View source for WDXI

{{Short description|Radio station in Jackson, Tennessee}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = WDXI
| above =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| city = [[Jackson, Tennessee]]
| country = US
| area =
| branding = ''Talk-N-West Tennessee 103.5 FM, 96.5 FM, 1310 AM''
| frequency = 1310 [[kHz]]
| translator = {{Radio Relay|103.5|W278CL|Jackson}}
| airdate = {{start date|1948|10|31}}
| format = [[Talk radio|Talk]]
| licensing_authority = [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]
| facility_id = 37244
| class = D
| power = {{ubl|5,000 [[watt]]s day|50 watts night}}
| coordinates = {{coord|35|39|50.00|N|88|49|20.00|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| former_callsigns =
| owner = News Talk West Tennessee
| licensee =
| sister_stations = [[WBFG (FM)]]
| webcast =
| website = {{url|http://www.talknwesttn.com/}}
}}
'''WDXI''' (1310 [[AM broadcasting|AM]], "News Talk 103.5" is a [[radio station]] in [[Jackson, Tennessee]], United States. It broadcasts a [[Talk radio|Talk]] [[radio format|format]], sharing a name with co-owned [[WBFG (FM)]]. The station is currently owned by News Talk West Tennessee Media
Established in 1948, WDXI was the key station in the regional [[Dixie Network]] station group, owned by Aaron Robinson. Robinson also established the city's first television station, WDXI-TV (now [[WBBJ-TV]]), in 1955. After Robinson's death, his estate ran WDXI for a decade before it was sold. Long a country music station, it switched in the early 1990s to a news/talk format.
WDXI fell silent in February 2022, owing to damage to its transmission line and antenna tuning system. It has since been fixed and returned to air.<ref name="cdbs100963">{{cite web|url=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=100963|title=Letter|first=Gerald Wayne|last=Hunt, Jr.|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|date=February 4, 2022|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619201033/https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=100963|url-status=live}}</ref>
WDXI switched formats from oldies as "Kool 103.5" to Talk radio as "News Talk 103.5" at midnight on September 16, 2024 expanding coverage to cover more of Jackson & West tn with sister station WBFG-FM "News Talk 96.5".
==History==
On June 3, 1947, Aaron B. Robinson, trading as the Dixie Broadcasting Company, filed with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] to build a new daytime-only radio station in Jackson. Robinson had previously worked from 1943 to 1946 at [[WTJF (AM)|WTJS]], the station of ''[[The Jackson Sun]]'',<ref name="Jack160525">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023675/posthumous-honor-for-raido-legend/|date=May 25, 2016|page=Neighbors 3|first=Danica|last=Smithwick|title=Posthumous honor for radio legend|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235105/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023675/posthumous-honor-for-radio-legend/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Wed --> and already had built WCMA in [[Corinth, Mississippi]], and [[WENK]] in [[Union City, Tennessee|Union City]].<ref name="Jack720529">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023651/wdxi-is-key-station-in-dixie-network/|date=May 29, 1972|page=Sesquicentennial 10|title=WDXI Is Key Station In Dixie Network|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082232/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023651/wdxi-is-key-station-in-dixie-network/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Mon --> Originally specifying 930 kHz, the application was amended to 1310 kHz before being approved on April 29, 1948.<ref name="hc">{{FCC letter|hcards=yes|callsign=WDXI|letterid=51737}}</ref> From interim studios on North Market Street and a transmitter north of town,{{r|hc}} WDXI debuted on October 31.<ref name="Jack481031">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023257/radio-station-wdxi-on-the-air-today/|date=October 31, 1948|page=10|title=Radio Station WDXI – On The Air TODAY!|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082155/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023257/radio-station-wdxi-on-the-air-today/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Sun --> The station planned to affiliate with the [[Dixie Network]], an operation owned by Robinson, and [[Mutual Broadcasting System]], but it did not do so at launch because it wanted to wait until the FCC granted its application to begin nighttime broadcasts, which also included a daytime increase to 5,000 watts.<ref name="Jack481024">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023277/radio-station-wdxi-on-the-air-next-sunda/|date=October 24, 1948|page=7|title=Radio Station WDXI On The Air Next Sunday October 31st|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022}}</ref><!-- Sun --> These changes took effect in July 1949,<ref name="Jack490731">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023305/this-is-dixie-now-one-of-the-souths-do/|date=July 31, 1949|page=5|title=This Is Dixie: Now One of the South's Dominant Radio Station|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235105/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023305/this-is-dixie-now-one-of-the-souths/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Sun --> by which time WDXI had moved into permanent studio quarters in the newly completed Williams Building at Lafayette and Highland streets the preceding March.<ref name="Jack481209">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023183/firms-to-occupy-new-williams-building-an/|date=December 9, 1948|page=12|title=Firms To Occupy New Williams Building Announced Today|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235106/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023183/firms-to-occupy-new-williams-building/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu --> The studios featured an auditorium with seating for 200.<ref name="Jack490313">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023578/radio-station-wdxi-opening-of-new-studio/|date=March 13, 1949|page=1|title=Radio Station WDXI Opening Of New Studios Set March 20|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235106/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023578/radio-station-wdxi-opening-of-new/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Sun --> After buying out and shutting down Jackson station WPLI in 1953,<ref name="Jack530112">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104132928/aaron-robinson-purchases-wpli-it-goes-o/|date=January 12, 1953|page=1|title=Aaron Robinson Purchases WPLI, It Goes Off Air|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref><!-- Mon --> Robinson would bring television to Jackson in 1955 with the establishment of WDXI-TV, a [[CBS]]/[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] affiliate on channel 7.<ref name="Jack550306">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023627/wdxi-television-to-open-this-afternoon/|date=March 6, 1955|page=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023631/ 9]|title=WDXI Television To Open This Afternoon At 2:30|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082230/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023627/wdxi-television-to-open-this-afternoon/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Sun -->
