View source for Warmia

{{Short description|Historical region of Poland}}
{{Redirect2|Ermland|Varmi|the steamship|SS Ermland|the village in Iran|Varmi, Iran}}
{{Distinguish|Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = [[Polish historical regions|Historical region]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/2/2
| image1 = Zamek Olsztyn (2).jpg{{!}}Olsztyn Old Town with Castle of Warmian Cathedral Chapter
| image2 = Lidzbark Warmiński 02.JPG{{!}}Warmian Bishops' Castle complex in Lidzbark Warmiński
| image3 = Bazylika archikatedralna.jpg{{!}}Cathedral Hill in Frombork
| image4 = 2021-07 Reszel (20).jpg{{!}}Reszel Old Town
}}
| image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: [[Olsztyn]] Old Town, [[Lidzbark Warmiński Castle]], Cathedral Hill in [[Frombork]], [[Reszel]] Old Town}}
| image_map             = Warmia biskupia na mapie adm. Polski.svg
| image_shield          = Herby Warmii.svg
| mapsize               = 250
| map_caption           = Location of Warmia (shown in red) on the map of [[Poland]]
| subdivision_type      = Country
| subdivision_name      = {{flag|Poland}}
| subdivision_type1     = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1     = [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Warmian-Masurian]]
| area_total_km2        = 4500
| population_total      = 350000
| population_density_km2= auto
| timezone              = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset            = +1
| timezone_DST          = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST        = +2
| seat_type             = Historic capitals
| seat                  = [[Frombork]], [[Lidzbark Warmiński|Lidzbark]]
| seat1_type            = Largest city
| seat1                 = [[Olsztyn]]
| population_demonym    = Warmian
| blank_name_sec2       = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank_info_sec2       = [[File:S16-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S16 (Poland)]] [[File:S22-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S22 (Poland)]] [[File:S51-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S51 (Poland)]]
}}
'''Warmia''' ({{langx|pl|Warmia}} {{IPA-pl|ˈvarmja||Pl-Warmia.ogg}}; [[Latin]]: ''Varmia'', ''Warmia''; {{langx|de|{{audio|De-Ermland.ogg|Ermland}}}}; [[Warmian subdialect|Warmian]]: ''Warńija''; [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]]: ''Wārmi'') is both a historical and an ethnographic region in northern [[Poland]], forming part of historical [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]]. Its historic capitals were [[Frombork]] and [[Lidzbark Warmiński]] and the largest city is [[Olsztyn]].
[[File:Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Warmia and other [[Polish historical regions|historical regions of Poland]] against the background of modern administrative borders (names in Polish)]]
Warmia is currently the core of the [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]] (province). The region covers an area of around {{cvt|4,500|km2}} and has approximately 350,000 inhabitants. Important landmarks include the [[Cathedral Hill, Frombork|Cathedral Hill]] in [[Frombork]], the bishops' castles at [[Olsztyn Castle|Olsztyn]] and [[Lidzbark Warmiński Castle|Lidzbark]], the medieval town of [[Reszel]] and the sanctuary in [[Gietrzwałd]], a site of [[Marian apparitions]]. Geographically, it is an area of many lakes and lies at the upper [[Łyna river]] and on the right bank of [[Pasłęka]], stretching in the northwest to the [[Vistula Bay]]. Warmia has a number of architectural monuments ranging from [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] to [[Neoclassical architecture|Classicism]], Historicism and [[Art Nouveau]].
Warmia is part of a larger historical region called [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]], which was inhabited by the [[Old Prussians]] and later on was populated mainly by [[Germans]] and [[Polish people|Poles]].<ref>[http://deacademic.com/pictures/dewiki/80/Polska1912.jpg Linguistic map Poland 1912]</ref> Warmia has traditionally strong connections with neighbouring [[Masuria]], but it remained [[Catholic]] and belonged directly to Poland between 1454/1466 and 1772, whereas Masuria was a part of Poland as a [[fief]] held by the [[Teutonic Order]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl,la|pages=96–97, 214–215}}</ref> and [[Ducal Prussia]], which became predominantly Protestant. Warmia has been under the dominion of various states over the course of its history, most notably the [[Old Prussians]], the [[Teutonic Knights]], the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. The history of the region is closely connected to that of the [[Archbishopric of Warmia]] (formerly [[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]]). The region is associated with the [[Old Prussians|Prussian]] tribe, the [[Warmians]],<ref name="Warm names">Also called the  ''Warms'', ''Varms'', ''Varmi'', ''Warmians'', ''Varmians''.</ref> who settled in an approximate area. According to [[folk etymology]], Warmia is named after the legendary Prussian chief [[Warmo]], and Ermland derives from his widow Erma.
Warmia is bordered by [[Powiśle (region)|Powiśle]] in the west, [[Masuria]] in the south and east, and [[Bartia]] and [[Natangia]] in the north.
