification and characterization of galactinol: sucrose 6-galactosyltransferase from ''Vicia faba'' seeds |journal=[[European Journal of Biochemistry]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03039.x |pmid=4774118|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=H. Matsuda |author2=Y. Suzuki |name-list-style=amp |year=1984 |title=γ-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase of ''Vicia faba'' leaves |journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]] |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=654–657 |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/76/3/654 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |doi=10.1104/pp.76.3.654 |pmid=16663901 |pmc=1064350}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=H. A. Ross |author2=H. V. Davies |name-list-style=amp |year=1992 |title=Purification and characterization of sucrose synthase from the cotyledons of ''Vicia fava'' L. |journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]] |volume=100 |issue=8 |pages=1008–1013 |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/100/2/1008.pdf |doi=10.1104/pp.100.2.1008 |pmid=16653008 |pmc=1075657}}</ref> In the 1980s, the [[auxin]] [[4-Cl-IAA]] was studied in ''[[Vicia amurensis|V.&nbsp;amurensis]]'' and the broad bean,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tanja Pless |author2=Michael Boettger |author3=Peter Hedden |author4=Jan Graebe |name-list-style=amp |year=1984 |title=Occurrence of 4-Cl-indoleacetic acid in broad beans and correlation of its levels with seed development |journal=[[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]] |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=320–323 |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/74/2/320.pdf |doi=10.1104/pp.74.2.320 |pmid=16663416 |pmc=1066676}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Masato Katayama |author2=Singanallore V. Thiruvikraman |author3=Shingo Marumo |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Identification of 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid and its methyl ester in immature seeds of ''Vicia amurensis'' (the tribe Vicieae), and their absence from three species of Phaseoleae |journal=[[Plant and Cell Physiology]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=383–386 |url=http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/28/2/383.pdf}}</ref> and since 1990, the [[antibacterial]] [[Gamma thionin|γ-thionins]] [[fabatin]]-1 and -2 have been isolated from the latter species.
Despite a small [[karyotype|chromosome count]] of ''n''=6, the broad bean has a high DNA content, making it easy for a [[micronucleus test]] of its root tips to recognize [[genotoxic]] compounds. A lectin from ''[[Vicia graminea|V.&nbsp;graminea]]'' is used to test for the medically significant [[MNS antigen system|N blood group]].
==Toxicity==
[[File:Phytohemagglutinin L.png|thumb|upright|Molecular structure of leucoagglutinin, a toxic [[phytohemagglutinin]] found in raw ''[[Vicia faba]]'']]
The vetches grown as forage are generally toxic to non-ruminants (such as humans), at least if eaten in quantity. Cattle and horses have been poisoned by ''V.&nbsp;villosa'' and ''V.&nbsp;benghalensis'', two species that contain canavanine in their seeds. [[Canavanine]], a toxic analogue of the amino acid [[arginine]], has been identified in Hairy Vetch as an [[appetite suppressant]] for monogastric animals, while Narbon bean contains the quicker-acting but weaker γ-glutamyl-S-[[ethenylcysteine]].<ref name="Enneking">{{cite thesis |author=D. Enneking |year=1994 |title=The toxicity of ''Vicia'' species and their utilisation as grain legumes |degree=[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] (Ag.Sc.) |publisher=[[University of Adelaide]] |url=http://thesis.library.adelaide.edu.au/public/adt-SUA20060602.134749/index.html |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> In common vetch, γ-glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine has been found. The active part of this molecule is [[cyanoalanine|β-cyanoalanine]]. It inhibits the conversion of the sulfur amino acid [[methionine]] to [[cysteine]].