Robinson died of a heart attack in 1961 at the age of 55.<ref name="Jack611205">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023721/a-b-robinson-dies-in-sleep-at-home-her/|date=December 5, 1961|page=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023731/ 3]|title=A. B. Robinson Dies in Sleep At Home Here|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235106/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023721/a-b-robinson-dies-in-sleep-at-home/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Tue --> His estate sold WDXI-TV to [[Bahakel Communications|Bahakel Broadcasting]] in 1966, at which time it was renamed [[WBBJ-TV]].<ref name="Jack660419">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023644/wdxi-tv-sold-waits-okay-by-fcc/|date=April 19, 1966|page=6|title=WDXI-TV Sold, Waits Okay By FCC|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082232/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023644/wdxi-tv-sold-waits-okay-by-fcc/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Tue --><ref name="Jack660908">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023618/wdxi-tv-seeks-change-to-wbbj/|date=September 8, 1966|page=6|title=WDXI-TV Seeks Change To WBBJ|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082217/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023618/wdxi-tv-seeks-change-to-wbbj/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu -->
The Williams Building was heavily damaged by fire on the morning of January 21, 1972, beginning in the WDXI suite on the third floor, which completely collapsed.<ref name="Jack720121">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023490/williams-building-badly-damaged-by-ragin/|date=January 21, 1972|page=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023495/ 3]|first=Jay|last=Jackson|title=Williams Building Badly Damaged By Raging Fire|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235107/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023490/williams-building-badly-damaged-by/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Fri --> The last person in the building before the blaze broke out was a WDXI announcer who had stayed late;{{r|Jack720121}} the studios were completely destroyed, and within a week the wrecking ball had come to demolish the structure.<ref name="Jack720127">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023459/funeral-rites-for-burned-out-williams-bu/|date=January 27, 1972|page=10|first=Jay|last=Jackson|title=Funeral Rites For Burned-Out Williams Building Begin With A Dull Thud|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022}}</ref><!-- Thu --> WDXI had already been contemplating new offices at its transmitter site at the time of the fire,{{r|Jack720121}} and it engaged architects for a possible office site on Airways Boulevard in the wake of the blaze,<ref name="Jack720127a">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023463/wdxi-to-have-new-home/|date=January 27, 1972|page=10|title=WDXI To Have New Home|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082230/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023463/wdxi-to-have-new-home/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu --> but it first set up shop in the New Southern Building.<ref name="Jack720124">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023548/burned-out-businesses-find-new-quarters/|date=January 24, 1972|page=7|title=Burned-Out Businesses Find New Quarters|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082232/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023548/burned-out-businesses-find-new-quarters/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Mon --> WTJS donated records, while [[WJAK]] loaned the use of its facilities to allow the station to produce commercials.{{r|Jack720124}} That same year, an anniversary edition of the ''Sun'' noted that a reference to "Dixie" in Jackson had a "50–50 chance" of being about WDXI, not the South.{{r|Jack720529}}
In 1973, WDXI was sold to Community Service Broadcasting of [[Mount Vernon, Illinois]].<ref name="Comm730809">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023805/winter-backs-county-reform/|date=August 9, 1973|page=3|title=Winter Backs County Reform|newspaper=The Commercial Appeal|location=Memphis, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082159/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023805/winter-backs-county-reform/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu -->  Instead of facilities on Airways, the firm commissioned a studio and office building at the transmitter site,<ref name="Jack740815">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023661/studio-construction-to-start-soon/|date=August 15, 1974|page=1-A|title=Studio Construction To Start Soon|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082229/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023661/studio-construction-to-start-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu --> which was completed in February 1975. By that time, it was broadcasting a country format.<ref name="Jack750207">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023691/country-goes-uptown-at-radio-park/|date=February 7, 1975|page=5-A|first=Delores|last=Ballard|title=Country Goes Uptown At Radio Park|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082233/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023691/country-goes-uptown-at-radio-park/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Fri --> Community Service expanded in Jackson by purchasing [[WMXX-FM|WJHR (103.1 FM)]] at the end of 1982;<ref name="Jack821229">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023801/competitors-to-buy-no-1-rock-station/|date=December 29, 1982|page=1B|first=Lisa|last=Frye|title=Competitors to buy No. 1 rock station|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619082210/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104023801/competitors-to-buy-no-1-rock-station/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Wed --> Community Service had applied for the frequency but lost out to another group.