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{{Short description|Early 3rd century Chinese general}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Wen Ping
| native_name = 文聘
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt =
| office = Administrator of Jiangxia (江夏太守)
| term_start = {{Start date|220}}
| term_end = {{End date|?}}
| monarch = [[Cao Pi]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|{{circa}} 208}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|220}}
| monarch1 = [[Emperor Xian of Han]]
| chancellor1 = [[Cao Cao]]
| predecessor1 = [[Liu Qi (Liu Biao's son)|Liu Qi]]
| office2 = General Who Attacks Rebels (討逆將軍)
| term_start2 = {{Start date|{{circa}} ?}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|222}}
| office3 = General of the Rear (後將軍)
| term_start3 = {{Start date|{{circa}} 222}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|?}}
| monarch3 = [[Cao Pi]]
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Nanyang, Henan]]
| death_date = between October 226 and August 243
| relations = Wen Hou (nephew)
| children = {{unbulleted list|Wen Dai|Wen Xiu (adopted son)}}
| occupation = General
| blank1 = [[Courtesy name]]
| data1 = Zhongye (仲業)
| blank2 = [[Posthumous name]]
| data2 = Marquis Zhuang (壯侯)
| blank3 = Peerage
| data3 = Marquis of Xinye<br />(新野侯)
}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Wen (surname 文)|Wen]]|lang=Chinese}}
'''Wen Ping''' ({{zh|c=文聘|p=Wén Pìn}}; {{fl.}}208 - 240s),{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=862-3}} [[courtesy name]] '''Zhongye''', was a military general who lived during the late [[Eastern Han dynasty]] and [[Three Kingdoms]] period of China. During his tenure as a general under the warlord [[Cao Cao]], he was credited with defeating the enemy general [[Guan Yu]] and defending Cao Cao's interests in [[Jiangxia Commandery]] from the eastern warlord [[Sun Quan]].<ref name=":0">''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>
==Early life==
Wen Ping was from Wan County ({{lang|zh-hant|宛縣}}), which is in present-day [[Nanyang, Henan]].<ref>文聘字仲業，南陽宛人也 ''Sanguozhi'' vol.18.</ref> He originally served under [[Liu Biao]], the Governor of [[Jing Province]], and was tasked with defending the province's northern frontier, stationed at Xiangyang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Crespigny |first=Rafe |title=Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu |publisher=Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies |year=1997 |isbn=9780731509010 |pages=194 |language=English}}</ref> In 208, after Liu Biao's death, his younger son and successor [[Liu Cong (Han dynasty)|Liu Cong]] surrendered to the warlord [[Cao Cao]], who was the ''de facto'' head of the Han central government. When Liu Cong went to greet Cao Cao, he passed by Wen Ping's camp and urged him to come with but Wen Ping replied "I could not defend the province, and must go face my failure and nothing more". Once when Cao Cao crossed the Han River did Wen Ping go to meet the warlord. When Cao Cao asked him why he surrendered so late, he weepingly replied "In former days, I failed to assist Liu Biao serve the state. Though Liu Biao is dead, I was still hoping to hold the line of the Han and maintain that territory intact. That way, if I lived I would not be turning my back on the orphaned and weak, and if I died there would be no shame below the ground. The decision, however, has been taken out of my hands, and so we come to this. Indeed, I am sad and ashamed and I could not face coming to audience any earlier".<ref>''Zizhi Tongjian'' vol. 65, Rafe De Crespigny translation</ref> Cao Cao praised Wen Pin's loyalty and returned his military command though the later commentator [[Sun Sheng (Jin dynasty)|Sun Sheng]] was critical, wondering how the former officer of [[Lü Bu]], [[Zang Ba]] and Wen Ping could retain their reputation for loyalty yet change loyalty after one meeting with Cao Cao.<ref>(資父事君，忠孝道一。臧霸少有孝烈之稱，文聘著垂泣之誠，是以魏武一面，委之以二方之任，豈直壯武見知於倉卒之間哉!) ''Sun Sheng's commentary in Sanguozhi'' vol.18.</ref>
==Service under Cao Cao==
Wen Ping was sent with cavalry commander [[Cao Chun]] to pursue Cao Cao's fleeing rival, [[Liu Bei]], and caught up with him at the [[Battle of Changban]].<ref>授聘兵，使與曹純追討劉備於長阪 Sanguozhi vol.18.</ref> However, Liu Bei managed to escape and form an alliance with the eastern warlord [[Sun Quan]]. In the winter of 208–209, the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's forces at the decisive [[Battle of Red Cliffs]]. After his defeat, Cao Cao was concerned about local loyalties with concerns about Eastern Wu's expansion so appointed Wen Ping as the Administrator of Jiangxia Commandery (commandery capital in present-day [[Xinzhou District, Wuhan]], [[Hubei]]),<ref>江夏與吳接，民心不安，乃以聘為江夏太守，使典北兵，委以邊事，賜爵關內侯。''Sanguozhi'' vol.18.</ref> which was located strategically near the border between Cao Cao and Sun Quan's territories and rivaled veteran Sun general [[Cheng Pu]]'s claim to the area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Crespigny |first=Rafe |title=Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu |publisher=Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies |year=1997 |isbn=9780731509010 |pages=229 |language=English}}</ref> Cao Cao also had [[Emperor Xian of Han|Emperor Xian]], the figurehead Han emperor, enoff Wen Ping as a Secondary Marquis ({{lang|zh-hant|關內侯}}), the lowest among the marquis ranks of the Han dynasty.
