View source for Wild man

{{Short description|Mythical figure}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:ADurerWoodwoses1499.jpg|thumb|Wild men support coats of arms in the side panels of a portrait by [[Albrecht Dürer]], 1499 (Alte Pinakothek, Munich).]]
The '''wild man''', '''wild man of the woods''', or '''woodwose/wodewose''' is a mythical figure and motif that appears in the art and literature of [[medieval Europe]], comparable to the [[satyr]] or [[faun]] type in [[classical mythology]] and to ''[[Silvanus (mythology)|Silvanus]]'', the Roman god of the [[woodland]]s.
The defining characteristic of the figure is its "wildness"; from the 12th century, it was consistently depicted as being covered with hair. Images of wild men appear in the carved and painted [[roof boss]]es where intersecting [[ogee]] [[Vault (architecture)|vault]]s meet in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], in positions where one is also likely to encounter the vegetal [[Green Man]]. The image of the wild man survived to appear as supporter for [[Heraldry|heraldic]] [[Coat of arms|coats-of-arms]], especially in Germany, well into the 16th century. [[Renaissance]] engravers in Germany and Italy were particularly fond of wild men, wild women, and wild families, with examples from [[Martin Schongauer]] (died 1491) and [[Albrecht Dürer]] (1471–1528) among others.
==Terminology==
[[File:Tugendreiche Dame zähmt Wildmann.png|thumb|left|Late 15th century tapestry from [[Basel]], showing a woodwose being tamed by a virtuous lady]]
The normal [[Middle English]] term, also used to the present day, was '''woodwose''' or '''wodewose''' (also spelled ''woodehouse'', ''wudwas'' etc., understood perhaps as variously singular or plural).<ref>[[OED]], "Woodwose"</ref><ref name="Bernheimer42"/>  ''Wodwos''<ref>perhaps understood as a plural in ''wodwos and other wylde bestes'', as singular in ''Wod wose that woned in the knarrez''</ref> occurs in  ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'' (c. 1390).<ref>[http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/62.html Representative Poetry Online, ANONYMOUS (1100–1945)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119030515/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/62.html |date=2007-01-19 }}, ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'', line 720</ref>  The Middle English word is first attested for the 1340s, in references to the wild man popular at the time in decorative art, as in a Latin description of an [[tapestry]] of the [[Wardrobe (government)|Great Wardrobe]] of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]],<ref>''diasprez [perhaps: embroidered [https://archive.org/details/historyenglishp02wartgoog/page/n491 <!-- pg=177 --> per totam campedinem cum wodewoses]''</ref> but as a surname it is found as early as 1251, of one ''Robert de Wudewuse''. In reference to an actual legendary or mythological creature, the term is found during the 1380s, in [[Wycliffe's Bible]], translating  {{lang|he|שעיר }} ([[LXX]] [[δαιμόνια]], Latin ''pilosi'' meaning "hairy") in [[Isaiah]] 13:21<ref>''ther shuln dwelle there ostricchis & wodewoosis''; [[KJV]] "owls shall dwell there, and [[satyr]]s shall dance there").</ref> The occurrences in ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'' date to soon after Wycliffe's Bible, to c. 1390.<ref>Hans Kurath, Robert E. Lewis, Sherman McAllister Kuhn, ''Middle English Dictionary'', University of Michigan Press, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-472-01233-6}}, p. 285</ref>
The [[Old English]] form of ''woodwose'' is unattested, but it would have been either {{lang|ang|*wudu-wāsa}} or {{lang|ang|*wude-wāsa}}. The first element is usually explained as from {{lang|ang|wudu}} "wood, forest".<ref name="Bernheimer42" /> The second element is less clear. It has been identified as a hypothetical noun ''*wāsa'' "being", from the verb ''wesan'', ''wosan'' "to be, to be alive".<ref>Robert Withington, ''English Pageantry: An Historical Outline'', vol. 1, Ayer Publishing, 1972, {{ISBN|978-0-405-09100-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4BB-HjQbuX0C&pg=PA74 p. 74]</ref> It might alternatively mean a forlorn or abandoned person, cognate with German ''Waise'' and Dutch ''wees'' which both mean "orphan".