==Geography==
[[File:Warmia Physical Map.png|thumb|left|Physical map of Warmia in the year 1905]]
Warmia occupies a 100 kilometer long strip of land along the right bank of the [[Pasłęka|Pasłęka River]] ({{langx|de|Passarge}}), approximately 20 kilometers wide in the north and increasing to over 70 kilometers wide in the south. The [[Łyna (river)|Łyna River]] ({{langx|de|Alle}}) drains the southern portion of the region, flowing to the northeast to join with the [[Pregolya]] ({{langx|de|Pregel}}). The terrain is composed of gentle hills and wide plains, and has a [[humid continental climate]], with milder temperatures found at lower elevations in the north near the coast.
With the exception of the far northern and southern ends of the region, the Pasłęka constitutes its western border. That river flows into the [[Vistula Lagoon]] ({{langx|de|Frisches Haff}}) just after passing the town of [[Braniewo]] ({{langx|de|Braunsberg}}). The historically important port town of [[Frombork]] ({{langx|de|Frauenberg}}) lies west of the Pasłęka, near the mouth of the {{ill|Bauda River|pl|Bauda}}. Further south, the Pasłęka is joined by the tributaries {{ill|Wałsza|pl|Wałsza}} ({{langx|de|Walsch}}) and [[Drwęca Warmińska]] ({{langx|de|Drewenz}}), with the headwaters of the river located near the southern end of Warmia.
The source of the Łyna river is found just south of the southern tip of the region, near the eponymous town of [[Łyna, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Łyna]]. The river flows through several lakes on the western end of the [[Masurian Lake District]], passing through the cities of [[Olsztyn]] ({{langx|de|Allenstein}}) and [[Lidzbark Warmiński]] ({{langx|de|Heilsberg}}) as it takes in numerous tributaries on its journey north. This southern portion of Warmia is more heavily forested and historically had many towns with Polish-speaking majorities, while the rest of the region was almost entirely German-speaking.
==History==
=== Early times ===
[[File:Warmia plemienna na mapie adm. Polski i Rosji.svg|thumb|Initial tribal territory of the [[Warmians]]]]
By the early [[Middle Ages]] the Warmians, an [[Old Prussians|Old Prussian]] tribe, inhabited the area.
=== Beginning of the Northern Crusades ===
In the 13th century the area became a battleground in the [[Northern Crusades]]. Having failed to gather an expedition against Palestine, [[Pope Innocent III]] resolved in 1207 to organize a new crusade; beginning in 1209, he called for crusades against the [[Albigenses]], against the [[Almohad dynasty]] of [[Spain]] (1213), and, also around that time, against the pagans of [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]].<ref>
[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Crusades] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917025303/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm |date=2014-09-17 }}
</ref> The first [[Bishops of Prussia|Bishop of Prussia]], [[Christian of Oliva]], was commissioned in 1209 to convert the Prussians, at the request of [[Konrad I of Masovia]] (duke from 1194 to 1247).
=== Teutonic Order ===
In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the [[Teutonic Knights]] to [[Christianize]] the pagan Prussians. He supplied the Teutonic Order and allowed the usage of [[Chełmno Land]] (''Culmerland'') as a base for the knights. They had the task of establishing secure borders between Masovia and the Prussians, with the assumption that conquered territories would become part of Masovia. The Order waited until they received official authorisation from the Empire, which Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] granted by issuing the [[Golden Bull of Rimini]] (March 1226). The papal [[Golden Bull of Rieti]] from [[Pope Gregory IX]] in 1234 confirmed the grant, although Konrad of Masovia never recognized the rights of the Order to rule Prussia. Later, the Knights were accused of forging these land grants.
By the end of the 13th century the Teutonic Order had conquered and Christianized most of the [[Prussia (region)|Prussian region]], including Warmia. The Teutonic Order [[Ostsiedlung|recruited mostly German-speaking settlers to develop the land]]. The new régime reduced many of the native Prussians to the status of serfs and gradually [[Germanisation of Prussia|Germanized]] them. {{citation needed|date=September 2020}}. Native Prussians were also reported as holders of estates. Over several centuries the colonists, native Prussians and immigrants gradually intermingled.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Until the early 13th century, also the southern parts of Warmia were German-speaking. Polish settlers arrived later, particularly after 1410, mainly to southern Warmia, so that German was replaced by Polish in this area.<ref>{{cite book|language=de|contribution=Hermann Pölking|title=Ostpreußen - Biographie einer Provinz|publisher=Weltbild|pages=50}} {{cite book|title=Europa im Hoch- und Spätmittelalter|author=Udo Arnold|publisher=Klett-Cotta|year= 1987|pages=481}}</ref>
[[File:Warmia historyczna.png|thumb|220px|Administrative division of Warmia in 1346–1772]]
In 1242 the [[papal legate]] [[William of Modena]] set up four [[diocese]]s, including the [[Archbishopric of Warmia]]. The bishopric was exempt and was governed by a [[prince-bishop]], confirmed by Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]]. The [[Bishop of Warmia|Bishops of Warmia]] were usually Germans or Poles, although Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the later [[Pope Pius II]], served as an [[Italians|Italian]] bishop of the diocese.
