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{{Short description|Mattress filled with water}}
{{About|the bed or mattress|the album by Herbie Mann|Waterbed (album)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}
A '''waterbed''', '''water mattress''', or '''flotation mattress''' is a [[bed (furniture)|bed]] or [[mattress]] filled with [[water]]. Waterbeds intended for medical therapies appear in various reports through the 19th century. The modern version, invented in [[San Francisco]] and patented in 1971, became a popular consumer item in the United States through the 1980s with up to 20% of the market in 1986<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of the (Sexy, Icky, Practical) Waterbed|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/|first=Rebecca|last=Greenfield|date=13 August 2010|website=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=8 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208042926/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 22% in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://getpocket.com/explore/item/what-ever-happened-to-waterbeds|title=What Ever Happened To Waterbeds?|website=Pocket|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229205255/https://getpocket.com/explore/item/what-ever-happened-to-waterbeds|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ocj">{{Cite web |title=The Waterbed Doctor: Westminster Retailer Lays Claim to Retro Bed with Nearly 40&nbsp;Years of Service, Sales |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2015/09/05/the-waterbed-doctor-westminster-retailer-lays-claim-to-retro-bed-with-nearly-40-years-of-service-sales/ |work=[[Orange County Register]] |date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=September 23, 2019 |last=Williams |first=Lauren |archive-date=September 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924021559/https://www.ocregister.com/2015/09/05/the-waterbed-doctor-westminster-retailer-lays-claim-to-retro-bed-with-nearly-40-years-of-service-sales/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2013, they accounted for less than 5% of new bed sales.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Joanne|title=Waterbeds no longer a mainstay purchase|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/special-section/siouxland_life/waterbeds-no-longer-a-mainstay-purchase/article_3c088637-28e1-5716-beaf-c20cc4e6a576.html|access-date=18 November 2015|work=[[Sioux City Journal]]|date=31 March 2013|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203134300/http://siouxcityjournal.com/special-section/siouxland_life/waterbeds-no-longer-a-mainstay-purchase/article_3c088637-28e1-5716-beaf-c20cc4e6a576.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Construction==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 250
|image1=Softside Waterbed Outside.JPG
|alt1=A bed with comforter
|image2=Softside Waterbed Inside.JPG
|alt2=A bed with comforter pulled forward to show the water mattress
|caption2=Softside waterbed {{convert|160|by|200|cm|in}} with dual heating (top) and two water chambers and flexible chamber isolation inside (bottom).
}}
Waterbeds primarily consist of two types, hard-sided beds and soft-sided beds.
A hard-sided waterbed consists of a water-containing mattress inside a rectangular frame of wood resting on a [[plywood]] deck that sits on a platform.
A soft-sided waterbed consists of a water-containing mattress inside of a rectangular frame of sturdy foam, zippered inside a fabric casing, which sits on a platform. It looks like a conventional bed and is designed to fit existing bedroom furniture. The platform usually looks like a conventional foundation or [[box spring]], and sits atop a reinforced metal frame.
Early waterbed mattresses, and many inexpensive modern mattresses, have a single water chamber. When the water mass in these "free flow" mattresses is disturbed, significant wave motion can be felt, and they need time to stabilize after a disturbance. Later models employed wave-reducing methods, including fiber batting. Some models only partially reduce wave motion, while more expensive models almost eliminate wave motion.
Water beds are normally heated. If no heater is used, the water will equalize with the room air temperature (around 70&nbsp;°F).
In models with no heater, there are at least several inches of insulation above the water chamber. This partially eliminates the body-contouring benefit of a waterbed, and the ability to control the bed temperature. For these reasons, most waterbeds have temperature control systems. Temperature is controlled via a [[thermostat]] and set to personal preference, most commonly around average skin temperature, {{convert|30|C|F}}. A typical [[heating pad]] consumes 150–400 [[watt]]s of power. Depending on insulation, [[bedding]], temperature, use, and other factors, electricity usage may vary significantly.
Waterbeds are usually constructed from soft [[polyvinyl chloride]] (PVC) or similar material. They can be repaired with practically any vinyl repair kit.