[[File:The Fight in the Forest (Hans Burgkmair d. Ä.).jpg|thumb|''The Fight in the Forest'', drawing by [[Hans Burgkmair]], possibly of a scene from the [[Middle High German]] poem ''[[Sigenot]]'', about [[Legends about Theoderic the Great|Dietrich von Bern]]]]
[[Old High German]] had the terms {{lang|goh|[[schrat]]}}, {{lang|goh|scrato}} or {{lang|goh|scrazo}}, which appear in glosses of Latin works as translations for {{lang|la|fauni}}, {{lang|la|silvestres}}, or {{lang|la|pilosi}}, identifying the creatures as hairy woodland beings.<ref name="Bernheimer42"/> Some of the local names suggest associations with characters from ancient mythology. Common in [[Lombardy]] and the Italian-speaking parts of the [[Alps]] are the terms ''salvan'' and ''salvang'',  which derive from the [[Latin]] ''[[Silvanus (mythology)|Silvanus]]'', the name of the Roman [[tutelary god]] of gardens and the countryside.<ref name="Bernheimer42"/> Similarly, folklore in [[History of Tyrol|Tyrol]] and German-speaking [[Switzerland]] into the 20th century included a wild woman known as ''Fange'' or ''Fanke'', which derives from the Latin ''[[Fauna (goddess)|fauna]]'', the feminine form of ''[[faun]]''.<ref name="Bernheimer42"/> Medieval German sources give as names for the wild woman ''[[lamia]]'' and ''holzmoia'' (or some variation);<ref>Bernheimer, p. 35.</ref> the former clearly refers to the Greek wilderness demon Lamia while the latter derives ultimately from [[Maia (mythology)|Maia]], a Greco-Roman earth and [[fertility goddess]] who is identified elsewhere with Fauna and who exerted a wide influence on medieval wild-man lore.<ref name="Bernheimer42"/>
Slavic has ''[[leshy]]'' "forest man".
Various languages and traditions include names suggesting affinities with [[Orcus]], a [[Roman mythology|Roman]] and Italic god of death.<ref name="Bernheimer42"/> For many years people in Tyrol called the wild man ''[[Ork (folklore)|Orke]]'', ''Lorke'', or ''Noerglein'', while in parts of Italy he was the {{lang|it|orco}} or {{lang|it|huorco}}.<ref name="Bernheimer4243">Berheimer, pp. 42–43.</ref> The French [[ogre]] has the same derivation,<ref name="Bernheimer4243"/> as do modern literary [[orc]]s.<ref>{{ME-ref|XI|p. 391}}</ref> Importantly, Orcus is associated with Maia in a dance celebrated late enough to be condemned in a 9th- or 10th-century Spanish [[penitential]].<ref name="Bernheimer43">Bernheimer, p. 43.</ref>
The term was usually replaced in literature of the [[Early Modern English]] period by classically derived equivalents, or "wild man", but it survives in the form of the surname ''Wodehouse'' or ''Woodhouse'' (see [[Wodehouse (surname)|Wodehouse family]]). "Wild man" and its cognates is the common term for the creature in most modern languages;<ref name="Bernheimer42">Bernheimer, p. 42.</ref><!-- ref for previous sentence --> it appears in German as {{lang|de|wilder Mann}}, in French as {{lang|fr|homme sauvage}} and in Italian as {{lang|it|uomo selvatico}} "forest man".<ref>Bernheimer, p. 20.</ref>
==Origins==
{{further information|Silvanus (mythology)|Satyr|Dusios|Faun|selfref=Grazers (Christianity)}}
[[File:Pontius und Sidona cpg142 122r.png|thumb|Pontus and his train disguised as wild men at the wedding of Genelet and Sidonia. Illustration of a manuscript of a German version of ''[[Pontus and Sidonia]]'' (CPG 142, fol. 122r, c. 1475).]]