After the 1410 [[Battle of Grunwald]], Bishop [[Heinrich Vogelsang]] of Warmia surrendered to King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] of Poland, and later with Bishop [[Henry of Sambia]] paid homage to the Polish king at the Polish camp during the [[Siege of Marienburg (1410)|siege of Marienburg Castle (Malbork)]]. After the Polish army moved out of Warmia, the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, [[Heinrich von Plauen the Elder]], accused the bishop of treachery and reconquered the region.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.pieniezno.pl/?site=historia |title=Miasto i Gmina Pieniężno Miasto Pieniężno - oficjalny portal miejski |access-date=2006-03-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614200207/http://pieniezno.pl/?site=historia |archive-date=2006-06-14 }}</ref>
=== Kingdom of Poland ===
[[File:AGAD Stany pruskie oddaja swe ziemie krolowi polskiemu Kazimierzowi Jagiellonczykowi i koronie polskiej.jpg|thumb|left|Act of incorporation of the region into the Kingdom of Poland, 1454]]
In February 1440 the nobility of Warmia and the town of [[Braniewo]] (Braunsberg) co-founded the [[Prussian Confederation]], which opposed Teutonic rule, and most towns of the Warmia joined the organization in May 1440.<ref>Górski, pp. XXXI, XXXVII</ref> In February 1454, the organization asked Polish King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] to incorporate the region to the Kingdom of Poland, to which the king agreed and signed the act of incorporation in [[Kraków]] on 6 March 1454,<ref>Górski, p. 54</ref> and the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)]] broke out. During the war Warmia was recaptured by the Teutonic Knights, however, in 1464 Bishop Paweł Legendorf vel Mgowski sided with Poland and the Prince-Bishopric came again under the overlordship of the Polish King.<ref>Górski, p. LXXXII</ref> In the [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)]] the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to Warmia, and recognized Polish sovereignty over the region, which was confirmed to be part of Poland.<ref>Górski, pp. 99, 217</ref> It was administratively remained a Prince-Bishopric with several privileges, part of the larger provinces of [[Royal Prussia]] and [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Greater Poland Province]].
Soon after, in 1467, the Cathedral Chapter elected [[Nicolas von Tüngen]] against the wish of the Polish king. The Estates of Royal Prussia did not take the side of the Cathedral Chapter. Nicholas von Tüngen allied himself with the [[Teutonic Order]] and with King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]]. The feud, known as the [[War of the Priests (Poland)|War of the Priests]], was a low scale affair, affecting mainly Warmia. In 1478 [[Braniewo]] (Braunsberg) withstood a Polish siege which was ended in an agreement in which the Polish king recognized von Tüngen as bishop and the right of the Cathedral Chapter to elect future bishops, which however would have to be accepted by the king, and the bishop as well as Cathedral Chapter swore an oath to the Polish king. Later in the [[Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski]] (7 December 1512), conceded to the king of Poland a limited right to determine the election of bishops by choosing four candidates from Royal Prussia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/15cen/pfaffenkrieg14671479.html|title=WHKMLA : Royal Prussia : Warmia Stift Feud (Pfaffenkrieg), 1467-1479|website=zum.de|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042926/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/15cen/pfaffenkrieg14671479.html|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> The region retained autonomy, governing itself and maintaining its own laws, customs, rights and German language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Urban Societies in East-Central Europe, 1500–1700|author=Dr Jaroslav Miller|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|pages=179}}</ref>
[[File:Jan Matejko-Astronomer Copernicus-Conversation with God.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]], Warmian Cathedral Chapter canon and famous astronomer, with the [[Frombork Cathedral]] in the background, on a [[Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God|painting]] by [[Jan Matejko]]]]
Warmia was invaded by the Teutonic Knights during the [[Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)|Polish–Teutonic War of 1519–1521]], however, the Poles, led by renown astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], repulsed the Teutonic [[siege of Olsztyn]] in 1521.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lerski|first1=Jerzy Jan|last2=Wróbel|first2=Piotr|last3=Kozicki|first3=Richard J.|year=1996|title=Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=403}}</ref> Copernicus spent more than half of his life in Warmia, where he wrote many of his groundbreaking works and conducted astronomical observations and mathematical calculations, which became the basis for his [[Heliocentrism|heliocentric]] model of the universe.<ref name=dzie>{{cite web|url=https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/sarkofag-ze-szczatkami-kopernika-w-drodze-do-fromborka|title=Sarkofag ze szczątkami Kopernika w drodze do Fromborka|website=dzieje.pl|access-date=15 April 2022|language=pl}}</ref> After the war of 1519–1521, he coordinated the reconstruction and resettlement of the devastated southern Warmia.<ref name=dzie/>
In 1565, Cardinal [[Stanislaus Hosius]] founded the [[Collegium Hosianum]] in Braniewo, which became the leading institution of higher learning in the region.
