View source for Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

{{Short description|Consonantal sounds}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar plosive
|ipa symbol=t
|ipa number=103
|decimal=116
|xsampa=t
|braille=t
}}
{{infobox IPA
|ipa number=103 408
|ipa symbol=t̪
|decimal1=116
|decimal2=810
|x-sampa=t_d
|braille=t
|braille2=6
|braille3=1456
}}
The '''voiceless alveolar''', '''dental''' and '''postalveolar''' '''plosives''' (or '''stops''') are types of [[consonant]]al sounds used in almost all [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents voiceless [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] [[plosive consonant|plosives]] is {{angbr IPA|t}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>t</code>. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, {{angbr IPA|t̪}} and the postalveolar with a retraction line, {{angbr IPA|t̠}}, and the [[Extensions to the IPA]] have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, {{angbr IPA|t͇}}.
The {{IPA|[t]}} sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically.{{sfnp|Liberman|Cooper|Shankweiler|Studdert-Kennedy|1967|p=?}} Most languages have at least a plain {{IPA|[t]}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a {{IPA|[t]}} are colloquial [[Samoan language|Samoan]] (which also lacks an {{IPA|[n]}}), [[Abau]], and [[Nǁng language|Nǁng]] of South Africa.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}
There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, [[Kota language (India)|Kota]], [[Toda language|Toda]], [[Venda language|Venda]] and many [[Australian Aboriginal languages]] being a few of them; certain varieties of [[Hiberno-English]] also distinguish them (with [t̪] being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme /θ/, represented by ⟨th⟩).
==Features==
[[File:Voiceless dental plosive.svg|150px]]
[[File:Voiceless alveolar plosive.svg|150px]]
Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:
{{plosive}}
* There are three specific variants of {{IPA|[t]}}:
** [[Dental consonant|Dental]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper [[teeth]], termed respectively ''[[apical consonant|apical]]'' and ''[[laminal consonant|laminal]]''.
** [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]], which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the [[alveolar ridge]], and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
** [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''.
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}
== Varieties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! IPA !! Description
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t}}
| plain t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t̪}}
| [[Dental consonant|dental]] t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t̠}}
| [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|tʰ}}
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|tʲ}}
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|tʷ}}
| [[labialisation|labialized]] t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t̚}}
| t with [[no audible release]]
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t̬}}
| [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t͈}}
| [[Tenseness|tense]] t
|-
| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|tʼ}}
| [[ejective consonant|ejective]] t
|}
==Occurrence==
{{cleanup lang|section|date=June 2022}}
===Dental or denti-alveolar===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Occurrence of {{IPA|[t̪]}} in various languages
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! colspan="3"| Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Aleut language|Aleut]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=165}} || {{lang|ale-Latn|'''t'''iistax̂}} || {{IPA|[t̪iːstaχ]}}|| 'dough'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]||[[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=17}} ||{{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''տ'''ուն]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|tun.ogg |[t̪un]}} || 'house' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]
| {{lang|syr|ܬܠܬ̱ܐ}}/{{transliteration|syr|'''ţ'''lo}}
| {{IPA|[t̪lɑ]}}
| 'three'
|colspan="3"|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
| ''{{lang|gah-Cyrl|[[:wikt:дүрт|дүр'''т''']]/dür'''t'''}}''
| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-дүрт.ogg|[dʏʷrt]}}
| 'four'
|colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|p=47}} || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|с'''т'''агоддзе]]}} || {{IPA|[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]}} || 'century' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Belarusian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|'''t'''oki]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪oki]}}|| 'place' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Basque phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|'''তু'''মি]] || {{IPA|[t̪umi]}}|| 'you' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''t'''erra]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛrɐ]}}|| 'land' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|[[Cyrillic script|ут]]
|[ut]
|'horse'
|colspan="3"|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''t'''o'''t'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ot̪o]}} || 'this' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Skarnitzl |first1=Radek |title=Asymmetry in the Czech Alveolar Stops: An EPG Study |url=https://www.academia.edu/10434068 |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322051046/https://www.academia.edu/10434068 |url-status=live }}</ref> See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dinka language|Dinka]]{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=115 and 121}} || [[Dinka alphabet|''mɛ'''th''''']] || {{IPA|[mɛ̀t̪]}}|| 'child'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar {{IPA|/t/}}.