Figures similar to the European wild man occur worldwide from very early times. The earliest recorded example of the type is the character [[Enkidu]] of the [[ancient Mesopotamia]]n ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''.<ref>
Bernheimer, p. 3.</ref>
The description of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] in the [[Book of Daniel]] (2nd century BC) may have greatly influenced the medieval European concepts.<ref>Bernheimer, p. 12.</ref> [[Daniel 4]] depicts God humbling the [[Babylonian king]] for his boastfulness; stricken mad and ejected from human society, he grows hair on his body and lives like a beast. This image was popular in medieval depictions of Nebuchadnezzar. [[Late medieval]] legends of Saint [[John Chrysostom]] (died 407) describe the saint's [[asceticism]] as making him so isolated and feral that hunters who capture him cannot tell if he is man or beast.<ref name=":0">Bernheimer, p. 17.</ref>
The medieval wild-man concept also drew on lore about similar beings from the [[Classical antiquity|Classical world]] such as the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[faun]] and [[Silvanus (mythology)|Silvanus]], and perhaps even [[Heracles]]. Several folk traditions about the wild man correspond with ancient practices and beliefs. Notably, peasants in the [[Grisons]] tried to capture the wild man by getting him drunk and tying him up in hopes that he would give them his wisdom in exchange for freedom.<ref name="Bernheimer25">Bernheimer, p. 25.</ref> This suggests an association with an ancient tradition – recorded as early as [[Xenophon]] (d. 354 BC) and appearing in the works of [[Ovid]], [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], and [[Claudius Aelianus]] – in which shepherds caught a forest being, here termed [[Silenus]] or [[Faunus]], in the same manner and for the same purpose.<ref name="Bernheimer25"/>
Besides mythological influences, medieval wild man lore also drew on the learned writings of ancient historians, though likely to a lesser degree.<ref name="Bernheimer85">Bernheimer, p. 85.</ref> These ancient wild men are naked and sometimes covered with hair, though importantly the texts generally localize them in some faraway land,<ref name="Bernheimer85"/> distinguishing them from the medieval wild man who was thought to exist just at the boundaries of civilization. The first [[historian]] to describe such beings, [[Herodotus]] ({{circa|484 BC|425 BC}}), places them in western [[Libya]] alongside the [[Headless men|headless men with eyes in their chest]] and [[cynocephaly|dog-faced creatures]].<ref name="Bernheimer86">Bernheimer, p. 86.</ref> After the appearance of the former [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] court physician [[Ctesias]]'s book ''[[Indica (Ctesias)|Indika]]'' (concerning [[India]]), which recorded Persian beliefs about the [[Indian subcontinent]], and the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]], India became the primary home of fantastic creatures in the Western imagination, and wild men were frequently described as living there.<ref name="Bernheimer86"/> [[Megasthenes]], [[Seleucus I Nicator]]'s ambassador to [[Chandragupta Maurya]], wrote of two kinds of men to be found in India whom he explicitly describes as wild: first, a creature brought to court whose toes faced backwards; second, a tribe of forest people who had no mouths and who sustained themselves with smells.<ref name="Bernheimer87">Bernheimer, p. 87.</ref> Both [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]] and [[Arrian]] refer to Alexander himself meeting with a tribe of fish-eating savages while on his Indian campaign.<ref>Bernheimer, p. 88.</ref>
Distorted accounts of [[ape]]s may have contributed to both the ancient and medieval conception of the wild man. In his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' [[Pliny the Elder]] describes a race of ''silvestres,'' wild creatures in India who had humanoid bodies but a coat of fur, fangs, and no capacity to speak – a description that fits [[gibbon]]s indigenous to the area.<ref name="Bernheimer87"/> The ancient [[Carthage|Carthaginian]] explorer [[Hanno the Navigator]] (fl. 500 BC) reported an encounter with a tribe of savage men and hairy women in what may have been [[Sierra Leone]]; their interpreters called them "Gorillae," a story which much later originated the name of the [[gorilla]] species and could indeed have related to a [[great ape]].<ref name="Bernheimer87"/><ref>[http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Hanno.html Periplus of Hanno, final paragraph] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314000332/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Hanno.html |date=2017-03-14 }}</ref> Similarly, the Greek historian [[Agatharchides]] describes what may have been [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s as tribes of agile, promiscuous "seed-eaters" and "wood-eaters" living in [[Ethiopia]].<ref>Bernheimer, pp. 87–88.</ref>
