View source for Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14

{{Short description|Church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox Bach composition
| title                 = {{lang|de|Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit}}
| bwv                   = 14
| type                  = [[Chorale cantata]]
| occasion              = {{nowrap|Fourth Sunday after [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]]}}
| performed             = {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1735|1|30|df=y}}|location=[[Leipzig]]}}
| movements             = 5
| chorale               = {{based on|"{{lang|de|[[Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit]]||italic=no}}"|Martin Luther}}
| vocal                 = {{plainlist|
* [[SATB|{{abbr|SATB|soprano, alto, tenor and bass}}]] choir
* solo soprano, tenor and bass
}}
| instrumental          = {{hlist| corno da caccia | 2 oboes | 2 violins | viola | continuo }}
}}
[[Johann Sebastian Bach]] composed the [[church cantata]] '''{{lang|de|Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit}}''' (Were God not with us at this time), '''{{abbr|BWV|Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (catalogue of Bach's works)}}{{nbsp}}14''', in [[Leipzig]] in 1735 for the fourth Sunday after [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] and first performed it on 30 January 1735, a few weeks after his ''[[Christmas Oratorio]]''. The cantata, in [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|Bach's chorale cantata]] format, is based on [[Martin Luther]]'s [[hymn]] "[[Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit]]". Its text paraphrases [[Psalm 124]], focussing on the thought that the believers' life depends on God's help and is lost without it.
Bach composed the cantata as a late addition to his [[chorale cantata cycle]] of 1724/25. In 1725, Easter had been early and therefore no fourth Sunday after Epiphany happened. The text was possibly prepared already at that time. Ten years later, Bach wrote an advanced unusual [[chorale fantasia]] as the first section of it, combining elements of a [[motet]] with complex [[counterpoint]]. The hymn tune is played by instruments, freeing the soprano to interact with the lower voices. In the inner [[Movement (music)|movements]], sung by three soloists, Bach depicts in [[word painting]] terms such as flood, waves and fury. The closing chorale resembles in complexity the chorales of his ''Christmas Oratorio''.
{{TOC limit|3}}
== History and words ==
[[File:Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg|thumb|''[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]'' by [[Rembrandt]], 1632]]
[[File:Martin Luther by Cranach-restoration.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther]] ([[Lucas Cranach the Elder|Cranach the Elder]], 1533)]]
Bach held the position of ''[[Thomaskantor]]'' (director of church music) in [[Leipzig]] from 1723. During his first year, beginning with the first Sunday after [[Trinity Sunday|Trinity]], he had written a [[Bach's first cantata cycle|first cycle of cantatas]] for the occasions of the [[liturgical year]]. In his second year he composed a [[Chorale cantata cycle|second annual cycle]] of cantatas, which was planned to consist exclusively of [[chorale cantata]]s, each based on one [[Lutheran chorale]].{{sfn|Dürr|Jones|2006|pp=30–33}} As Easter was early in 1725, there was no [[List of church cantatas by liturgical occasion#Fourth Sunday after Epiphany (Epiphany IV)|Fourth Sunday after Epiphany]] that year. In 1735, shortly after the first performance of his ''[[Christmas Oratorio]]'',{{sfn|Wolff|2002|p=80}} Bach seems to have desired to fill this void and complete his cycle of chorale cantatas. Bach scholar [[Christoph Wolff]] found it evident that Bach reprised the second cycle in 1735, performing the new cantata between {{lang|de|[[Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit, BWV 111|''Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit'', BWV 111]]|italic=unset}}, for the third Sunday after Epiphany and {{lang|de|[[Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn, BWV 92|''Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn'', BWV 92]]|italic=unset}}, for [[Septuagesima]].{{sfn|Wolff|2006|p=24}}