Cystathionine, an intermediary product of this biochemical pathway, is secreted in urine.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Charlotte Ressler |author2=Jeanne Nelson |author3=Morris Pfeffer |name-list-style=amp |year=1964 |title=A pyridoxal-β-cyanoalanine relation in the rat |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=203 |issue=4951 |pages=1286–1287 |doi=10.1038/2031286a0 |pmid=14230211 |bibcode=1964Natur.203.1286R |s2cid=39261988}}</ref> This process can effectively lead to the depletion of vital protective reserves of the sulfur amino acid cysteine and thereby making ''Vicia sativa'' seed a dangerous component in mixture with other toxin sources. The [[Spain|Spanish]] pulse mix ''{{lang|es|comuña}}'' contains common vetch and bitter vetch in addition to vetchling (''[[Lathyrus cicera]]'') seeds; it can be fed in small quantities to ruminants, but its use as a staple food will cause [[lathyrism]] even in these animals. Moreover, common vetch as well as broad bean – and probably other species of ''Vicia'' too – contain [[oxidant]]s like [[convicine]], [[5,6-Dihydroxycytosine|isouramil]], [[divicine]] and [[vicine]] in quantities sufficient to lower [[glutathione]] levels in [[G6PD]]-deficient persons to cause [[favism]] disease. At least broad beans also contain the [[lectin]] [[phytohemagglutinin]] and are somewhat poisonous if eaten raw. Split common vetch seeds resemble split [[red lentil]]s (''Lens culinaris''), and has been occasionally mislabelled as such by exporters or importers to be sold for human consumption. In some countries where lentils are highly popular – e.g., [[Bangladesh]], [[Egypt]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] – import bans on suspect produce have been established to prevent these potentially harmful scams.<ref name="Enneking"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |work=The Health Report |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s22429.htm |title=Vetch scandal |date=April 19, 1999 |access-date=January 27, 2009}}</ref>
==Ecology==
[[File:Vicia nigricans 4998.JPG|right|thumb|The branched tendrils of black vetch (''[[Vicia nigricans|V.&nbsp;nigricans]]'') help to distinguish it from other species.]]
Vetches have cylindrical [[root nodule]]s of the indeterminate type and are thus [[nitrogen-fixing]] plants. Their flowers usually have white to [[purple]] or blue hues, but may be red or yellow; they are [[pollinated]] by [[bumblebee]]s, [[honey bee]]s, [[solitary bee]]s and other [[insect]]s.
''Vicia'' species are used as food plants by the [[caterpillar]]s of some [[butterflies]] and [[moth]]s, such as:
* ''[[Coleophora cracella]]'' – only found on ''Vicia'' species
* ''[[Coleophora fuscicornis]]'' – only found on smooth tare (''[[Vicia tetrasperma|V.&nbsp;tetrasperma]]'')
* ''[[Paratalanta pandalis]]'' – recorded on bush vetch (''[[Vicia sepium|V.&nbsp;sepium]]'')
* ''[[Chionodes lugubrella]]'' – recorded on tufted vetch (''[[Vicia cracca|V.&nbsp;cracca]]'')
* [[Lime-speck pug]] (''Eupithecia centaureata'') – recorded on tufted vetch (''V.&nbsp;cracca'')
* [[Double-striped pug]] (''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata'') – recorded on broad bean (''[[Vicia faba|V.&nbsp;faba]]'')
* [[Provençal short-tailed blue]] (''Everes alcetas'')
* [[Amanda's blue]] (''Polyommatus amandus'') – only found on ''Vicia'' species
* [[Flame (moth)|The flame]] (''Axylia putris'')
* Blackneck (''[[Lygephila pastinum]]'') – recorded on tufted vetch (''V.&nbsp;cracca'')
* [[Angle shades]] (''Phlogophora meticulosa'')
* ''[[Colias]]'' species, e.g., [[Clouded sulphur]] (''C.&nbsp;philodice'')
* [[Leptidea sinapis|Wood white]] (''Leptidea sinapis'')
* [[Pea moth]] (''Cydia nigricana'')
Most other [[parasitism|parasite]]s and [[plant pathogen]]s affecting vetches have been recorded on the broad bean, the most widely cultivated and economically significant species. They include the [[mite]] ''[[Balaustium vignae]]'' whose adults are found on broad bean, the [[potexvirus]]es [[Alternanthera mosaic virus|''Alternanthera'' mosaic virus]], [[clover yellow mosaic virus]] and [[white clover mosaic virus]], and several other virus species such as [[Bidens mottle virus|''Bidens'' mosaic virus]], [[tobacco streak virus]], [[Vicia cryptic virus|''Vicia'' cryptic virus]] and [[Vicia faba endornavirus|''Vicia faba'' endornavirus]].