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]|| [[Flemish dialects|Belgian]] || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''t'''aal]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪aːl̪]}}|| 'language' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]] || [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=302}} || rowspan="3" | [[English orthography|'''''th'''in'']] || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}} || rowspan="3" | 'thin' || rowspan="4"| Laminal denti-alveolar. || In Dublin, it may be {{IPAblink|t͡θ}} instead. || rowspan="4"| See [[English phonology]].
|-
| [[Indian English|Indian]] || rowspan="2"| Corresponds to {{IPAblink|θ}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=302}}
|-
| Southern [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=24}}
|-
| [[Mid-Ulster English|Ulster]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf|access-date=2015-04-26|archive-date=2021-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112070733/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[English orthography|'''''t'''rain'']] || {{IPA|[t̪ɹeːn]}} || 'train' || Allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|'''t'''u'''tt'''i]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]}} || 'pacifier' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''t'''ordu]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ɔʁd̪y]}}|| 'crooked'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2009|p=109}}
|{{lang|hak|[[Chinese characters|他]]}}/{{lang|hak|[[Guangdong Romanization|'''t'''a3]]}}
|{{IPA|[t̪ʰa˧]}}
|'he/she'
| colspan="3" |Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}
| [[Hindi]]
| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|'''ती'''न]]}}/'''t'''īn
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[t̪iːn]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'three'
| rowspan="2" | Laminal denti-alveolar.
| Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>.
| rowspan="2" | See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| [[Urdu]]
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تین}}|rtl=yes}}/'''t'''īn
| Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]{{sfnp|Soderberg|Olson|2008|p=210}} || {{lang|id|[[Malay alphabet|'''t'''abir]]}} ||{{IPA|[t̪abir]}} || 'curtain'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|'''t'''ale]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ale]}}|| 'such'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[kanji|特別]]}}/ {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|'''t'''okubetsu]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]}}|| 'special'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> || ''[[Kashubian alphabet|p'''t'''ôch]]''
|{{IPA|[ptɞx]}}
|'bird'|| colspan="3" |Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|'''т'''ұз]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪us̪]}} || 'salt' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} || {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabets|'''т'''уз]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪us̪]}} || 'salt' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Latvian language|Latvian]]{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}} || {{lang|lv|[[Latvian orthography|'''t'''abula]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪äbulä]}} || 'table' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Latvian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കാ'''ത്ത്''']]}} || {{IPA|[kaːt̪ːɨ̆]}} || 'waiting' ||colspan="3"| Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|fü'''ṯ'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]}} || 'husband' ||colspan="3"| [[Interdental consonant|Interdental]].{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|'''त'''बला]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪əbˈlaː]}} || '[[tabla]]' ||colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{lang|Ne|[[Devanagari|'''ता'''ली]]}}||{{IPA|[t̪äli]}}|| '[[Clapping|clappinɡ]]' || colspan="3"|Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}} || '''''d'''arag'' || {{IPA|[t̪aɾaɡ]}}|| 'whiskers'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]] || [[Odia script|'''ତା'''ରା]]/tara || {{IPA|[t̪ärä]}}|| 'star' || colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pazeh language|Pazeh]]{{sfnp|Blust|1999|p=330}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]}}|| 'keep clapping'|| colspan="3"|Dental.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''t'''om]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-tom.ogg|[t̪ɔm]}}|| 'volume'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || Many dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|mon'''t'''anha]]}} || {{IPA|[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]}} || 'mountain' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may [[Affricate consonant|affricate]] to {{IPAblink|tʃ}}, {{IPAblink|tɕ}} and/or {{IPAblink|ts}} in certain environments. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||[[Gurmukhī alphabet|ਤੇਲ]]/{{lang|ur|{{nq|تیل}}|rtl=yes}}||{{IPA|[t̪eːl]}}||'oil'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=99}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''т'''олс'''т'''ый]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]}}|| 'fat'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic phonology|Scottish Gaelic]]<ref>Bauer, Michael. ''Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.'' Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</ref> || {{lang|gd|'''t'''aigh}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʰɤj]}} || 'house' || colspan="3"|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''т'''уга]]}}/{{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''t'''uga]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ǔːgä]}} || 'sorrow' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|{{Lang|si|[[Sinhala script|අ'''ත''']]}}
|{{IPA|[at̪ə]}}
|'hand'
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}} || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene alphabet|'''t'''ip]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪îːp]}}|| 'type' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
|'''''t'''o'''t'''o''
|{{IPA|[ˈt̪ot̪o]}}
|'this'
| colspan="3" |Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Somali language|Somali]] || [[Somali phonology|ma'''t'''ag]]|| [mat̪ag]|| 'vomit' || colspan="3" |Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''t'''ango]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]}} || 'tango' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]]{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''t'''åg]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]}}|| 'train'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|'''త'''ప్పు]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪apːu]}}|| 'wrong' ||colspan="3"| Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|a'''t''']]}} || {{IPA|[ät̪]}}|| 'horse'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{cite journal|author1=S. Buk |author2=J. Mačutek |author3=A. Rovenchak |year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics |volume=16 |pages=63–79 |arxiv=0802.4198}}</ref>{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|бра'''т''']]}} || {{IPA|[brɑt̪]}} || 'brother' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=10}} || {{example needed|date=November 2013}} || – || ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=10}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''t'''uần]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪wən˨˩]}}|| 'week'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}} || '''''t'''an'''t'''''|| {{IPA|[t̪ant̪]}}|| 'so much'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar.