The prescribed readings for the fourth Sunday after Epiphany were taken from the [[Epistle to the Romans]], "love completes the law" ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=World English|book=Romans|chapter=13|verse=8|range=–10}}), and from the [[Gospel of Matthew]], Jesus [[calming the storm]] ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=World English|book=Matthew|chapter=8|verse=23|range=–27}}). The ''[[Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch]]'', which was the standard hymnal in Leipzig since the late 17th century, specifies [[Martin Luther|Luther]]'s "[[Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit]]" as one of five hymns for the occasion.<ref>[[Gottfried Vopelius]], editor (1682). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UmVkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1107 3rd page] of the "First Register" in ''[[Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch]]''. Leipzig: Christoph Klinger.</ref> The cantata text is based on this hymn in three [[stanza]]s, a paraphrase of [[Psalm 124]], published in [[Johann Walter]]'s hymnal {{lang|de|[[Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn]]}} of 1524.{{sfn|Bräuer|2003}} According to [[John Eliot Gardiner]], this hymn "apparently, had been sung on this Sunday in Leipzig from time immemorial".{{sfn|Gardiner|2006}}
In [[Chorale cantata (Bach)#Format|Bach's typical format of the chorale cantata]] cycle, the text of the outer stanzas is retained unchanged, while an unknown [[Libretto|librettist]] paraphrased the inner stanzas, in this case to three [[Movement (music)|movements]], two [[aria]]s framing a [[recitative]].{{sfn|Dürr|Jones|2006|pp=217–218}} According to Wolff, the librettist may have been Andreas Stübel, writing previously in 1724/25.{{sfn|Wolff|2002|p=278}} The theme of the chorale is connected to the gospel in a general way: the believer's life depends on God's help and is lost without it. A connection is also provided by the image of flooding water that the psalm conveys, which begins "If it had not been the Lord who was on our side" ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=World English|book=Psalms|chapter=124}}), and continues "then the waters had overwhelmed us, the stream had gone over our soul, then the proud waters had gone over our soul" ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=World English|book=Psalms|chapter=124|verse=4|range=–5}}). The poet paraphrased it in the central recitative to "{{lang|de|Es hätt uns ihre Wut wie eine wilde Flut und als beschäumte Wasser überschwemmet||italic=no}}" ("Their fury would have, like a raging tide and like a foaming wave, flooded over us").{{sfn|Dellal|2012}}
Bach first performed the cantata on 30 January 1735. It is one of his latest extant church cantatas.{{sfn|Dürr|Jones|2006|p=220}} The only other extant [[Bach cantata]] for the fourth Sunday after Epiphany is his first cycle cantata [[Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen? BWV 81|BWV&nbsp;81]].
== Music ==
=== Scoring and structure ===
Bach structured the cantata in five movements. In the format typical for his chorale cantatas, the first and last movements are set for choir as a [[chorale fantasia]] and a closing chorale respectively. They frame a sequence of aria / recitative / aria which the librettist derived from the middle [[stanza]] of the hymn. Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists ([[soprano]] (S), [[tenor]] (T) and [[Bass (voice type)|bass]] (B)), a [[SATB|four-part choir]], and a [[Baroque instruments|Baroque instrumental]] ensemble: [[corno da caccia]] (Co), two [[oboe]]s (Ob), two [[violin]]s (Vl), [[viola]] (Va), and [[basso continuo]] (Bc).{{sfn|Bach digital|2016}}
In the following table of the movements, the scoring, [[Key (music)|keys]] and [[time signature]]s are taken from [[Alfred Dürr]], using the symbol for common time (4/4).{{sfn|Dürr|Jones|2006|p=219}} The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Movements of ''Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit'', BWV 14
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Text
! scope="col" | Type
! scope="col" | Vocal
! scope="col" | Winds
! scope="col" | Strings
! scope="col" | Key
! scope="col" | Time
|-
{{Classical movement row
| id = m1
| number = [[#1|1]]
| title = {{lang|de|Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit|italic=no}}
| text_source = Luther
| type = Chorale fantasia
| vocal = SATB
| instruments1 = Co 2Ob
| instruments2 = 2Vl Va
| key = [[G minor]]
| time = 3/8
}}
{{Classical movement row
| id = m2
| number = [[#2|2]]
| title = {{lang|de|Unsre Stärke heißt zu schwach|italic=no}}
| text_source = anon.
| type = Aria
| vocal = S
| instruments1 = Co
| instruments2 = 2Vl Va
| key = {{nowrap|[[B-flat major]]}}
| time = 3/4
}}
{{Classical movement row
| id = m3
| number = [[#3|3]]
| title = {{lang|de|Ja, hätt es Gott nur zugegeben|italic=no}}
| text_source = anon.