[[File:2024-08 Lidzbark Warmiński (26).jpg|left|thumb|The Grabowski Palace in [[Lidzbark Warmiński]], the capital of Warmia until the [[Partitions of Poland]]]]
After the [[Union of Lublin]] in 1569, the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia was integrated more directly into the [[Crown of the Polish Kingdom|Polish Crown]] within the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. At the same time, the territory continued to enjoy substantial autonomy, with many legal differences from neighbouring lands. For example, the bishops were by law members of [[Poland|Polish]] [[Senate|Senat]] and the land elected MP's to the [[Sejmik]] of [[Royal Prussia]] as well as MP's to the [[Sejm#Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Sejm]] of [[Poland]].
Warmia was under the Church jurisdiction of the [[Archbishopric of Riga]] until 1512, when [[Prince-Bishop]] [[Lucas Watzenrode the Younger|Lucas Watzenrode]] received exempt status, placing Warmia directly under the authority of the Pope (in terms of church jurisdiction), which remained until the resolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806.
=== Prussia and Germany ===
By the [[First Partition of Poland]] in 1772, Warmia was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]; the properties of the [[Archbishopric of Warmia]] were secularized by the Prussian state. In 1773 Warmia was merged with the surrounding areas into the newly established province of [[East Prussia]]. [[Ignacy Krasicki]], the last [[prince-bishop]] of Warmia as well as [[Enlightenment in Poland|Enlightenment]] Polish poet, friend of [[Frederick the Great]] (whom he did not give [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] as his new king), was nominated to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Archbishopric of Gniezno]] (and thus [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of Poland) in 1795. After the last partition of Poland and during his tenure as Primate of Poland and Prussian subject he was ordered by [[Pope Pius VI]] to teach his Catholic Poles to 'stay obedient, faithful, and loving to their new kings', [[Papal brief]] of 1795. The Prussian census in 1772 showed a total population of 96,547, including an urban population of 24,612 in 12 towns. 17,749 houses were listed and the biggest city was [[Braniewo|Braunsberg (Braniewo)]].
Between 1773 and 1945 Warmia was part of the predominantly [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] province of [[East Prussia]], with the exception that the people of Warmia remained largely [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]]. Most of the population of Warmia spoke [[High Prussian|High Prussian German]], while a small area in the north spoke [[Low Prussian|Low Prussian German]]; southern Warmia was populated by both Germans and Polish [[Warmiak]]s.<ref>Nationale Minderheiten und staatliche Minderheitenpolitik in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert, Hans Henning Hahn, Peter Kunze, p. 109</ref> The Polish population was subjected to intense [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation]] policies. Warmia was divided into four districts (''Kreise'') - [[Landkreis Allenstein|Allenstein (Olsztyn)]], Rössel ([[Reszel]]), Heilsberg ([[Lidzbark Warmiński]]) and Braunsberg ([[Braniewo]]). The city of [[Olsztyn|Allenstein]] was separated from the Allenstein district in 1910 and became an independent city.
On 6 May 1863, the village of [[Bredynki]] was the site of a massacre of Polish inhabitants. Local farmers protested the taking of the lake from the village and handing it over to a local miller.<ref name=bg>{{cite magazine|last=Groniewska|first=Barbara|year=1960|title=Rola Prus Wschodnich w powstaniu styczniowym|magazine=Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie|language=pl|issue=1|pages=13–14}}</ref> Prussian troops fired on the crowd, killing more than a dozen people, including women, and wounding 30.<ref name=bg/>
In the winter of 1863–1864, Polish insurgents of the [[January Uprising]] who fled the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland, found shelter in Warmia.<ref>Groniewska, p. 32</ref>
[[File:Warmia Ethnic Map 1905.png|thumb|Mother tongues of Warmia, according to the 1905 Census]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ethnolinguistic structure of Southern Warmian districts (1825, 1910) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Belzyt|first=Leszek|url=https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?isbn|title=Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar|date=1998|publisher=Herder-Inst.|isbn=978-3-87969-267-5|location=Marburg}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=von Haxthausen|first=August|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gsj1FBg0gvUC&pg=RA1-PA78|title=Die ländliche verfassung in den einzelnen provinzen der Preussischen Monarchie|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung|year=1839|location=Königsberg|pages=81|language=de}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |District
! rowspan="2" |Population
! colspan="2" |German
! colspan="2" |Polish / Bilingual
|-
!Number
!Percent
!Number
!Percent
|-
! rowspan="4" |1825
|Allenstein (city)
|2,637
|1,371
|'''52.0%'''
|1,266
|'''48.0%'''
|-
|Allenstein (district)
|27,820
|3,556
|'''12.8%'''
|24,264
|'''87.2%'''
|-
|Rössel
|30,705
|23,927
|'''77.9%'''
|6,778
|'''22.1%'''
|-
!'''Total'''
!'''61,162'''
!'''28,854'''
!'''47.2%'''
!'''32,308'''
!'''52.8%'''
|-
! rowspan="4" |1910
|Allenstein (city)
|33,077
|29,344
|'''88.7%'''
|3,683
|'''11.1%'''
|-
|Allenstein (district)
|57,919
|22,825
|'''39.4%'''
|35,079
|'''60.6%'''