<ref name="Jack790208">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104046107/after-6-year-delay-new-fm-station-aims/|date=February 8, 1979|page=1A|first=Delores|last=Ballard|title=After 6-year delay, new FM station aims to start service by May 1|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619201041/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104046107/after-6-year-delay-new-fm-station-aims/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu --> It then sold its broadcast properties to CR Broadcasting in 1987 for $4 million;<ref name="Jack861216">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104044962/jackson-being-confirmed-for-firms-headq/|date=December 16, 1986|page=8B|title=Jackson being confirmed for firm's headquarters|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235107/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104044962/jackson-being-confirmed-for-firms/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Tue --><ref>{{cite news|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1986/RR-1986-12-19.pdf|date=December 19, 1986|work=Radio & Records|title=Transactions: CR Broadcasting Pays $4 Million For Three Combos|page=14|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=March 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305132943/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/1980s/1986/RR-1986-12-19.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> CR set up corporate headquarters in Jackson and relaunched the FM station, then hits-formatted WRJX, as adult contemporary [[WMXX-FM]].<ref name="Jack870507">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104044803/rock-radio-station-changes-to-adult-cont/|date=May 7, 1987|page=7A|first=Tim|last=Tanton|title=Rock radio station changes to adult contemporary music|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022}}</ref><!-- Thu --> It also experimented with converting the station to an all-[[Elvis Presley]] format during the day from November 1988 to May 1989.<ref name="Jack881130">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104047107/long-live-the-king-station-says-wdxi-g/|date=November 30, 1988|page=1A|first=Delores|last=Ballard|title=Long live the King, station says: WDXI goes all-Elvis, offers half million for live Presley|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235112/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104047107/long-live-the-king-station-says-wdxi/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Wed --><ref name="Jack890525">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104047032/elvis-format-no-longer-king-radio-to-cr/|date=May 25, 1989|page=1A|first=Mickey|last=Harris|title=Elvis format no longer king; radio to crown country top dog again|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235108/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104047032/elvis-format-no-longer-king-radio-to/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu -->
The Glassman brothers, owners of Community Service Broadcasting, opted to buy back CR Broadcasting's stations in 1992; by that time, WDXI had converted from country music to a news/talk format.<ref name="Jack920421">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104045294/brothers-buying-back-radio-stations/|date=April 21, 1992|page=1B|first=Stan|last=Diel|title=Brothers buying back radio stations|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619201045/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104045294/brothers-buying-back-radio-stations/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Tue --> However, the Jackson stations were sold later that year to Gerald Wayne Hunt, Sr., of [[Pickwick Dam, Tennessee|Pickwick Dam]].  WDXI was new but the FM was not; he had been part of the consortium that put WMXX on the air as WJHR in 1979.{{r|Jack790208}} WDXI aired programming from the Business Radio Network, based in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]],<ref name="Jack961104">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104045979/music-to-their-ears/|date=November 4, 1996|page=6C|first=W. Matt|last=Meyer|title=Music to their ears|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619201034/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104045979/music-to-their-ears/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Mon --> and [[NBC Talknet]].<ref name="Jack930819">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104046699/fm-station-to-break-new-ground/|date=August 19, 1993|page=6C|first=Robert J.|last=Moore|title=FM station to break new ground|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619201035/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104046699/fm-station-to-break-new-ground/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu --> The business and sports format for WDXI continued untouched for nearly 25 years, as did WMXX, which Hunt flipped to oldies. WDXI had one local show by 2013, a Saturday morning sports talk show.<ref name="Jack130421">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104046331/business-of-broadcasting-format-remains/|date=April 21, 2013|page=6B, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104047308/ 5B]|first=David|last=Thomas|title=Business of broadcasting: Format remains the same at AM and FM stations|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235108/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104046331/business-of-broadcasting-format/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Sun -->
In 2017, WDXI launched an FM translator, W279AZ (103.7 FM) (now W278CL at 103.5), and revamped its programming to feature conservative talk including ''[[The Rush Limbaugh Show]]'' and ''[[The Sean Hannity Show]]'' and a local morning show, as well as existing coverage of [[St. Louis Cardinals]] baseball.<ref name="Jack170223">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104049082/time-for-a-change-longtime-radio-tel/|date=February 23, 2017|page=1A, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104049471/ 6A]|first=Brandon|last=Shields|title='Time for a change': Longtime radio, television host Bowers launches show to 103.7|newspaper=The Jackson Sun|location=Jackson, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 19, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235108/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/104049082/time-for-a-change-longtime-radio/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu --> By 2022, when the station was taken silent, Hunt Sr. had suffered several strokes and other medical complications and was reported to be in a long-term care facility.{{r|cdbs100963}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{AM station data|37244|WDXI}}
*{{FCC-LMS-Facility|152536|W278CL}}
*{{FXL|W278CL}}
{{Jackson TN Radio}}
[[Category:Radio stations in Tennessee|DXI]]
[[Category:News and talk radio stations in the United States]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1948]]
[[Category:Jackson, Tennessee]]