| type = Recitative
| vocal = T
| instruments1 =
| instruments2 =
| key =
| time = {{music|common-time}}
}}
{{Classical movement row
| id = m4
| number = [[#4|4]]
| title = {{lang|de|Gott, bei deinem starken Schützen|italic=no}}
| text_source = anon.
| type = Aria
| vocal = B
| instruments1 = 2Ob
| instruments2 =
| key = [[G minor]]
| time = {{music|common-time}}
}}
{{Classical movement row
| id = m5
| number = [[#5|5]]
| title = {{lang|de|Gott Lob und Dank, der nicht zugab|italic=no}}
| text_source = Luther
| type = Chorale
| vocal = SATB
| instruments1 = Co 2Ob
| instruments2 = 2Vl Va
| key = G minor
| time = {{music|common-time}}
}}
|}
=== Movements ===
==== 1 ====
The opening chorus, "{{lang|de|Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit|italic=no}}" (Were God not with us at this time),{{sfn|Dellal|2012}}{{sfn|Neuendorf|2014}} is a chorale fantasia on the hymn tune. Luther's hymn is sung to the same melody as "{{lang|de|Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält|italic=no}}" by Justus Jonas,{{sfn|Bräuer|2003|p=80}} which Bach had treated to a chorale cantata, {{lang|de|[[Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 178|''Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält'', BWV 178]]|italic=unset}}. The opening chorus is an unusual composition that does not follow the scheme of instrumental [[ritornello]]s with a [[cantus firmus]], sung line by line by the soprano in long notes. In a setting resembling a [[motet]], the strings play [[colla parte]] with the voices, and each line of the chorale is prepared by a complex four-part [[Fugue#Counter-fugue|counter-fugue]], in which the first entrance of a theme is answered in its [[Melodic inversion|inversion]]. After preparing entrances, the chorale melody is not sung but played by the horn and the oboes in long notes, creating a five-part composition, which is unique in Bach's cantata movements. The only other piece of similar complexity, also giving the cantus firmus to the instruments, is the opening chorus of {{lang|de|[[Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80|''Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott'', BWV 80]]|italic=unset}}, but it is not conceived as a counter-fugue.{{sfn|Dürr|Jones|2006|p=219}}
==== 2 ====
The first aria, "{{lang|de|Uns're Stärke heißt zu schwach|italic=no}}" (Our strength itself is too weak),{{sfn|Dellal|2012}} is sung by the soprano, accompanied by the strings and the horn, which illustrates the text's "{{lang|de|stark|italic=no}}" (strong) and "{{lang|de|schwach|italic=unset}}" (weak) in combination with the voice.{{sfn|Wolff|2006|p=24}} Gardiner notes that the horn supports the voice "in its highest register (referred to in the autograph part as Corne. par force and tromba)".{{sfn|Gardiner|2006}}
==== 3 ====
The central recitative, "{{lang|de|Ja, hätt es Gott nur zugegeben|italic=no}}" (Yes, if God had only allowed it),{{sfn|Dellal|2012}} is sung by the tenor as a secco recitative accompanied only by the continuo. The dangers of flooding waters are illustrated in fast passages of the continuo on words such as "{{lang|de|Wut|italic=no}}" ("fury"), "{{lang|de|Flut|italic=unset}}" ("flood") and "{{lang|de|überschwemmet|italic=no}}" ("inundate"), making the movement almost an [[arioso]].{{sfn|Dürr|Jones|2006|p=219}}
==== 4 ====
The bass aria, "{{lang|de|Gott, bei deinem starken Schützen sind wir vor den Feinden frei.|italic=no}}" (God, under Your strong protection we are safe from our enemies.),{{sfn|Dellal|2012}} is accompanied by the two oboes. The middle section shows similar [[word painting]], picturing "{{lang|de|Wellen|italic=no}}" (waves) in octave leaps and fast downward scales.{{sfn|Dürr|Jones|2006|p=220}}
==== 5 ====
The closing chorale, "{{lang|de|Gott Lob und Dank, der nicht zugab, daß ihr Schlund uns möcht fangen|italic=no}}" (Praise and thanks to God, who did not permit that their maw might seize us),{{sfn|Dellal|2012}} is a four-part setting with "contrapuntally animated bass and middle voices", similar to the chorales of the ''Christmas Oratorio'', first performed a few weeks before. Wolff comments on the maturity of Bach's late church cantatas caused by "the experience accumulated by the composer between 1723 and 1729, which lends the later cantatas an especial ripe character".{{sfn|Wolff|2006|p=24}}
== Recordings ==
Instrumental groups playing period instruments in [[historically informed performance]]s are highlighted green under the header "{{abbr|Instr.|Type of instruments}}".{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
|+ Recordings of ''Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit'', BWV 14
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Conductor / Choir / Orchestra
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Soloists
! scope="col" | Label
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Instr.