One of the historical precedents which could have inspired the wild man representation could be the [[Grazers (Christianity)|Grazers]]; a group of monks in [[Eastern Christianity]] which lived alone, without eating meat, and often completely naked.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Meunier |first=Bernard |date=2010-12-31 |title=Le désert chrétien, avatar des utopies antiques ? |url=http://journals.openedition.org/kentron/1369 |journal=Kentron |issue=26 |pages=79–96 |doi=10.4000/kentron.1369 |issn=0765-0590 |doi-access=free}}</ref> They were viewed as saints in [[Byzantine]] society, and the [[hagiographical]] accounts about their lives were spread in all of Christianity, possibly influencing later authors.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=The Sabaite heritage in the Orthodox Church from the fifth century to the present |date=2001 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-0976-2 |editor-last=Paṭrikh |editor-first=Yosef |series=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta |location=Leuven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Déroche |first=Vincent |date=2007-12-31 |title=Quand l'ascèse devient péché : les excès dans le monachisme byzantin d'après les témoignages contemporains |url=http://journals.openedition.org/kentron/1752 |journal=Kentron |issue=23 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.4000/kentron.1752 |issn=0765-0590 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Medieval representations==
[[File:Casket with Scenes from Romances MET DP-425-004.jpg|thumb|Knight saving a woman from a wild man, ivory coffer, 14th century]]
Some of the earliest evidence for the wild-man tradition appears in the above-mentioned 9th- or 10th-century Spanish penitential.<ref name="Bernheimer43"/> This book describes a dance in which participants donned the guise of the figures Orcus, Maia, and Pela, and ascribes a minor penance for those who participate with what was apparently a resurgence of an older pagan custom.<ref name="Bernheimer43"/> The identity of Pela is unknown, but the earth goddess Maia appears as the wild woman (''Holz-maia'' in the later German glossaries), and names related to Orcus were associated with the wild man through the Middle Ages, indicating that this dance was an early version of the wild-man festivities celebrated through the Middle Ages and surviving in parts of Europe through modern times.<ref name="Bernheimer43"/>
[[File:Manuscript 7 104v picture.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Wild people, in the margins of a late 14th-century Book of Hours]]
As the name implies, the main characteristic of the wild man is his [[wildness]]. Civilized people regarded wild men as beings of the wilderness, the antithesis of [[civilization]].<ref>Yamamoto, pp. 150–151.</ref>
Other characteristics developed or transmuted in different contexts. From the earliest times, sources associated wild men with hairiness; by the 12th century they were almost invariably described as having a coat of hair covering their entire bodies except for their hands, feet, faces above their long beards, and the breasts and chins of the females.<ref>Yamamoto, p. 145; 163.</ref>
In art the hair more often covers the same areas that a chemise or dress would, except for the female's breasts; male knees are also often hairless. As with the [[feather tights]] of angels, this is probably influenced by the costumes of popular drama. The female depiction also follows [[Mary Magdalene's hair suit]] in art; in medieval legend this miraculously appeared when she retreated to the desert after Christ's death, and her clothes fell apart.<ref>Johnston, Barbara, ''Sacred Kingship and Royal Patronage in the La Vie de la Magdalene: Pilgrimage, Politics, Passion Plays, and the Life of Louise of Savoy'', Florida State University, R. Neuman, Dissertation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055937/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07092007-221421/unrestricted/02bjjohnstondissertation.pdf PDF], 88-93</ref>
===Romanesque Europe===
A wild man is described in the book ''[[Konungs skuggsjá]]'' (''Speculum Regale'' or "the King's Mirror"), written in [[Norway]] about 1250:
<blockquote>
It once happened in that country (and this seems indeed strange) that a living creature was caught in the forest as to which no one could say definitely whether it was a man or some other animal; for no one could get a word from it or be sure that it understood human speech. It had the human shape, however, in every detail, both as to hands and face and feet; but the entire body was covered with hair as the beasts are, and down the back it had a long coarse mane like that of a horse, which fell to both sides and trailed along the ground when the creature stooped in walking.
