View source for Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills

{{Short description|Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨r⟩ in IPA}}
{{redirect|r (IPA)|the English ''r'' sound often transcribed {{IPA|/r/}} for convenience|Postalveolar approximant|other ''r''-like consonants|Rhotic consonant}}
The '''voiced alveolar trill''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] [[trill consonant|trills]] is {{angbr IPA|r}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>r</code>. It is commonly called the '''rolled R''', '''rolling R''', or '''trilled R'''. Quite often, {{angbr IPA|r}} is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]] that have [[rhotic consonant]]s that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because {{angbr|r}} is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
In many [[Indo-European languages]], a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more.<ref>{{SOWL|221}}</ref> Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Cypriot Greek]], and a number of [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] dialects.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=June 2019}}
People with [[ankyloglossia]] may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.{{sfnp|Chaubal|Dixit|2011|pp=270–272}}{{sfnp|Mayo Clinic|2012}}
==Voiced alveolar trill==
{{redirect|Alveolar trill|the voiceless consonant|Voiceless alveolar trill}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=r
|ipa number=122
|decimal=114
|x-sampa=r
|braille=r
}}
===Features===
Features of the voiced alveolar trill:
{{trill}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] may be
: [[Dental consonant|dental]] (behind the upper front teeth),
: [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] (at the [[alveolar ridge]]), or
: [[Post-alveolar consonant|post-alveolar]] (behind the alveolar ridge).
* It is most often [[Apical consonant|apical]], which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=228}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}
===Occurrence===
[[File:Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm|thumb|A trill extended for about 2 seconds, captured in slow motion to reveal the individual 36&ndash;44&nbsp;Hz tongue oscillations.]]
====Dental====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<ref>{{harvp|Siptár|Törkenczy|2000|pp=75–76}}, {{harvp|Szende|1999|p=104}}</ref> || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|a'''rr'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɒr̪ːɒ]}} || 'that way' || Laminal dental. See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]]<ref>{{harvp|Bender|1969|p=xv}}</ref> || {{lang|mh|dik}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2D.htm#dik|title = Marshallese-English Dictionary}}</ref> || {{IPA|[r̪ʲik]}} || 'to be small' || [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalized]]. The language's two other rhotic phonemes, {{IPA|/rˠ/}} ([[velarization|velarized]]) and {{IPA|/rʷ/}} ([[labialization|rounded]]), are [[#Post-alveolar|post-alveolar]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{Citation|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2013}}{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian orthography|'''r'''epede]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞]}} || 'quickly' || Apical. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="SOWLRUS">{{harvp|Skalozub|1963|p=?}}; cited in {{harvp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=221}}</ref> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''рь'''яный]]}}/{{transl|ru|ŕjaný}} ||{{IPA|[ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j]}} || 'zealous' || Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization.<ref name="SOWLRUS"/> It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See [[Russian phonology]]
|}
====Alveolar====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=117}} || {{lang|af|'''r'''ooi|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[roːi̯]}} || 'red' || May be a tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} instead.{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=117}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]] || {{lang|ar|رأى|rtl=yes}}/{{transl|ar|'''r'''a'á}}||{{IPA|[raʔaː]}}|| 'saw' (verb) || In free variation with {{IPAblink|ɾ}} by many speakers.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || {{lang|an|sota'''rr'''año|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[sotaˈraɲo]}} || 'basement' || Allophone of /[[ɾ]]/.