|-
|Rössel
|50,472
|43,189
|'''85.6%'''
|7,283
|'''14.4%'''
|-
!'''Total'''
!'''141,468'''
!'''95,358'''
!'''67.4%'''
!'''46,045'''
!'''32.5%'''
|}
[[File:Gazeta Olsztyńska old 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Former headquarters of the pre-war Polish newspaper ''Gazeta Olsztyńska'' in [[Olsztyn]], destroyed by the Germans in 1939,<ref>Leon Sobociński, ''Na gruzach Smętka'', wyd. B. Kądziela, Warszawa, 1947, p. 61 (in Polish)</ref> rebuilt in 1989, now a museum]]
In 1871, along with the rest of East Prussia, Warmia became part of the [[German Empire]]. In 1873, according to a regulation of the Imperial German government, school lessons at public schools inside Germany had to be held in German, as a result the Polish language was forbidden in all schools in Warmia, including Polish schools already founded in the sixteenth century. In 1900 Warmia's population was 240,000. In the [[Jingoism|jingoistic]] climate after [[World War I]], Warmian Poles were subject to persecution by the German government. Polish children speaking their language were punished in schools and often had to wear signs with insulting names, such as "Pollack".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domwarminski.pl/www.domwarminski.pl/content/view/294/416|title=Strona główna - Dom Warmiński|website=Dom Warmiński|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227151518/http://www.domwarminski.pl/www.domwarminski.pl/content/view/294/416|archive-date=27 February 2017}}{{dead link|date=October 2024}}</ref>
After the [[First World War]], Poland regained independence, and a [[1920 East Prussian plebiscite|plebiscite]] was held to determine the future of Warmia. In February 1920, Poland opened a consulate in Olsztyn in 1920,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ceranka|first1=Paweł|last2=Szczepanik|first2=Krzysztof|year=2020|title=Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych]]|page=292|isbn=978-83-65681-93-5}}</ref> however, due to the German persecution of Poles and the advances of the [[Red Army]] towards Warsaw in the [[Polish–Soviet War in 1920]], the plebiscite resulted in a German victory, and the region remained within Germany in the interbellum.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-06-09|title=Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|url=http://quellen.herder-institut.de/M01/quellen/plebiszite.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609160009/http://quellen.herder-institut.de/M01/quellen/plebiszite.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2007|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref>
[[File:Home Army-Armia Krajowa Monument Olsztyn Poland.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Home Army]] Monument in [[Olsztyn]]]]
Despite German hostility, the Poles founded numerous Polish organizations in Warmia in the interbellum. Persecution of Poles intensified after the [[Nazi Party]] rose to power in Germany. Due to severe persecution, from 1936 Polish organizations carried out their activities partly in conspiracy.<ref name=mc38>{{cite journal|last=Cygański|first=Mirosław|year=1984|title=Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945|journal=Przegląd Zachodni|language=pl|issue=4|page=38}}</ref> Polish organizations were heavily invigilated by the ''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (German security police) through its undercover agents, known as the ''Vertrauensmänner''.<ref name=mw39>{{cite magazine|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2003|title="Intelligenzaktion" na Warmii, Mazurach i północnym Mazowszu|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=12-1 (35-36)|page=39|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> Based on their information, the German police compiled files and lists of Poles who were supposed to be either executed or imprisoned in [[Nazi concentration camps]].<ref name=mw39/> Nazi militants carried out attacks on Polish schools, organizations, printshops, shops.<ref name=mw39/> The persecution of Poles further intensified in 1939.<ref name=mw39/> In early 1939, many Polish activists were expelled.<ref name=mc38/> Afterwards, in an attempt to rig the results of an upcoming census and understate the number of Poles in the region, the Germans terrorized the Polish population, attacked Polish schools and organizations, and confiscated Polish pre-census information leaflets.<ref>Cygański, p. 39</ref> In summer 1939 the German terror against the Poles even exceeded the terror from the period of the 1920 plebiscite.<ref name=mc40>Cygański, p. 40</ref> Poles were subjected to expulsions and arrests, there were terrorist attacks on Polish organizations and schools, Polish libraries were looted or destroyed, and entire volumes of Polish press were confiscated.<ref name=mw39/><ref name=mc40/> In August 1939, Germany introduced [[martial law]] in the region, which allowed for even more blatant persecution of Poles.<ref name=mc40/> Germany co-formed the ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe V]]'' in Olsztyn, which then committed various [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|atrocities against Poles]] during the German [[invasion of Poland]] that began [[World War II]] in September 1939.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=54}}</ref> In August and September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, including activists, teachers, school principals, bank employees, newspaper editors, entrepreneurs, priests, scout leaders, and the consul and employees of the Polish Consulate in Olsztyn, and shut down or seized Polish newspapers and libraries.