|}
===Alveolar===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Occurrence of {{IPA|[t]}} in various languages
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''фы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Tfa.ogg|[tfə]}}||'five'||
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]|| [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]|| {{lang|arz|[[Arabic alphabet|توكة]]|rtl=yes}}/{{transliteration|arz|[[Romanization of Arabic|'''''t'''ōka'']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtoːkæ]}}||'barrette'|| See [[Egyptian Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] || {{lang|syr|ܒܝܬܐ}}/{{transliteration|syr|bè'''t'''a}} || {{IPA|[beːta]}}|| 'house' || Most speakers. In the [[Tyari]], [[Barwari]] and [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Southern]] dialects [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] is used.
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Cantonese]]
|[[Chinese characters|跌]]/[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''d'''i'''t''']]
|[ti:t̚˧]
|'fall' (v.)
| rowspan="2" |See [[Cantonese phonology|Cantonese Phonology]]
|-
|[[Traditional Chinese characters|鐵]]/[[Simplified Chinese characters|鉄]]/[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''t'''i'''t''']]
|[tʰi:t̚˧]
|'iron'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''арсал]]}}/{{lang|ce-Latn|'''t'''arsal}} || {{IPA|[tɑːrsəl]}} || 'squirrel' ||
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=61}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''d'''åse]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]}} || 'can' (n.) || Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|d̥}} or {{angbr IPA|d}}. Contrasts with the affricate {{IPAblink|t͡s}} or aspirated stop {{IPA|[tʰ]}} (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|tˢ}} or {{angbr IPA|t}}.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=120}} See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''t'''aal]]}} || {{IPA|[taːɫ]}}|| 'language'|| See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || Most speakers || rowspan="2" | [[English orthography|'''''t'''ick'']] || rowspan="2" | {{Audio-IPA|tick-pronunciation-audio.ogg|[tʰɪk]|help=no}} || rowspan="2" | 'tick'|| See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[New York City English|New York]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} || Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|| {{lang|he|[[hebrew alphabet|'''ת'''מונה]]|rtl=yes}} ||{{IPA|[tmuˈna]}} || 'image' || see [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=91}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''t'''u'''t'''aj]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtutɒj]}}|| 'raft'|| See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''хуы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Kbd-txho.oga|[txʷə]}}||'five'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|តែ]]}}/{{transliteration|km|'''t'''ê}} || {{IPA|[tae]}} || 'tea' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|대숲]]}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''d'''aesup]]}} || {{IPA|[tɛsup̚]}}|| 'bamboo forest' || See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
|[[Kurmanji|Northern]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish alphabet|'''t'''u]]}}
|{{IPA|[tʰʊ]}}
|'you'
| rowspan="3" |See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|[[Sorani|Central]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish alphabet|تەوێڵ]]}}
|{{IPA|[tʰəweːɫ]}}
| rowspan="2" |'forehead'
|-
|[[Southern Kurdish|Southern]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish alphabet|تێوڵ]]}}
|{{IPA|[tʰeːwɨɫ]}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}} || {{lang|lb|'''d'''ënn}} || {{IPA|[tən]}} || 'thin' || Less often voiced {{IPAblink|d}}. It is usually transcribed {{IPA|/d/}}, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കാ'''റ്റ്''']]}} || {{IPA|[kaːtːɨ̆]}} || 'wind' ||colspan="3"| Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Maltese language|Maltese]]|| {{lang|no|[[Maltese alphabet|'''t'''assew]]}} || {{IPA|[tasˈsew]}}|| 'true' ||
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|[[Chinese characters|地]]/[[Pinyin|'''d'''ì]]
|[ti˥˩]
|'ground'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Standard Chinese phonology|Mandarin Phonology]]
|-
|[[Chinese characters|梯]]/[[Pinyin|'''t'''ī]]
|[tʰi˥˥]
|'ladder/stairs'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|fü'''t'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈfɘtɜ]}} || 'elderly' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}} || '''''d'''arawa'' || {{IPA|[taɾawa]}}|| 'greedy'||
|-
| colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Nuosu]]{{Which|date=April 2015}} || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꄉ]]}}/{{lang|ii-Latn|[[Yi script|'''d'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ta˧]}} || 'place' || Contrasts aspirated and [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]] forms