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]||[[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=19}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ռ'''ումբ]]}}/{{transl|hy|ŕumb}}||{{Audio-IPA|rumb.ogg |[rumb]}} || 'cannonball' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || {{lang|ast|[[Asturian alphabet|fe'''rr'''amienta]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[feraˈmjeŋta]}} || 'tool' || Allophone of /[[ɾ]]/.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''রা'''ত]]}}/{{Transl|bn|'''r'''at}}||{{IPA|[rat̪]}}||'night'|| More commonly [{{IPA link|ɾ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɹ}}] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, which occurs medially and finally. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Breton language|Breton]] || {{lang|br|[[Breton alphabet|'''r'''oue]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ruːe]}} || 'king' || Dominant in and around [[Finistère|Léon]] and [[Morbihan]] while many other dialects have adopted the [[voiced uvular fricative]]. See [[Breton phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|{{Lang|bg|[[Bulgarian orthography|'''р'''абота/'''r'''abota]]}}
|{{IPA|[ˈrabotə]}}
|'work'
|See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]<ref>{{citation|title=湖北方言里有颤音r (There is trill r in Hubei Dialect)|year=1984|url=http://www.cqvip.com/qk/83846b/198401/74908390495756524849484850.html|access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=中国人能发大舌音"RR" ( Some Chinese can pronounciate alveolar trills "RR" )|url=https://www.bilibili.com/video/av22913633/}}</ref>{{br}}{{better citation needed|date=December 2023}}|| [[Dangyang]] (a [[Southwestern Mandarin]]) || {{lang|cmn|[[Chinese characters|被子]]}} || {{IPA|[pei r̩]}} ||quilt||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|[[Cyrillic script|а'''р'''ăслан/araslan]]
|[arəs'lan]
|'lion'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Pultrová|2013|p=22}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|chlo'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xlɔ̝ːr]}}|| 'chlorine'|| Contrasts with {{IPA|/r̝/}}; may be syllabic. See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Few speakers of the [[Jutlandic dialect]]{{sfnp|Torp|2001|p=78}} || {{example needed|date=September 2018}} || || || Corresponds to much more back {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ʁ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʕ}}]}} in standard Danish. See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''r'''aam]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[raːm]}}|| 'window' || See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[English language|English]] || [[African-American Vernacular English|African-American]] || ''[[English orthography| ou'''tta th'''e city]]'' || {{IPA|[æə̯rəˈsɪɾi]}} || 'out of the city' || A sequence of tapped {{IPAlink|ɾ}} between unstressed {{IPAlink|ə}} may become a single trill in [[AAVE]].
|-
| [[Scottish English|Scottish]] || ''[[English orthography|cu'''r'''d]]'' || {{IPA|[kʌrd]}}|| 'curd'|| Only some dialects. Corresponds to [{{IPA link|ɾ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɹ}}] in others. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2-uBwAAQBAJ&q=welsh+english+trilled+r&pg=PT88 |date = 15 July 2003|editor-first1=Peter|editor-last1=Garrett|editor-first2=Nikola|editor-last2=Coupland|editor-first3=Angie|editor-last3=Williams |publisher=University of Wales Press |page=73|isbn = 9781783162086}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|b'''r'''ight]]'' ||{{IPA|[braɪt]}}|| 'bright'|| Some dialects under [[Welsh language|Welsh]] influence. Corresponds to {{IPA|[ɾ ~ ɹ]}} in others.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || {{lang|fi|[[Estonian alphabet|ko'''rr'''us]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkorːus]}} || 'floor'|| See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|'''r'''aaka]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Fi-raaka.ogg|[ˈrɑːkɑ]}} || 'raw'|| See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Modern Greek|Greek]] || Standard<ref name="Arvaniti2007">{{harvp|Arvaniti|2007|pp=14–18}}</ref> || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|ά'''ρ'''τος]]}}/{{transl|el|á'''r'''tos}}||{{IPA|[ˈartos]}} || '[[artos]]' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant.<ref name="Arvaniti2007"/> See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]]{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2010|pp=3–4}}<ref>{{citation|title=βορράς|work=Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database|publisher=Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές|year=2011|url=http://lexcy.library.ucy.ac.cy/Lexicon.aspx|access-date=5 March 2014|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413014733/http://lexcy.library.ucy.ac.cy/Lexicon.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{lang|el|βο'''ρρ'''άς}}/{{transl|el|vo'''rr'''as}}||{{IPA|[vorˈras]}} || 'north' || Contrasts with {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanāgarī|पत्थ'''र''']]}} / {{Transl|hns|patthar}} || rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[pət̪t̪ʰər]}} || rowspan="2" | 'stone' || rowspan="2" | See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
|[[Urdu]]
|{{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|پتھ'''ر''']]|rtl=yes}} / {{Transl|hns|patthar}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] || {{lang|id|[[Malay alphabet|geta'''r''' ]]}} || {{IPA|[gətar]}}||'vibrate'|| See [[Indonesian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|te'''rr'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|It-Terra.wav|[ˈt̪ɛrːä]}}|| 'earth'|| See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || [[Tokyo dialect|Shitamachi dialect]]
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|ja|から}} {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese#Hepburn|ka'''r'''a]]|italic=yes}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kara]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'from'
| rowspan="2" | Allophone of /ɾ/. See [[Japanese phonology]].