<ref>Wardzyńska (2003), pp. 39–40</ref><ref>Cygański, pp. 41–42</ref><ref>Ceranka; Szczepanik, p. 293</ref> Arrested Poles were mostly deported to concentration camps, incl. {{ill|Hohenbruch concentration camp|lt=Hohenbruch|de|KZ Hohenbruch}}, [[Soldau concentration camp|Soldau]], [[Stutthof concentration camp|Stutthof]], [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]], [[Gusen concentration camp|Gusen]] and [[Ravensbrück concentration camp|Ravensbrück]].<ref>Cygański, p. 43</ref> During [[World War II]], many Poles from the region were forcibly conscripted into the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''.<ref>Cygański, p. 63</ref> The Germans operated a notable Nazi prison in the town of [[Barczewo]] (Wartenburg) with several [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] subcamps in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000988|title=Zuchthaus Wartenburg|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=15 April 2022|language=de}}</ref> The [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] was active in the region and [[Polish underground press]] was distributed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chrzanowski|first=Bogdan|year=2022|title=Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945|language=pl|location=Gdańsk|publisher=IPN|page=57|isbn=978-83-8229-411-8}}</ref>
=== Polish Republic ===
Following Germany's defeat in [[World War II]], and the [[Yalta Conference]] and [[Potsdam Conference]] of 1945, Warmia became again part of Poland as part of so-called  [[Recovered Territories]], pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics|author=Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ|isbn=9781847790323}}; {{cite book|title=The United States and Poland|author=Piotr Stefan Wandycz|publisher=Harvard University Press|year= 1980|page=303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC|isbn=9780674926851}}; {{cite book|title=The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law|author=Phillip A. Bühler|series=East European Monographs|year= 1990|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riBpAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780880331746}}</ref> The German inhabitants either [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|fled or were transferred to Germany]] by Soviet and communist authorities installed in Poland and the remaining Polish inhabitants were joined by Polish settlers,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGmTs2SceAgC&dq=Warmia+%22ethnic+cleansing%22&pg=PA107|pages = 107–117|title = Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948|isbn = 9780742510944|last1 = Ther|first1 = Philipp|last2 = Siljak|first2 = Ana|year = 2001}}</ref> many of whom were displaced from [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]].
[[Olsztyn]] is the largest city in Warmia and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivedeship. During 1945–46, Warmia was part of the ''Okreg Mazurski'' (Masurian District). In 1946 a new voivodeship was created and named the [[Olsztyn Voivodeship]], which encompassed both Warmia and Masurian counties. From 1975 to 1998, Warmia was divided between the Olsztyn and [[Elbląg Voivodeship]]s, and in 1999 it was entirely included with the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The Catholic character of Warmia has been preserved in the architecture of its villages and towns, as well as in folk customs.
==Anthem==
[[File:Hymn Warmiński 1920.jpg|thumb|upright|"Anthem of Warmia" by [[Feliks Nowowiejski]], print from 1920]]
The unofficial anthem of Warmia is ''O Warmio moja miła'' from 1920, with music by local Polish composer [[Feliks Nowowiejski]] and lyrics by Maria Paruszewska. It is also the [[bugle call]] of the region's largest city of [[Olsztyn]].
==Sights==
Three landmarks in Warmia are listed as [[List of Historic Monuments (Poland)|Historic Monuments of Poland]]:
* Gothic [[Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Andrew, Frombork|Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Andrew]] in [[Frombork]] with its fortifications and the Copernicus Tower<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Zarządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 września 1994 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii.|year=1994|volume=50|number=414}}</ref>
* Gothic [[Lidzbark Warmiński Castle|Castle of the Warmian Bishops]] in [[Lidzbark Warmiński]]<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 20 kwietnia 2018 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Lidzbark Warmiński - zamek biskupów warmińskich".|year=2018|number=944}}</ref>
* [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] Sanctuary of Saint Mary in [[Stoczek Klasztorny]]<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 19 grudnia 2022 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Stoczek Klasztorny - Sanktuarium Matki Pokoju"|year=2022|number=2764}}</ref>
[[File:Barczewo muzeum Feliksa Nowowiejskiego.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Feliks Nowowiejski]] Museum in [[Barczewo]]]]
Other sights include the old towns of [[Olsztyn]] and [[Reszel]] with the [[Reszel Castle|Reszel]] and [[Olsztyn Castle|Olsztyn]] castles, the Old Town of [[Barczewo]] with the museum of Polish composer [[Feliks Nowowiejski]] at his birthplace. There are also several palaces, including the Baroque Grabowski Palace in Lidzbark Warmiński and the palace in [[Smolajny]], favorite summer residence of leading [[Polish Enlightenment]] poet [[Ignacy Krasicki]]. The Basilica of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in [[Gietrzwałd]] is a popular regional pilgrimage site.