In 209, Wen Ping joined Cao Cao's general [[Cao Ren]] at the [[Battle of Jiangling (208)|Battle of Jiangling]] against Sun Quan's forces led by the general [[Zhou Yu]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2022|reason=Where does the timing of the raids being around Jiangling battle come from?}}. When Liu Bei's general [[Guan Yu]] attempted to cut off Cao Ren's communication lines, Wen Ping and his colleague [[Yue Jin]], station at Xiangyang,<ref>後從平荊州，留屯襄陽，擊關羽、蘇非等，皆走之，南郡諸郡山谷蠻夷詣進降。''Sanguozhi'' vol. 17.</ref> defeated Guan Yu at Xunkou (尋口) and drove him back. In recognition of his contributions in battle, the Han imperial court promoted Wen Ping to a village marquis under the title "Marquis of Yanshou Village" (延壽亭侯) and awarded him the appointment of General Who Attacks Rebels (討逆將軍). Wen Ping launched further raids, destroying Guan Yu's supply train at Han Ford (漢津) and burnt his fleet at Jingcheng.<ref>與樂進討關羽於尋口，有功，進封延壽亭侯，加討逆將軍。又攻羽輜重於漢津，燒其船於荊城 ''Sanguozhi'' vol.18.</ref> At the time, Wen Ping and Yue Jin successfully secured the supply and communication lines of Jiangling;{{Citation needed|date=August 2023|reason=This is a big claim with no sources for where this successful securing of supply lines came from}} however, the casualties on Cao Cao's forces were beyond affordable level after nearly a year of intense fighting, so Cao Cao admitted defeat and ordered his generals to forfeit Jiangling. From then on Wen Ping entered into a defensive position in the eastern flank at Jiangxia Commandery against Sun Quan and rival claimant Cheng Pu.
==Service under Cao Pi==
{{see also|Battle of Jiangling (223)}}
After Cao Cao's death in 220, his eldest living son [[Cao Pi]] became emperor of the [[Cao Wei]] state after Emperor Xian abdicated, as part of the rewards of the new regime Wen Ping was given a staff of authority and raised in fiefdom to "Marquis of Chang'an District" ({{lang|zh-hant|長安鄉侯}}).<ref>文帝踐阼，進爵長安鄉侯，假節 ''Sanguozhi'' vol.18.</ref> In 222, with [[Lu Xun (Eastern Wu)|Lu Xun]]'s victory against Liu Bei at the [[Battle of Xiaoting]] removing a threat from King Sun Quan's borders, the Wu ruler refused to send his son [[Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)|Sun Deng]] as hostage to Wei court. Cao Pi formulated a plan for [[Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu|a three-pronged attack]] on Sun Quan, ordering Wen Ping to join the generals [[Zhang He]], [[Xu Huang]], [[Xiahou Shang]] and [[Cao Zhen]] in attacking Sun Quan's stronghold at Jiangling.
Like the [[Battle of Jiangling (208)|last battle at Jiangling]], the Wei forces enjoyed numerical advantage, but this time, they were on the offensive. However, the Wei forces ultimately did not make much progress because the defenders under [[Zhu Ran]] put up a strong resistance. Wu sent a series of reinforcements and against one (commander unknown) of those waves, Wen Ping was sent with his detachment to defend Miankou, a key chokepoint of the Mian River, with his warships{{Citation needed|date=March 2022|reason=warships come from where in records?}}, winning at Shifan. Cao Pi eventually called off the attack on Jiangling due to epidemic through Wei ranks<ref>''Sanguozhi'' vol. 2.</ref> and rewarded Wen Pin with a promotion to General of the Rear ({{lang|zh-hant|後將軍}}), in addition to elevating him from a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Xinye" ({{lang|zh|新野侯}}).