|-
| [[Kansai dialect]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kele language (New Guinea)|Kele]]<ref name="Ladefoged2005">{{harvp|Ladefoged|2005|p=165}}</ref> || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ⁿrikei]}}|| 'leg'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ត្រី]]}} / {{transl|km|t'''r'''ey}} || {{IPA|[trəj]}} || 'fish' or 'three' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} || {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabet|ы'''р''']]}}/{{lang|ky-Latn|ı'''r'''}}||{{IPA|[ɯr]}} || 'song' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Latvian language|Latvian]]{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}} || {{lang|lv|[[Latvian alphabet|'''r'''ags]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[räks̪]}} || 'horn' || See [[Latvian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || {{lang|lt|[[Lithuanian alphabet|i'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɪr]}} || 'and' || See [[Lithuanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Jawi alphabet|کورڠ]] / {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|ku'''r'''ang]]}} || {{IPA|[kuräŋ]}} || 'less' || May be postalveolar approximant [{{IPA|ɹ̠}}], or more commonly, flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malayalam]]
|{{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|'''റ'''മ്മി]]}}/{{lang|ml-Latn|rummy}}
|{{IPA|[rəmmiː]}}
|'[[rummy]]'
| See [[Malayalam#Phonology|Malayalam phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|घ'''र्रा''']]}}/ghórra||{{IPA|[ɡʱʌrːä]}}|| 'drawer' || See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|k'''r'''ok]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-krok.ogg|[krɔk]}}|| 'step'|| Usually realized as {{IPAblink|ɾ}}. See [[Polish phonology]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''ato]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ratu]}} || 'mouse' || Contrasts with {{IPA|/ɾ/}}. Many [[Northern Portuguese|northern dialects]] retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See [[Portuguese phonology]] and [[Guttural R]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scots language|Scots]]|| {{lang|sco|b'''r'''icht}} || {{IPA|[brɪçt]}} || 'bright' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic]]|| {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic phonology|cea'''r'''t]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kʲarˠʃd]}} || 'true' || Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as ''rr'', or before consonants ''d'', ''t'', ''l'', ''n'', ''s''; otherwise a [[voiced alveolar tap]]. Contrasts with {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}} and {{IPA|/ɾ/}} intervocally and word-finally. See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''р'''т]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''r'''t]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[r̩t]}} || 'cape' || May be syllabic.{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=4}} See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|k'''r'''k]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kr̩k]}}|| 'neck'|| May be a [[alveolar tap|tap]], particularly when not syllabic.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}} || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''r'''iž]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ríːʃ]}} || 'rice' || Also described as tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}},{{sfnp|Šuštaršič|Komar|Petek|1999|p=135}} and variable between trill {{IPA|[r]}} and tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}.{{sfnp|Greenberg|2006|pp=17 and 20}} See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|pe'''rr'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Perro Voiced alveolar trill.wav|[ˈpe̞ro̞]}} || 'dog'|| Contrasts with {{IPA|/ɾ/}}. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Some West coast and Northern dialects || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|b'''r'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[brɑː]}}|| 'good'|| See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|'''r'''ambutan]]}} || {{IPA|[rɐmbuˈtan]}}|| '[[rambutan]]'|| Allophone of the more common {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, especially with more [[conservative (linguistics)|conservative speakers]].<ref>[http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A71.%202008.%20Tagalog%20chapter%2049.pdf Schachter and Reid (2008)]</ref> See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|{{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|ப'''ற'''வை]]}}/{{lang|ta-Latn|paravai}}
|{{IPA|[paraʋaɪ̯]}}
|'bird'
|See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]] || Standard || {{lang|th|ชลบุรี}}/{{transl|th|chonbùri}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{Audio-IPA|th-chonburi.ogg|[tɕ͡ʰōn.bù.rīː]}} || '[[Chonburi Province|Chonburi]]' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Titan language|Titan]]<ref name="Ladefoged2005"/> || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ⁿrakeiʔin]}}|| 'girls'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''р'''ух]]}}/{{transl|uk|ruh}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Uk-рух.ogg|[rux]}}|| 'motion'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || {{lang|cy|[[Welsh alphabet|Rhagfy'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]}} || 'December' || Contrasts with the [[voiceless alveolar trill]], {{IPA|/r̥/}}. See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] || Standard<ref name="Kleine">{{harvp|Kleine|2003|p=263}}</ref> || {{lang|yi|[[Yiddish orthography|ב'''ר'''יק]]|rtl=yes}}/b'''r'''ik ||{{IPA|[brɪk]}} || 'bridge' || More commonly a flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}; can be uvular {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɢ̆}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʀ}}]}} instead.<ref name="Kleine"/> See [[Yiddish phonology]]
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{lang|zts|'''r-r'''ee}}|| {{IPA|[rɘˀɘ]}}|| 'go out (habitually)'|| Underlyingly two sequences of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.