== Types of waterbed mattresses ==
*'''Free flow mattress''': Also known as a full wave mattress. It contains only water but no baffles or inserts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.awesomewaterbeds.com/waterbed-faqs.cfm|title=Waterbed FAQs at AwesomeWaterbeds {{!}} AwesomeWaterbeds.com|website=www.awesomewaterbeds.com|access-date=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813012757/http://www.awesomewaterbeds.com/waterbed-faqs.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2020}}
* '''Semi-waveless mattress''': Contains a few fiber inserts and/or baffles to control the water motion and increase support.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Waveless mattress''': Contains many layers of fiber inserts and/or baffles to control the water motion and increase support. Frequently, the better mattresses contain additional layers in the center third of the mattress called special lumbar support.<ref name=":0" />
==History in 1800s==
A form of waterbed was invented in 1833 by the Scottish physician [[Neil Arnott]]. ''Dr. Arnott's Hydrostatic Bed'' was devised to prevent bedsores in [[patient]]s, and comprised a bath of water with a covering of rubber-impregnated canvas, on which lighter bedding was placed. Arnott did not patent it, permitting anyone to construct a bed to this design.<ref>''[[An Encyclopaedia of Domestic Economy]]'', Webster & Parkes, Harper & Brothers, NY, 1855 [https://books.google.com/books?id=f5oDAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22water+bed%22+mattress&pg=PA309 Google Books]</ref><ref>Dr. Arnott's Hydrostatic Bed, ''[[London Medical and Surgical Journal]]'', Volume II, 1833 </ref>
The use of a waterbed (for the ailing Mrs. Hale) is mentioned in [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]'s 1855 novel ''[[North and South (1855 novel)|North and South]]''.<ref name="Bodenheimer">{{cite journal|last1=Bodenheimer|first1=Rosemarie|date=1979|title=North and South: A Permanent State of Change|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ncl/article/34/3/281/65258/North-and-South-A-Permanent-State-of-Change|journal=Nineteenth-Century Fiction|volume=34|issue=3|pages=293|doi=10.2307/2933329|jstor=2933329|access-date=2021-12-18|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218182608/https://online.ucpress.edu/ncl/article-abstract/34/3/281/65258/North-and-South-A-Permanent-State-of-Change?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref>
On May 18, 1863, a proposal for waterbed supplies was posted to newspapers by the USA Medical and Hospital Department, Medical Purveyor's Office, Washington D.C. The proposal requested a supplier for "water-beds, India Rubber Rubber Cushions, for air or water".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053570/1863-05-30/ed-1/seq-1/|title=Daily national Republican. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1862-1866, May 30, 1863, SECOND EDITION, Image 1|first=National Endowment for the|last=Humanities|date=May 30, 1863|via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov|access-date=June 1, 2019|archive-date=June 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601074541/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053570/1863-05-30/ed-1/seq-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1871, a waterbed was in use in [[Elmira, New York]], for "invalids". It was briefly mentioned by [[Mark Twain]] in his article "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1871/07/23/78769193.pdf A New Beecher Church]", which was published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 23 July 1871. Twain wrote: "In the infirmary will be kept one or two water-beds (for invalids whose pains will not allow them to be on a less yielding substance) and half a dozen reclining invalid-chairs on wheels. The water-beds and invalid-chairs at present belonging to the church are always in demand, and never out of service".
A newspaper classified want ad in 1877 requested "AN INDIA RUBBER Water-bed. 3 feet by 2 feet, new or second hand. Call immediately at 1,222 Broadway."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1877-09-14/ed-1/seq-18/|title=The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, September 14, 1877, Image 18|first=National Endowment for the|last=Humanities|date=Sep 14, 1877|pages=16|via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov|access-date=June 1, 2019|archive-date=June 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601074545/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1877-09-14/ed-1/seq-18/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The protagonist Graham is placed on a waterbed in a glass case during his coma of 203 years in the 1898 H. G. Wells novel "[[The Sleeper Awakes]]".