==Service under Cao Rui and legacy==
{{see also|Empty Fort Strategy#Wen Ping}}
Wu had avoided attacking Wen Ping's position at his capital of Shiyang ({{lang|zh|石陽}}), something Wei recorded credited due to his fame shaking Wu after decades of good service.<ref>(聘在江夏數十年，有威恩，名震敵國，賊不敢侵.) ''Sanguozhi'' vol.18.</ref> There was one exception, in the autumn of 226<ref>The 7th to 9th months of the 7th year of the ''Huang'chu'' era corresponds to 11 Aug to 7 Nov 226 in the Julian calendar. Cao Rui's biography in ''Sanguozhi'' recorded that this campaign took place in the 8th month of that year, which corresponds to 10 Sep to 8 Oct 226 in the Julian calendar; vol.70 of ''Zizhi Tongjian'' also recorded the same month and year.</ref> after the death of Cao Pi with his son [[Cao Rui]] new to the throne. Sun Quan sought to take advantage on hearing the news<ref>''Sanguozhi'' vol. 48.</ref> and led 50,000 troops against Wei Ping's capital. There are two versions of what exactly happened. In the main ''Sanguozhi'', Wen Ping<ref name=":0" /> was besieged for over twenty days but put up a resilient defence. Word reached the Cao Wei court but Cao Rui was confident<ref>''Sanguozhi'' vol. 3.</ref> since he believed Sun Quan had only attacked in the hopes of catching the defenders by surprise and wouldn't dare stay too long, now that he was engaged in a siege with Wen Ping. The official Xun Yu was dispatched with a thousand troops and he gathered more from the counties he passed through on the way to Jiangxia. On arrival, Xun Yu and his army took to the hills, setting fires as a show of force.<ref>''Sanguozhi'' vol.3.</ref> Sun Quan retreated and Wen Ping pursued during the night, inflicting casualties with the isolated enemy general [[Pan Zhang]] having to be rescued by [[Zhu Ran]].<ref>([黄武]六年，權自率眾攻石陽，及至旋師，潘璋斷後。夜出錯亂，敵追擊璋，璋不能禁。然即還住拒敵，使前船得引極遠，徐乃後發.) ''Sanguozhi'' vol.56. Note that Zhu Ran's biography recorded that the campaign took place in 227 (6th year of the ''Huang'wu'' era).</ref> For his victory, Wei Ping's fief was increased by 500 households.<ref>(孫權以五萬眾自圍聘於石陽，甚急，聘堅守不動，權住二十餘日乃解去. 聘追擊破之. 增邑五百戶，并前千九百戶.) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 18.</ref>
The Cao Wei historian [[Yu Huan]] provides an alternative account in his ''Weilüe''. Sun Quan led tens of thousands against Shiyang where heavy rains had damaged the walls while the people were scattered among the fields so repairs could not be carried out in time. Without the walls and outnumbered, Wen Ping was in a bind but then thought that, if it seemed nobody was in the city, Sun Quan would get suspicious and expect a ploy. Wen Ping had everyone hide and remained in his residence. Sun Quan was puzzled since the Cao Wei court would not leave such an important post in the hands of a figure they did not trust so Wei Ping's lack of reaction to an invading army must be due to a ploy or knowing reinforcements were coming so Sun Quan ordered an immediate withdrawal.<ref>(孫權嘗自將數萬眾卒至。時大雨，城柵崩壞，人民散在田野，未及補治。聘聞權到，不知所施，乃思惟莫若潛默可以疑之。乃敕城中人使不得見，又自臥舍中不起。權果疑之，語其部黨曰：「北方以此人忠臣也，故委之以此郡，今我至而不動，此不有密圖，必當有外救。」遂不敢攻而去.) ''Weilüe'' annotation in ''Sanguozhi'' vol.18</ref> [[Pei Songzhi]] notes the account contradicts the base text of [[Chen Shou]].<ref>(魏略此語，與本傳反) ''Sanguozhi'' vol.18.</ref>
It would be his last known battle. It is not known when Wen Ping died. After his death, he was honored with the [[Posthumous name|posthumous title]] "Marquis Zhuang" ({{lang|zh|壯侯}}) by the Wei government. His adopted son, Wen Xiu ({{lang|zh|文休}}), inherited his marquis title ("Marquis of Xinye") because his biological son, Wen Dai ({{lang|zh|文岱}}), died early. Wen Xiu was in turn succeeded by his son, Wen Wu ({{lang|zh|文武}}), after his death. Wen Ping also had a nephew, Wen Hou ({{lang|zh|文厚}}), who was enfeoffed as a secondary marquis. In August 243, with the young [[Cao Fang]] on the throne under the regency of [[Cao Shuang]] and [[Sima Yi]], sacrifices were made at Cao Cao's temple to a select group of former officers, including Wen Ping.<ref>''Sanguozhi'' vol. 4. The 7th month of the 4th year of the ''Zheng'shi'' era corresponds to 3 to 31 Aug 243 in the Julian calendar.</ref>