|}
====Post-alveolar====
{{see also|Retroflex trill}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Recasens|Pallarès|1995|p=288}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''r'''uc]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈr̠uk]}} || 'donkey' || Contrasts with {{IPA|/ɾ/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Gokana language|Gokana]]<ref name="Brosnahan">{{Citation |url=http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf |title=Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni |author=L.F. Brosnahan |access-date=2013-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403122650/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-03 }}</ref> || {{lang|gkn|be'''l'''e}} || {{IPA|[bēr̠ē]}} || 'we' || Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}}, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme<br>before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a [[postalveolar tap]] or simply {{IPAblink|l}} instead.<ref name="Brosnahan"/>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]]<ref>{{harvp|Bender|1969|p=xvii-xviii}}</ref> || {{lang|mh|raj}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2R.htm#raj|title = Marshallese-English Dictionary}}</ref> || {{IPA|[r̠ˠɑtʲ]}} || 'whale' || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/rˠ/}} is [[velarization|velarized]] and {{IPA|/rʷ/}} is [[labialization|rounded]]. Another rhotic phoneme in the language, {{IPA|/rʲ/}}, is [[#Dental|dental]] and [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]].
|-
| {{lang|mh|roj}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2R.htm#roj|title = Marshallese-English Dictionary}}</ref> || {{IPA|[r̠ʷɔtʲ]}} || 'ebb tide'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="SOWLRUS"/> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|иг'''р'''ать]]}}/igrať ||{{IPA|[ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ]}} || 'to play' || Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See [[Russian phonology]]
|}
====Variable====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]<ref name="Mangold2005">{{harvp|Mangold|2005|p=53}}</ref>  (chiefly areas with Upper German or Low German influence as well as immigrant speakers) || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Schma'''rr'''n]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʃmarn]}} || 'nonsense' || Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a [[Alveolar flap|tap]] instead.<ref name="Mangold2005"/> See [[Standard German phonology]]
|}
==Voiced alveolar fricative trill {{anchor|Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill}}==
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=r̝
|ipa symbol2=r̻
|ipa number=122 429
|xsampa=r_r
}}
In [[Czech language|Czech]], there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written ''r'', there is another laminal trill, written ''[[ř]]'', in words such as ''rybá'''ř'''i'' {{IPA|[ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ]}} 'fishermen' and the common surname ''Dvo'''ř'''ák''. Its manner of articulation is similar to {{IPA|[r]}} but is [[laminal consonant|laminal]] and the body of the tongue is [[raised (phonetics)|raised]]. It is thus partially [[Fricative consonant|fricative]], with the frication sounding rather like {{IPA|[ʒ]}} but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous {{IPA|[r]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, and some speakers tend to pronounce it as {{IPA|[rʐ]}}, {{IPA|[ɾʒ]}}, or {{IPA|[ɹʒ]}}. In the IPA, it is typically written as {{angbr IPA|r}} plus the raising diacritic, {{angbr IPA|r̝}}, but it has also been written as laminal {{angbr IPA|r̻}}.<ref>For example, Ladefoged (1971).</ref> (Before the 1989 [[IPA Kiel Convention]], it had a dedicated symbol {{angbr IPA|ɼ}}.) The [[Kobon language]] of [[Papua New Guinea]] also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.
===Features===
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:
*Its [[manner of articulation]] is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[Laminal consonant|laminal]] [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]], which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the [[alveolar ridge]].