</blockquote>
A "black and hairy" forest-dwelling [[Outcast (person)|outcast]] is mentioned in the tale of ''[[Renaud de Montauban]],'' written in the late 12th century.<ref name=":0" />
===Celtic mythology===
The 9th-century [[Irish mythology|Irish]] tale ''[[Buile Shuibhne]]''<ref name="Bromwich, p. 459">Bromwich, p. 459.</ref> (''The Madness of Sweeney'') describes how Suibhne or Sweeney, the pagan king of the [[Dál nAraidi]] in [[Ulster]], assaults the Christian bishop Ronan Finn and is cursed with madness as a result. He begins to grow feathers and talons as the curse runs its full course, flies like a bird, and spends many years travelling naked through the woods, composing verses among other madmen. In order to be forgiven by God, King Suibhne composes a beautiful poem of praise to God before he dies. There are further poems and stories recounting the life and madness of King Suibhne.<ref>[[Maureen O'Rourke Murphy]], [[James MacKillop (author)|James MacKillop]], eds., ''Irish literature: a reader'', pp. 30–34, 1987, Syracuse University Press, {{ISBN|0815624050}}, 9780815624059, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NaKepuxAP9UC&dq=Suibhne&pg=PA30 google books]</ref> The [[Wales|Welsh]] told a similar story about [[Myrddin Wyllt]], the origin of the [[Merlin]] of later romance. In these stories, Myrddin is a warrior in the service of King [[Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio]] at the time of the [[Battle of Arfderydd]]. When his lord is killed at the battle, Myrddin travels to the [[Caledonian Forest]] in a fit of madness which endows him with the ability to compose prophetic poetry; a number of later prophetic poems are attributed to him.<ref>Bromwich, p. 458.</ref> ''[[Saint Mungo|The Life of Saint Kentigern]]'' includes almost the same story, though here the madman of Arfderydd is instead named [[Lailoken]], which may be the original name.<ref name="Bromwich, p. 459"/> The fragmentary 16th-century [[Breton language|Breton]] text ''[[An Dialog etre Arzur Roe d'an Bretounet ha Guynglaff|An Dialog Etre Arzur Roe D'an Bretounet Ha Guynglaff]]'' (''Dialog Between Arthur and Guynglaff'') tells of a meeting between [[King Arthur]] and the wild man Guynglaff, who predicts events which will occur as late as the 16th century.<ref>[[Norris J. Lacy|Lacy, Norris J.]] (1991). "An Dialog Etre Arzur Roe D'an Bretounet Ha Guynglaff". In Norris J. Lacy, ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', pp. 114–155. (New York: Garland, 1991). {{ISBN|0-8240-4377-4}}.</ref>
[[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] recounts the Myrddin Wyllt legend in his Latin ''[[Vita Merlini]]'' of about 1150, though here the figure has been renamed "Merlin". According to Geoffrey, after Merlin witnessed the horrors of the battle:
{{quote|
...&nbsp;a strange madness came upon him. He crept away and fled to the woods, unwilling that any should see his going. Into the forest he went, glad to lie hidden beneath the ash trees. He watched the wild creatures grazing on the pasture of the glades. Sometimes he would follow them, sometimes pass them in his course. He made use of the roots of plants and of grasses, of fruit from trees and of the blackberries in the thicket. He became a Man of the Woods, as if dedicated to the woods. So for a whole summer he stayed hidden in the woods, discovered by none, forgetful of himself and of his own, lurking like a wild thing.}}
===Slavic mythology===
[[File:Wildweibchen mit Einhorn.jpg|thumb|upright|''Wild woman with unicorn,'' tapestry {{circa|1500}}–1510 ([[Basel Historical Museum]]). As with most Renaissance wild women, she is hairy over the areas a dress would cover, except for the breasts.]]
Wild (divi) people are the characters of the Slavic folk demonology, mythical forest creatures.<ref name="auto">Belova, 1999, p. 92.</ref> Names go back to two related Slavic roots ''*dik-'' and ''*div-'', combining the meaning of "wild" and "amazing, strange".
In the East Slavic sources referred: [[Saratov_Oblast|Saratov]] {{lang|ru|dikar, dikiy, dikoy, dikenkiy muzhichok}} – [[leshy]]; a short man with a big beard and tail; [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] ''lisovi lyudi'' – old men with overgrown hair who give silver to those who rub their nose; [[Kostroma_Oblast|Kostroma]] ''dikiy'' [[chort]]; [[Kirov_Oblast|Vyatka]] ''dikonkiy'' unclean spirit, sending paralysis; Ukrainian ''lihiy div'' – marsh spirit, sending fever; [[Carpathian_Mountains|Ukrainian Carpathian]] ''dika baba'' – an attractive woman in [[seven-league boots]], sacrifices children and drinks their blood, seduces men.<ref name="auto"/> There are similarities between the East Slavic reports about wild people and book legends about ''diviy'' peoples (unusual people from the medieval novel "Alexandria") and mythical representations of miraculous peoples. For example, Russians from [[Ural (region)|Ural]] believe that ''divnye lyudi'' are short, beautiful, have a pleasant voice, live in caves in the mountains, can predict the future; among the Belarusians of [[Vawkavysk|Vawkavysk uyezd]], the ''dzikie lyudzi'' – one-eyed cannibals living overseas, also drink lamb blood; among the Belarusians of [[Sokółka|Sokółka uyezd]], the overseas ''dzikij narod'' have grown wool, they have a long tail and ears like an ox; they do not speak, but only squeal.<ref name="auto"/>
===Late Medieval===
King [[Charles VI of France]] and five of his courtiers were dressed as wild men and chained together for a [[Masquerade ball|''masquerade'']] at the tragic ''[[Bal des Ardents|Bal des Sauvages]]'' which occurred in Paris at the [[Hôtel Saint-Pol]], 28 January 1393. They were "in costumes of linen cloth sewn onto their bodies and soaked in resinous wax or pitch to hold a covering of frazzled hemp, so that they appeared shaggy & hairy from head to foot".<ref>Barbara Tuchman;A Distant Mirror, 1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd, p504</ref> In the midst of the festivities, a stray spark from a torch set their flammable costumes ablaze, burning several courtiers to death; the king's own life was saved through quick action by his aunt, [[Joanna II of Auvergne|Joann]], who covered him with her dress.