==Selected species==
{{Main|List of Vicia species|l1=List of ''Vicia'' species}}
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* ''[[Vicia americana]]'' – American vetch, purple vetch, mat vetch
* ''[[Vicia amoena]]''
* ''[[Vicia amurensis]]'' <small>Oett.</small> (=''V.&nbsp;japonica'' <small>''sensu auct non'' A.Gray</small>)
* ''[[Vicia andicola]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Vicia articulata]]'' <small>Hornem.</small> – bard vetch
* ''[[Vicia bakeri]]'' <small>Ali</small> (=''V.&nbsp;sylvatica'' <small>Benth.</small>)
* ''[[Vicia basaltica]]'' <small>Plitmann</small>
* ''[[Vicia benghalensis]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Vicia biennis]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Vicia bithynica]]'' <small>(L.) L.</small> – Bithynian vetch
* ''[[Vicia bungei]]'' <small>Ohwi</small>
* ''[[Vicia canescens]]'' <small>Labill.</small>
* ''[[Vicia cappadocica]]'' <small>Boiss. & Balansa</small>
* ''[[Vicia caroliniana]]'' <small>Walter</small> – Carolina wood vetch
* ''[[Vicia cassubica]]'' <small>L.</small> – [[Kashubian vetch]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/kashubian-vetch |title=Kashubian Vetch |publisher=Luontoportti|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[Vicia cracca]]'' – tufted vetch
* ''[[Vicia cuspidata]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
* ''[[Vicia cusnae]]''
* ''[[Vicia cypria]]'' <small>Unger & Kotschy</small>
* ''[[Vicia disperma]]'' <small>DC.</small> (=''V. parviflora'' <small>Loisel.</small>)
* ''[[Vicia dumetorum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Vicia ervilia]]'' – bitter vetch
* ''[[Vicia esdraelonensis]]'' <small>Warb. & Eig</small>
* ''[[Vicia faba]]'' – fava bean, broad bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, bell bean, tic bean
* ''[[Vicia galeata]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
* ''[[Vicia galilaea]]'' <small>Plitmann & Zohary</small>
* ''[[Vicia gigantea]]'' <small>Bunge</small>
* ''[[Vicia graminea]]'' <small>Sm.</small>
* ''[[Vicia grandiflora]]'' <small>Scop.</small> (=''V.&nbsp;kitaibeliana''<!-- (W.D.J.Koch) Stank. -->)
* ''[[Vicia hassei]]'' <small>S.Watson</small>
* ''[[Vicia hirsuta]]'' – hairy tare
* ''[[Vicia hololasia]]'' <small>Woronow</small>
* ''[[Vicia hulensis]]'' <small>Plitmann</small>
* ''[[Vicia hybrida]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Vicia japonica]]'' <small>A.Gray</small>
* ''[[Vicia lathyroides]]'' – spring vetch
* ''[[Lentil|Vicia lens]]'' – lentil
* ''[[Vicia lilacina]]'' <small>Ledeb.</small>
* ''[[Vicia linearifolia]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small> (=''V.&nbsp;parviflora'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small>)
* ''[[Vicia loiseleurii]]'' <small>(M.Bieb.) Litv.</small> (=''V.&nbsp;pubescens'' <small>''sensu auct. fl. Cauc.''</small>)
* ''[[Vicia lutea]]'' – yellow vetch
* ''[[Vicia menziesii]]'' <small>Spreng.</small> – Hawaiian vetch
* ''[[Vicia minutiflora]]'' <small>F.G. Dietr.</small> – pygmyflower vetch
* ''[[Vicia monantha]]'' <small>Retz.</small> – single-flowered vetch
* ''[[Vicia nana]]'' <small>Vogel</small>
* ''[[Vicia narbonensis]]'' <small>L.</small> – Narbon bean, moor's pea (=''V.&nbsp;serratifolia'' <small>''sensu auct. non'' Jacq.</small>)
* ''[[Vicia nigricans]]'' – black vetch
** ''Vicia nigricans'' ssp. ''gigantea'' (=''V. gigantea'' <small>Hook.</small>) – giant vetch
* ''[[Vicia onobrychioides]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Vicia oroboides]]'' <small>Wulfen</small>
* ''[[Vicia orobus]]'' <small>DC.</small> – upright vetch, wood bitter-vetch
* ''[[Vicia palaestina]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
* ''[[Vicia pannonica]]'' – Hungarian vetch
* ''[[Vicia parviflora]]'' <small>Cav.</small> – slender vetch, slender tare (=''V.&nbsp;tenuissima''<!-- (M.Bieb.) Schinz & Thell. -->)
* ''[[Vicia peregrina]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Vicia pisiformis]]'' <small>L.</small> – pea-flowered vetch