== In ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' ==
Wen Ping first appears in chapter 34, he and Wang Wei recommended by [[Kuai Yue (Han dynasty)|Kuai Yue]] to hold a banquet for military officers so [[Zhao Yun]] would have to attend, allowing [[Cai Mao]] to attempt to kill Liu Bei without his bodyguard though, thanks to a tip off, the attempt to kill Liu Bei would fail. He next appears after Liu Cong surrenders, Liu Bei appears at the regime's capital of [[Xiangyang]] to seek a meeting and [[Wei Yan]] opens the gates. Wen Ping takes some horsemen to stop him and fights Wei Yan, Liu Bei is concerned by this reception and leaves. The battle between Wei Yan and Wen Ping lasts for some hours with most combatants dead before Wei Yan flees. Refuses to go to Cao Cao, then the weeping submission scene, immediately made Governor of Jiangxia and enoffed.
Takes part in pursuit of Liu Bei at Changban, intercepting Liu Bei but is ashamed when Liu Bei calls him a turncoat and retreats. When Zhao Yun rescues the infant [[Liu Shan]] and fights his way back to Liu Bei, Wen Ping pursues but halts when they come against [[Zhang Fei]]'s fierce appearance on the bridge and what they fear is an ambush. At Chibi, as a man used to the waters, given command of the left squadron of the naval forces, dispatched with thirty ships to support Jiao Chu and Zhang Neng's unsuccessful attack, battles the naval forces of [[Han Dang]] and [[Zhou Tai]] but soon discovers his forces are outmatched so retreat. Sent to intercept [[Huang Gai]]'s approaching ships as [[Cheng Yu]] realizes the defection is fake, however Wen Ping is injured by an arrow to the arm and his forces collapse with Huang Gai launching his fire attack on the main fleet. Is able to escape with [[Mao Jie]] and a few horsemen to rejoin Cao Cao on the troubled march home.
Takes part in archery contest to celebrate opening of the [[Bronze Bird Terrace]] in [[Ye (Hebei)|Ye]], impressing as he hits bulls-eye at full gallop. Takes part in the [[Hanzhong Campaign|defense of Hanzhong]], when [[Huang Zhong]] attempts to raid the supply lines the attackers are surrounded and Zhang Zhu's attempt to return to camp is intercepted by Wen Ping but Zhao Yun arrives to drive off Wei Ping's men with subordinate Murong Lie killed. In 224, with Cao Cao dead and Cao Pi having taken the throne, made a chief commander for campaign against Eastern Wu who were negotiating to restore alliance with Shu-Han. Cao Pi's forces arrive at Guangling but are shocked as opposing commander [[Xu Sheng]] builds fake-walls overnight. As Cao Pi considers his options, his capital ship is hit by a storm and [[Cao Zhen]] sends Wen Ping to rescue those on the ship. Wen Ping's sailors were too scared by the storm so, with the great ship seeming likely to capsize, Wen Ping leapt on board and got Cao Pi to the safety of a small boat that took the Emperor to a creek to stay out the storm. With news coming of an attack by Zhao Yun in the north-west, Cao Pi retreats and Wen Ping's time in the novel ends.
==See also==
* [[Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms]]
* [[Empty Fort Strategy]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Chen Shou|Chen, Shou]] (3rd century). ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguozhi'').
* {{cite book|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|author-link=Rafe de Crespigny|title=A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15605-0}}
* [[Pei Songzhi|Pei, Songzhi]] (5th century). ''[[Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguozhi zhu'').
{{People of Cao Wei}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wen, Ping}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Generals under Liu Biao]]
[[Category:Cao Wei generals]]
[[Category:Generals under Cao Cao]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nanyang, Henan]]
[[Category:Cao Wei government officials]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Hubei]]