Places of stay of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] include the medieval castles in Olsztyn, Lidzbark Warmiński and [[Pieniężno]], whereas the [[Frombork Cathedral]] contains his grave and [[epitaph]].
A typical feature of the Warmian landscape are the massive Gothic churches in the towns and the numerous historic wayside shrines in various towns and villages, a reminder of the region's strong Catholic traditions.
==Cuisine==
In addition to traditional nationwide [[Polish cuisine]], Warmia has its own regional and local [[traditional food]]s and beverages, as designated by the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)|Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland]].
Unique local dishes include the Lord-style turkey wings (''Skrzydła indycze po pańsku'').<ref name=gov>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/skrzydla-indycze-po-pansku|title=Skrzydła indycze po pańsku|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=24 November 2023|language=pl}}</ref> [[Ignacy Krasicki]] is considered one of the pioneers of [[Turkey as food|turkey meat]] consumption in Warmia, as already in 1791, during a feast he organized, he ordered turkey to be served, among other dishes.<ref name=gov/>
The tradition of producing Warmian smoked beef ham (''Warmińska szynka wołowa wędzona'') is cultivated by several meat-packing plants in Warmia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/warminska-szynka-wolowa-wedzona|title=Warmińska szynka wołowa wędzona|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=24 November 2023|language=pl}}</ref>
The officially protected traditional alcoholic beverages of Warmia are ''Okowita miodowa warmińska'', a beverage of 42% [[alcohol by volume]] made from Warmian [[honey]], and the Warmian [[Porter (beer)|porter]], a local type of [[Polish beer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/okowita-miodowa-warminska|title=Okowita miodowa warmińska|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=24 November 2023|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/porter-warminski|title=Porter warmiński|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=24 November 2023|language=pl}}</ref>
The traditional cuisine of German Warmiaks include [[Königsberger Klopse]], Heilsberger Keilchen, a form of potato dumplings, and Wruken (turnip), or Klunkersuppe (flour milk soup) mit Bratschukken (fried potatoes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ermlandgemeinschaft-heckenbach.de/html/rezepte.html|title=Typisch ermländische Rezepte|access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>
==Sports==
The most accomplished sports team of Warmia is [[AZS Olsztyn (volleyball)|AZS Olsztyn]], multiple times Polish volleyball champions and [[Polish Men's Volleyball Cup|Polish Cup]] winners. The first several tournaments of the [[Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner]], an international volleyball friendly competition, were held in Warmia.
==Cities and towns==
[[File:KOS Olsztyn StareMiasto.jpg|thumb|right|[[Olsztyn]] is the largest city of Warmia and capital of the [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]]]]
[[File:Braniewo-amfiteatr1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Braniewo]] is the northernmost town of Warmia]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" width="38%"
!style="width:2%;"|
!style="width:20%;"|City
!style="width:8%;"|Population (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Miasta|title=Lista miast w Polsce (spis miast, mapa miast, liczba ludności, powierzchnia, wyszukiwarka)|website=polskawliczbach.pl|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425232401/http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Miasta|archive-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
!style="width:8%;"|Granted city rights
|-
|1.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Olsztyn COA.svg|20px]] [[Olsztyn]]
|174,675||1353
|-
|2.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Braniewo COA old.svg|20px]] [[Braniewo]]
|17,385||1254
|-
|3.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Lidzbark Warmiński COA.svg|20px]] [[Lidzbark Warmiński]]
|16,352||1308
|-
|4.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Biskupiec COA.svg|20px]] [[Biskupiec]]
|10,626||1395
|-
|5.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Dobre Miasto COA.svg|20px]] [[Dobre Miasto]]
|10,599||1329
|-
|6.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Orneta COA.svg|20px]] [[Orneta]]
|9,046||1313
|-
|7.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Barczewo COA.svg|20px]] [[Barczewo]]
|7,265||1364
|-
|8.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Reszel COA.svg|20px]] [[Reszel]]
|4,817||1337
|-
|9.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Jeziorany COA.svg|20px]] [[Jeziorany]]
|3,346||1338
|-
|10.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Pieniężno COA.svg|20px]] [[Pieniężno]]
|2,949||1312
|-
|11.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Bisztynek COA.svg|20px]] [[Bisztynek]]
|2,492||1385
|-
|12.