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>[http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699 Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407132811/http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699 |date=2014-04-07 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> || Some dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''t'''roço]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɾɔsu]}}|| 'thing' (pejorative)|| Allophone before alveolar {{IPAslink|ɾ}}. In other dialects {{IPA|/ɾ/}} takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|ma'''t'''amis]]}} || {{IPA|[mɐtɐˈmis]}} || 'sweet' || colspan="3" | See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai script|'''ต'''า]]}}/[[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|'''''t'''a'']] || {{IPA|[taː˧]}}|| 'eye'||Contrasts with an aspirated form.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]|| {{lang|fy|'''t'''osk}} || {{IPA|[ˈtosk]}}|| 'tooth'||See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|}
===Postalveolar===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Occurrence of {{IPA|[t̠]}}
! |Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Yele language|Yele]]|| {{lang|yle|[[Yele_language#Orthography|'''d'''êê]]}} || {{IPA|[t̠əː]}} || 'tongue' || Contrasts /t̪ t̪͡p t̪ʲ t̠ t̠͡p t̠ʲ/.
|}
===Variable===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]|| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]] || {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|تين}}|rtl=yes}}/{{transliteration|ar|[[Romanization of Arabic|'''''t'''īn'']]}} || {{IPA|[tiːn]}}|| 'fig' || Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's [[Varieties of Arabic|native dialect]]. See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[English language|English]] || Broad [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=120}} || rowspan="3" | [[English orthography|'''''t'''alk'']] || {{IPA|[toːk]}} || rowspan="3" | 'talk' || rowspan="3" | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=120}}{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=4}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=388}}
|-
| [[Scottish English|Scottish]]{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=4}} || {{IPA|[tʰɔk]}}
|-
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=388}} || {{IPA|[tʰɒːk]}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || Standard{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=47}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''T'''ochter]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɔxtɐ]}} || 'daughter' || Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=47}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Greek language|Greek]]{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=10}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''τ'''ρία]] [[Romanization of Greek|'''t'''ria]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɾiä]}} || 'three' || Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=10}} See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
|[[Jawi alphabet|'''ت'''ڠکڤ]]''/[[Latin script|'''t'''angkap]]''
|{{IPA|[t̪äŋ.käp̚]}}
|'catch'
|More commonly dental. Often [[No audible release|unreleased]] in syllable codas. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=22}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''d'''ans]]}} || {{IPA|[t̻ɑns]}} || 'dance' || Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed {{IPA|/d/}}. It may be partially voiced {{IPAblink|d|d̥}}, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=22}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="mah">{{Harvcoltxt|Mahootian|2002|pp=287–289}}</ref> || {{lang|fa|{{nq|توت}}|rtl=yes}}|| {{IPA|[t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ]}} || 'berry' || Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.<ref name="mah"/> See [[Persian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=72}}{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=98–99}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''t'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[t̻ɔ̝]}} || 'that' || Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=72}}{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=98–99}} See [[Slovak phonology]]
|}
==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
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|year=1999
|chapter=Croatian
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0
|pages=66–69
}}
* {{Accents of English|hide1=y}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{phoible|t}}
{{IPA navigation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiceless Alveolar stop}}
[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]