==Heinlein descriptions==
Science fiction writer [[Robert A. Heinlein]] described therapeutic waterbeds in his novels ''[[Beyond This Horizon]]'' (1942), ''[[Double Star]]'' (1956), and ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'' (1961). In 1980 Heinlein recalled in ''[[Expanded Universe (Heinlein)|Expanded Universe]]'':
{{blockquote|I designed the waterbed during years as a bed patient in the middle thirties; a pump to control water level, side supports to permit one to float rather than simply lying on a not very soft water filled mattress. Thermostatic control of temperature, safety interfaces to avoid all possibility of electric shock, waterproof box to make a leak no more important than a leaky hot water bottle rather than a domestic disaster, calculation of floor loads (important!), internal rubber mattress and lighting, reading, and eating arrangements—an attempt to design the perfect hospital bed by one who had spent too damn much time in hospital beds.}}
Heinlein made no attempt to build his invention, but its first builder, Charles Hall, was denied a patent claim based on Heinlein's "prior works".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garmon |first1=Jay |title=Geek Trivia: Strange (water)bedfellows |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/geek-trivia-strange-waterbedfellows/ |website=TechRepublic |access-date=23 January 2020 |language=en |date=1 August 2006 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182109/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/geek-trivia-strange-waterbedfellows/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Apparently, the initial patent application by Charles Hall for the waterbed was denied as being too broad, as the device itself had been described by Heinlein in several of his novels that had been published more than 25 years prior to Hall trying to make one. Hall was later granted a patent when he modified and specified his design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@carlabrams/apparently-the-initial-patent-application-by-charles-hall-for-the-waterbed-was-denied-as-being-too-93ba62f2ef9f|title=Apparently the initial patent application by Charles Hall for the waterbed was denied as being too…|first=Carl|last=Abrams|date=Feb 25, 2018|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218182607/https://medium.com/@carlabrams/apparently-the-initial-patent-application-by-charles-hall-for-the-waterbed-was-denied-as-being-too-93ba62f2ef9f|url-status=live}}</ref>
==The Hall waterbed==
The modern waterbed was created by Charles Prior Hall in 1968, while he was a design student at [[San Francisco State University]] in [[California]]. Hall originally wanted to make an innovative chair. His first prototype was a [[bean bag chair|vinyl bag chair]] with 300 pounds (136&nbsp;kg) of cornstarch.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Modern Living: The Waves of Morpheus |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902716,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030162351/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,902716,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 30, 2010 |magazine=Time |access-date=3 June 2012 |date=7 September 1970}}</ref> Ultimately, he abandoned working on a chair, and settled on perfecting a bed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who Made That Water Bed? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/who-made-that-water-bed.html |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=16 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816180119/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/who-made-that-water-bed.html |url-status=live |last1=Kennedy |first1=Pagan }}</ref>
Hall was granted a patent (#3,585,356) on his waterbed in 1971, which he originally called "liquid support for human bodies." The same year, he founded Innerspace Environments, a manufacturing and sales company which became the leading retailer of waterbeds in the United States, with 30 owned-and-operated stores.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 11, 1996|title=Charles Prior Hall and WBX Partners, Plaintiffs-appellants, v. Aqua Queen Manufacturing, Inc., and Water & Wood Corp., and Vinyl Products Manufacturing, Inc., and Atlanta Vinyl, Inc., and Classic Corporation, d/b/a/ Classic Flotation Sleeping Systems, Inc., and Land & Sky, Ltd., and United States Watermattress Corporation, and Easy Rest, Inc., d/b/a/ Strobel Manufacturing, Defendants-Appellees.|url=http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/96opinions/96-1014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609222350/http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/96opinions/96-1014.html|archive-date=2012-06-09|access-date=3 June 2012|publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit}}</ref> The patent came to trial in 1991 in ''Intex v. Hall /wbx''. The patent was upheld in court, and Hall received a $4.8 million judgment for infringement. Hall /wbx received additional royalties from licensing. Some later lawsuits were dismissed because of [[Laches (equity)|laches]].