|align="left"|[[File:POL Frombork COA 1.svg|20px]] [[Frombork]]
|2,475||1310
|}
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="155px" heights="135px" caption="Castles of Warmian Bishops">
Image:646546 Lidzbark Warmiński zespół zamkowy 03.JPG|[[Lidzbark Warmiński Castle]]
Image:Reszel - Fara - widok z wieży na miasto, zamek i okolice 002 (cropped).jpg|[[Reszel Castle]]
Image:Wieza bramna braniewo.jpg|Remains of the [[Braniewo Castle]]
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" widths="155px" heights="135px" caption="Castles of Warmian Cathedral Chapter">
Image:KP, Olsztyn, zamek2.JPG|[[Olsztyn Castle]]
Image:Pieniezno castle 02.JPG|Pieniężno Castle
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" widths="155px" heights="135px" caption="[[Brick Gothic]] churches of Warmia (examples)">
Image:Frombork 019a.jpg|[[Frombork Cathedral]]
Image:Olsztyn - Katedra - panoramio.jpg|Saint James Pro-cathedral in [[Olsztyn]]
Image:Kościół parafilany pw. św. Piotra i Pawła w Lidzbarku Warmińskim.jpg|Collegiate church in [[Lidzbark Warmiński]]
Image:Reszel Fara 002.jpg|Saints Peter and Paul church in [[Reszel]]
Image:Kolegiata Dobre Miasto 1.JPG|Collegiate church in [[Dobre Miasto]]
Image:Braniewo - Bazylika mniejsza pw. św. Katarzyny.JPG|Saint Catherine of Alexandria church in [[Braniewo]]
</gallery>
==People==
[[Image:Kopernikus Allenstein (3).JPG|thumb|upright|Bust of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] in [[Olsztyn]]]]
* [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (1473 in [[Toruń]] – 1543 in [[Frombork]]), mathematician and astronomer
* [[Stanislaus Hosius]] (1504 in [[Kraków]] – 1579 in [[Capranica, Lazio|Capranica]]), Polish writer and diplomat, Bishop of Warmia
* [[Marcin Kromer]] (1512 in [[Biecz]] – 1589 in [[Lidzbark Warmiński]]), Polish cartographer, diplomat and historian, personal secretary of Kings of Poland, Bishop of Warmia
* [[Regina Protmann]] (1552 in [[Braniewo|Braunsberg]] – 1613 in [[Braniewo|Braunsberg]]), Polish Roman Catholic, founder of the Sisters of Saint Catherine
* [[Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski]] (1650 – 1711 in [[Dobre Miasto]]), Polish translator, prolific writer, Bishop of Warmia
* [[Ignacy Krasicki]] (1735 in [[Dubiecko]] – 1801 in [[Berlin]]), leading [[Enlightenment in Poland|Polish Enlightenment]] poet
* [[Antoni Blank]] (1785 in [[Olsztyn]] – 1844 in [[Warsaw]]), Polish painter
* [[Hugo Haase]] (1863 in [[Allenstein]] – 1919 in Berlin), German socialist politician, jurist and pacifist
* [[Feliks Nowowiejski]] (1877 in [[Barczewo|Wartenburg]] – 1946 in [[Poznań]]), Polish composer, conductor, concert organist and music teacher
* [[Maximilian Kaller]] (1880 in [[Bytom]] – 1947 in Frankfurt on Main), Roman Catholic Bishop of Warmia
* [[Erich Mendelsohn]] (1887 in [[Allenstein]] – 1953 in [[San Francisco]]), Jewish German architect, known for expressionist architecture
* [[Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski]] (1922 in [[Allenstein]] – 2005 in Cologne), German SPD politician
* [[Rainer Barzel]] (1924 in [[Braunsberg]] – 2006 in [[Munich]]), German CDU politician
* [[Georg Sterzinsky]] (1936 in [[Worławki, Olsztyn County|Warlack]] – 2011 in Berlin), German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Archbishop of Berlin
==See also==
*[[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]]
*[[Archbishopric of Warmia]]
*[[Bishops of Warmia]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{in lang|pl}} Erwin Kruk, ''"Warmia i Mazury"'', Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, Wrocław 2003, {{ISBN|83-7384-028-1}}
==External links==
* [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/bertius/bertius1/jpg/s210.html Ermland, Heilsberg, Culm, Riesenburg, Samland bishoprics on 1615 list of Imperial Offices (Ordines Imperii)]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.domwarminski.pl/content/view/369/507/ Region of Warmia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420080056/http://www.domwarminski.pl/content/view/369/507/ |date=20 April 2006 }}
* {{in lang|pl}} [http://wim.pl/ Warmia and Masuria]
* {{in lang|de}} [http://www.visitator-ermland.de/ Catholic Ermlanders page]
* [http://www.domwarminski.pl/images/stories/warmia_regionem/mapy_historyczne_tabula_geografica_w.jpg Heilsberg Epicopate Warmia in Prussia map of 1755] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122215144/http://www.domwarminski.pl/images/stories/warmia_regionem/mapy_historyczne_tabula_geografica_w.jpg |date=22 January 2016 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ermeland |volume=9 |page=749 |short=1}}
{{Coord|53.8|20.5|scale:3000000|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Geography of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Poland]]
[[Category:Regions of Poland]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Prussia]]
[[Category:Warmia| ]]