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]]<ref name="Dankovičová">{{harvp|Dankovičová|1999|pp=70–71}}</ref><ref name="SOWLCZ">{{harvp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=46}}<ref name="SiPoCh">{{harvp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=226}}</ref> || {{lang|cs|[[Czech alphabet|čty'''ř'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|cs-čtyři.ogg|[ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ]}} || 'four' || May be a [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative|non-sibilant fricative]].<ref name="SOWLCZ"/> It contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2| [[Dzongkha language|Dzongkha]]<ref>{{cite book |last=van Driem |first=George |title=The Grammar of Dzongkha |publisher=Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan |url=https://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1992Dzongkha.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004073753/https://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1992Dzongkha.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-04 |url-status=usurped |page=93}}</ref>
|{{lang|dz|'''རུ'''་ཏོག}}་/{{transl|dz|'''r'''u-tog}}
|{{IPA|[r̝uto]}}
|'bone'
|Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref name="treder">{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> || {{lang|csb|'''rz'''éka|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[r̝eka]}}
|'river'
| Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.<ref name="treder"/>
|-
| colspan=2| [[Kobon language|Kobon]] || {{example needed|date=April 2014}} || || || Amount of frication variable. May also be a [[Alveolar flap#Voiced alveolar raised non-sonorant flap|fricative flap]]{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|-
| [[Ormuri]]
| Standard (Kaniguram)
| {{lang|oru|تڒګب}}/{{transl|oru|tařgab}}
| {{IPA|[tɑr̝geb]}}
| '[[summer (season)|summer]]'
| Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect.
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]] || Some dialects<ref name="Frykatywner">{{Citation |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 |title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř) |publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish alphabet|'''rz'''eka]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[r̝ɛka]}} || 'river' || Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʐ/}}. Present in areas from [[Starogard Gdański]] to [[Malbork]]<ref name="Frykatywner"/> and those south, west and northwest of them,<ref name="Frykatywner"/> area from [[Lubawa]] to [[Olsztyn]] to [[Olecko]] to [[Działdowo]],<ref name="Frykatywner"/> south and east of [[Wieleń]],<ref name="Frykatywner"/> around [[Wołomin]],<ref name="Frykatywner"/> southeast of [[Ostrów Mazowiecka]]<ref name="Frykatywner"/> and west of [[Siedlce]],<ref name="Frykatywner"/> from [[Brzeg]] to [[Opole]] and areas to the north,<ref name="Frykatywner"/> and roughly from [[Racibórz]] to [[Nowy Targ]].<ref name="Frykatywner"/> Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with {{IPA|/ʐ/}},<ref name="Frykatywner"/> and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well.<ref name="Frykatywner"/> See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref name="Grønnum2005">{{harvp|Grønnum|2005|p=157}}</ref> || [[European Portuguese|European]] || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|o'''s r'''ins]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[u ˈr̝ĩʃ]}} || 'the kidneys' || Possible realization of the sequence {{IPA|/sr/}} for speakers who realize {{IPA|/r/}} as {{IPA|[r]}}.<ref name="Grønnum2005"/> See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Silesian language|Silesian]] || [[Gmina Istebna]]<ref name="Dąbrowska">{{harvp|Dąbrowska|2004|p=?}}</ref> || {{lang|szl|um'''rz'''ił|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈumr̝iw]}} || '(he) died' || rowspan="2" | Contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. Merges with {{IPA|/ʐ/}} in most Polish dialects.
|-
| [[Jablunkov]]<ref name="Dąbrowska"/> || {{example needed|date=September 2018}} || ||
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || Northern dialects<ref name="Frykatywner"/>{{sfnp|Dudášová-Kriššáková|1995|pp=98}} || | {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''ř'''yka]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈr̝ɪkä]}} || 'river' || Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.<ref name="Frykatywner"/> See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|{{lang|es|'''r'''ana}}
|[ˈr̝änä]
|'frog'
|Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [ɹ̝-] or as a sibilant retroflex fricative [ʐ].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Trique language|Chicahuaxtla Trique]]<ref>A. Raymond Elliott, P. Hernández Cruz & F. Sandoval Cruz, "Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì 'de como apareció la gente del mundo': leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla". ''Tlalocan'' vol. 25, 2020, p.153.</ref>
| {{lang|trs|'''r'''a{{saltillo}}a}}
|{{IPA|[rᶾa˧ʔaː˧]}} or {{IPA|[r̥ᶴa˧ʔaː˧]}}
|'hand'
|Initial allophone of /r/.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scutt |first=C. A. |title=The Tsakonian Dialect |journal=The Annual of the British School at Athens |volume=19 |date=November 1913 |doi=10.1017/s0068245400009163 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/2276745#.YPL9wBjhU0M |page=20|s2cid=163493476 }}</ref>
| {{lang|tsd|'''ρζ'''ινοδίτζη}}
|[r̝inoðitɕi]
|'justice of the peace'
|/ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian.
|}
==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
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{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{phoible|r}}
{{IPA navigation}}
{{LetterR}}
[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Trill consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]