In 1987, sales peaked at 22% of the domestic mattress industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=For Water Bed Holdout, California Dreaming |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/14/garden/for-water-bed-holdout-california-dreaming.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=3 June 2012 |author=Allen Salkin |date=14 August 2003 |archive-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218210211/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/14/garden/for-water-bed-holdout-california-dreaming.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the waterbed was initially advertised as offering "undisturbed sleep", Hall admitted that customers "bought it for the sensual or the sexual part of it", and the sexually associated advertising was highly effective in the 1970s and early 1980s. Henry Petroski of Duke University said of the waterbed: "Not only was it the cool new gadget, but it emerged during a time when the culture embraced anything different, especially a product that embodied sexual liberation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/|title=The Rise and Fall of the (Sexy, Icky, Practical) Waterbed|first=Rebecca|last=Greenfield|date=13 August 2010|website=The Atlantic|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=8 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208042926/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Advantages and disadvantages==
===Regarding usage===
The waterbed can be useful and comfortable for some and dangerous for others. The main feature of the waterbed found attractive is its form-fitting, pressure-minimizing nature. Not only is this beneficial to those seeking mere comfort, but the removal of pressure from the [[Vertebral column|spine]] can provide relief to those with back pain.<ref>[http://www.onlywaterbeds.com/Mattresses_and_chronic_lower_back_pain.pdf "Mattresses and chronic lower back pain - Undergraduate research project at the Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812224842/http://www.onlywaterbeds.com/Mattresses_and_chronic_lower_back_pain.pdf |date=2012-08-12 }}. University of Southern Denmark, 2003</ref> In addition, the distribution of weight can prevent [[bedsores]] among users who are [[paralysis|paralyzed]] or [[coma]]tose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bedsores (pressure sores) |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedsores/DS00570/DSECTION=prevention |work=Mayo Clinic |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research |access-date=3 June 2012 |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |archive-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518100229/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedsores/DS00570/DSECTION=prevention |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Perali |title=Prevention of bedsores: water or air? |date=December 2005 |url=http://www.katedra.it/English/Publications/Bedsores.htm |access-date=2015-07-29 |archive-date=2015-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408143227/http://www.katedra.it/English/Publications/Bedsores.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[National Institute of Child Health and Human Development]] warns that the form-fitting nature of the water-bed poses a danger to infants, providing a possibility of asphyxiation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/Safe_to_Sleep_brochure.pdf|title=NICHD: Safe Sleep for Your Baby|access-date=2021-01-27|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022955/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/Safe_to_Sleep_brochure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Another advantage of a waterbed is its easy cleaning. It is impossible for dirt and dead skin particles to penetrate the water mattress, which can then be wiped away periodically with a cloth and vinyl cleaner. The cover over the mattress can be regularly washed—thus virtually eliminating [[house dust mite]]s in the bed.{{citation needed |date=January 2019}} Dust mites can trigger [[asthma]], [[eczema]], and [[allergy|allergies]] in people sensitive to them.
===Other factors===
First, since some hard-sided waterbeds are of different sizes from other mattresses, [[bed sheet]]s are harder to find and come in fewer varieties. Second, moving a waterbed is more difficult than moving a normal bed; the water must be drained and the frame disassembled, then the frame must be reassembled, the mattress refilled with water, and the water heated for a potentially long period to get the new water to the correct temperature. Heating the bed can be costly; a waterbed consumes between 300 and 1,500 [[Kilowatt hour|kWh]]/year ($36–180 USD at 12c/kWh, the US national average cost for residential energy), depending on the climate, bed size, and other factors. The energy usage can be decreased by about 60% with the use of a soft-sided waterbed.<ref>[http://www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/94/940911.html Waterbed Heating: Uncovering Energy Savings in the Bedroom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021034230/http://homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/94/940911.html |date=2007-10-21 }} ''Home Energy Magazine'' Online September/October 1994. Retrieved December 3, 2007.</ref> The ability to heat the bed is lost if there is a power outage, and this can make the bed too cold to sleep on, particularly if the power outage occurs during winter, and/or the room cannot be heated. The water itself can pose challenges when water mattresses occasionally leak. Plastic liners will reduce damage, but emptying, patching, refilling, and reheating the bed (and sleeping elsewhere until all this is completed) can be an inconvenience. Another factor is the weight of a waterbed. Waterbed mattresses, depending on the size, hold about {{Cvt|80|-|235|USgal|L}} of water, which could bring the weight of the entire bed to over {{Cvt|2000|lb}}. This weight could pose a risk to the floor the bed is on. Some landlords may not allow a tenant to have a waterbed due to this, especially if it is on a higher floor.
==See also==
* [[List of inflatable manufactured goods]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Waterbeds}}
* {{US patent|3585356}}—"Liquid support for human bodies"
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=JgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA75 "Make your bed and float on it: $100 waterbed you build from a kit"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', July 1971, pages 75, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JgEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116 116]
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/08/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sexy-icky-practical-waterbed/61426/ "The Rise and Fall of the (Sexy, Icky, Practical) Waterbed"], ''[[The Atlantic]]''
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-15-vw-1760-story.html "Someone's Been Lying in Hall's Water Bed: Invention"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
* [http://www.sfsu.edu/~sfsumag/archive/fall_13/making_waves.html "Making Waves"], ''SF State Magazine'', Fall/Winter 2013
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/02/28/the-rip-van-winkle-of-the-water-bed/8ed00242-2965-4b2a-9826-81d45e043199/ "THE RIP VAN WINKLE OF THE WATER BED"], ''[[The Washington Post]]''
{{Bedding}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1970s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Beds]]
[[Category:Bedding]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Water and society]]