|-
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Leonhardt
| title = ''J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 1''
| conductor = {{sortname|Gustav|Leonhardt}}
| choir = {{plainlist|
* [[Tölzer Knabenchor]]
* [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge|King's College Choir]]
}}
| orchestra = [[Leonhardt-Consort]]
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* soloist of the Tölzer Knabenchor
* [[Marius van Altena]]
* [[Max van Egmond]]
}}
| label = [[Teldec]]
| year = {{Start date|1972}}
| orchestra_type = Period
}}
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Rilling
| title = {{lang|de|Die Bach Kantate Vol. 8}}
| conductor = {{sortname|Helmuth|Rilling}}
| choir = [[Gächinger Kantorei]]
| orchestra = [[Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn]]
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* [[Krisztina Laki]]
* [[Aldo Baldin]]
* {{nowrap|[[Philippe Huttenlocher]]}}
}}
| label = [[Hänssler Classic|Hänssler]]
| year = {{Start date|1984}}
| orchestra_type =
}}
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Rotzsch
| title = ''Bach Made in Germany Vol. 4 – Cantatas III''
| conductor = {{sortname|Hans-Joachim|Rotzsch}}
| choir = [[Thomanerchor]]
| orchestra = [[Neues Bachisches Collegium Musicum]]
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* [[Monika Frimmer]]
* [[Eberhard Büchner]]
* [[Andreas Scheibner]]
}}
| label = Eterna
| year = {{Start date|1984}}
| orchestra_type =
}}
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Gardiner
| title = ''Bach Cantatas Vol. 19: Greenwich/Romsey''
| conductor = {{sortname|John Eliot|Gardiner}}
| choir = [[Monteverdi Choir]]
| orchestra = [[English Baroque Soloists]]
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* [[Joanne Lunn]]
* [[Paul Agnew]]
* [[Peter Harvey (bass)|Peter Harvey]]
}}
| label = [[Soli Deo Gloria (label)|Soli Deo Gloria]]
| year = {{Start date|2000}}
| orchestra_type = Period
}}
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Leusink
| title = ''Bach Edition Vol. 18 – Cantatas Vol. 9''
| conductor = {{sortname|Pieter Jan|Leusink}}
| choir = [[Holland Boys Choir]]
| orchestra = {{nowrap|[[Netherlands Bach Collegium]]}}
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* [[Ruth Holton]]
* [[Knut Schoch]]
* [[Bas Ramselaar]]
}}
| label = [[Brilliant Classics]]
| year = {{Start date|2000}}
| orchestra_type = Period
}}
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Koopman
| title = ''J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 20''
| conductor = {{sortname|Ton|Koopman}}
| orchestra = [[Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir]]
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* [[Johannette Zomer]]
* [[James Gilchrist (tenor)|James Gilchrist]]
* [[Klaus Mertens]]
}}
| label = [[Antoine Marchand]]
| year = {{Start date|2002}}
| orchestra_type = Period
}}
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Suzuki
| title = ''J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 54 - Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe, Cantatas · 14 · 100 · 197 · 197a (Cantatas from Leipzig 1730s-40s (III))''
| conductor = {{sortname|Masaaki|Suzuki}}
| orchestra = [[Bach Collegium Japan]]
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* [[Hana Blažíková]]
* [[Gerd Türk]]
* [[Peter Kooy]]
}}
| label = [[BIS Records|BIS]]
| year = {{Start date|2012}}
| orchestra_type = Period
}}
{{Cantata discography row
| id = Spering
| title = ''Bach Luther-Kantaten, Vol. 2''
| conductor = {{sortname|Christoph|Spering}}
| choir = [[Chorus Musicus Köln]]
| orchestra = {{nowrap|[[Das Neue Orchester]]}}
| soloists = {{plainlist|
* [[Lydia Teuscher]]
* [[Daniel Johannsen]]
* [[Daniel Ochoa]]
}}
| label = [[Deutsche Harmonia Mundi]]
| year = {{Start date|2016}}
| orchestra_type = Period
}}
|}
== References ==
{{reflist | 20em }}
== Bibliography ==
''Scores''
* {{IMSLP|work=Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000016?lang=en