* ''[[Vicia pseudo-orobus]]'' <small>Fisch. & C. A. Mey.</small>
* ''[[Vicia pubescens]]'' <small>(DC.) Link</small>
* ''[[Vicia pyrenaica]]''
* ''[[Vicia sativa]]'' – common vetch, narrow-leaved vetch, tare
* ''[[Vicia sepium]]'' – bush vetch
* ''[[Vicia sericocarpa]]'' <small>Fenzl</small>
* ''[[Vicia serratifolia]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> – French vetch (formerly in ''V.&nbsp;narbonensis'')
* ''[[Vicia sylvatica]]'' <small>L.</small><!-- leave author because species name is ambiguous --> – wood vetch
* ''[[Vicia tenuifolia]]'' <small>Roth.</small> – fine-leaved vetch
** ''Vicia tenuifolia'' ssp. ''dalmatica'' <small>(A.Kern.) Greuter</small> (=''V.&nbsp;dalmatica'',<!-- Kern. --> ''V.&nbsp;tenuifolia'' <small>''sensu auct. non'' Roth.</small>)
* ''[[Vicia tetrasperma]]'' – smooth tare, smooth vetch
* ''[[Vicia tsydenii]]'' <small>Malyschev</small>
* ''[[Vicia unijuga]]'' <small>A.Br.</small>
* ''[[Vicia villosa]]'' – hairy vetch, fodder vetch, winter vetch
{{div col end}}
Plants formerly placed in ''Vicia'' include:
* ''[[Lens nigricans]]'' (as ''V.&nbsp;nigricans'' <small>(M.Bieb.) Janka</small>)
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Vicia amoena 2.jpg|''[[Vicia amoena]]''
File:Vicia cassubica W.jpg|Kashubian (Danzig) vetch (''[[Vicia cassubica|V.&nbsp;cassubica]]'')
File:Vicia grandiflora W.jpg|''[[Vicia grandiflora]]''
File:Vicia pisiformis3 W.jpg|Pea-flowered vetch (''[[Vicia pisiformis|V.&nbsp;pisiformis]]'')
File:Vicia dalmatica 150606b.jpg|''[[Vicia tenuifolia]]'' ssp. ''dalmatica''
</gallery>
==Etymology==
''Vicia'' means 'binder' in [[Latin]]; this was the name used by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] for vetch.<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). ''The Names of Plants''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 401</ref>
The vetch is also referenced by [[Horace]] in his account of "[[The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse ]]" as ''[[wikt:ervum#Latin|ervum]]''.<ref>[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/horace-satires/1926/pb_LCL194.209.xml Satires II.6, 117]</ref> This is said to be a source of comfort for the country mouse after a disturbing insight into urban life.
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize |title=FAOSTAT |website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-04-30}}
==External links and further reading==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite journal |author=G. Laghetti |author2=A. R. Piergiovanni |author3=I. Galasso |author4=K. Hammer |author5=P. Perrino |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Single-flowered vetch (''Vicia articulata'' Hornem.): a relic crop in Italy |journal=[[Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=461–465 |doi=10.1023/A:1008711022396 |s2cid=22502363}}
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VICIA ''Vicia'' plant profiles], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
* [http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/ Mansfeld's database for cultivated plants] (search for ''Vicia'', 17 cultivated taxa listed)
* FAO's [https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/fbde779c-8968-4a7d-8df8-de28c2196aac/content ''Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective''] [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E0q.htm#Grain%20legumes%20for%20animal%20feed, "Chapter 26: Grain legumes for animal feed"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129054322/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E0q.htm#Grain%20legumes%20for%20animal%20feed |date=2019-01-29 }})
* {{cite book |author1=R. Fitter |author2=A. Collins |name-list-style=amp |year=1974 |title=The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147337}}
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[[Category:Vicia| ]]
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]