| title = Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit BWV 14; BC A 40 / Chorale cantata (4th Sunday of Epiphany)
| website = [[Bach Digital]]
| year = 2016
| access-date = 28 January 2017
| ref = {{sfnref|Bach digital|2016}}
}}
''Books''
* {{cite book
| last = Bräuer
| first = Siegfried
| editor-last = Hahn
| editor-first = Gerhard
| editor2-last = Henkys
| editor2-first = Jürgen
| editor-link2 = Jürgen Henkys
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GmJvM_lg0fAC&pg=PA80
| chapter = 297 Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält
| title = Liederkunde zum Evangelischen Gesangbuch
| publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
| year = 2003
| language = de
| pages = 80–83
| isbn = 9783525503300
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Dürr
| first1 = Alfred
| author-link = Alfred Dürr
| last2 = Jones
| first2 = Richard D. P.
| author2-link = Richard D. P. Jones
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m9JuwslMcq4C&pg=PA217
| title = The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-0-19-929776-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Wolff
| first = Christoph
| author-link = Christoph Wolff
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YtJVFiHnepcC&pg=PA280
| title = The Learned Musician
| publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
| year = 2002
| page = 280
| isbn = 978-0-393-32256-9
}}
''Online sources''
* {{cite web
| last = Dellal
| first = Pamela
| author-link = Pamela Dellal
| url = https://www.emmanuelmusic.org/bach-translations/bwv-14
| title = BWV 14 – Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit
| year = 2012
| publisher = [[Emmanuel Music]]
| access-date = 20 August 2022
}}
* {{Cite AV media notes
| last = Gardiner
| first = John Eliot
| author-link = John Eliot Gardiner
| url = https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_SDG115
| title = Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 3, 13, 14, 26, 81 & 155
| publisher = [[Soli Deo Gloria (record label)|Soli Deo Gloria]] (at [[Hyperion Records]] website)
| year = 2006
| access-date = 19 January 2019
}}
* {{Cite AV media notes
| last = Wolff
| first = Christoph
| author-link = Christoph Wolff
| url = http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/r/Challenge%2BClassics/CC72220
| title = J.&nbsp;S. Bach: Cantatas Vol.&nbsp;20 — Ton Koopman
| chapter = The Cantatas of the Picander cycle and of the early 1730s
| type = liner notes
| publisher = [[Challenge Classics]]
| year = 2006
}}
* {{cite web
| url= http://www.lutheranchoralebook.com/texts/were-god-not-with-us-at-this-time/
| title = Were God Not with Us at This Time
| work= The Free Lutheran Chorale-Book
| first = Christopher J.
| last = Neuendorf
| year = 2014
| access-date = 9 February 2017
}} <!-- "The translation here provided may be freely used and reproduced for any purpose whatever" -->
== External links ==
*{{IMSLP|work=Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)}}
* [http://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-61-bwv-14/ Chapter 61 BWV 14 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit / Were God not to be with us now.] Julian Mincham, 2010
* [http://oregonbachfestival.com/assets/discovery/BWV_14.pdf Oregon Bach Festival Discovery Series / BWV 14 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit] Oregon Bach Festival 2003
* Luke Dahn: [http://www.bach-chorales.com/BWV0014_5.htm BWV 14.5] bach-chorales.com
{{Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach}}
{{Bach cantatas}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit'', BWV 14}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:War Gott Nicht Mit Uns Diese Zeit Bwv 14}}
[[Category:Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach]]
[[Category:1735 compositions]]
[[Category:Psalm-related compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach]]
[[Category:Chorale cantatas]]