The Burgundian court celebrated a {{lang|fr|[[pas d'armes]]}} known as the {{lang|fr|[[Pas de la Dame Sauvage]]}} ("Passage of arms of the Wild Lady") in Ghent in 1470.
A knight held a series of jousts with an allegoric meaning in which the conquest of the wild lady symbolized the feats the knight must do to merit a lady.
Some early sets of [[playing cards]] have a suit of Wild Men, including a pack engraved by the [[Master of the Playing Cards]] (active in the [[Rhineland]] c. 1430–1450), some of the earliest European engravings. A set of four miniatures on the estates of society by [[Jean Bourdichon]] of about 1500 includes a wild family, along with "poor", "artisan" and "rich" ones.
===Martin Schongauer's Wild Men===
[[File:Sammlung Ludwig - Artefakt und Naturwunder-Schongauer-Wilder Mann80410.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Schongauer]] engraving, ''Shield with a Greyhound'', 1480s.]]
[[Martin Schongauer]] depicted wild people several times, including on four heraldic shield [[engraving]]s of the 1480s which depict wild men holding the coat of arms of the print's patrons. Each image is confined within an approximately 78 mm circular composition which is not new to Schongauer's oeuvre.
In ''Wild Man Holding a Shield with a Hare and a Shield with a Moor's Head'', the wild man holds two parallel shields, which seem to project from the groin of the central figure. The wild man supports the weight of the shields on two cliffs. The hair on the apex of the wild man's head is adorned with twigs which project outward; as if to make a halo. The wild man does not look directly at the viewer; in fact, he looks down somberly toward the bottom right region of his circular frame. His somber look is reminiscent of that an animal trapped in a zoo as if to suggest that he is upset to have been tamed.
There is a stark contrast between the first print and ''Shield with a Greyhound'', held by a Wild Man as this figure stands much more confidently. Holding a bludgeon, he looks past the shield and off into the distance while wearing a crown of vines. In Schongauer's third print, ''Shield with Stag Held by Wild Man'', the figure grasps his bludgeon like a walking stick and steps in the same direction as the stag. He too wears a crown of vines, which trail behind into the wind toward a jagged mountaintop.
In his fourth print, ''Wild Woman Holding a Shield with a Lion's Head'', Schongauer depicts a different kind of scene. This scene is more intimate. The image depicts a wild woman sitting on a stump with her suckling offspring at her breast. While the woman's body is covered in hair her face is left bare. She also wears a crown of vines. Then, compared to the other wild men, the wild woman is noticeably disproportionate.
Finally, each print is visually strong enough to stand alone as individual scenes, but when lined up it seems as if they were stamped out of a continuous scene with a circular die.
==Early modern representations==
[[File:Vischer Wilder Mann.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|"Wild Man", {{circa|1521}}/22, bronze by Paulus Vischer]]
The wild man was used as a symbol of [[mining]] in late medieval and Renaissance Germany. It appears in this context in the coats of arms of [[Naila]] and of [[Wildemann]]. The town of Wildemann in the [[Upper Harz]] was founded during 1529 by miners who, according to legend, met a wild man and wife when they ventured into the wilds of the [[Harz]] mountain range.
[[File:PetrusGonsalvus.jpg|upright=0.6|thumb|Pedro Gonzalez. Anon, {{circa|1580}}]]
[[Petrus Gonsalvus]] (born 1537) was referred to by Ulisse Aldrovandi as "the man of the woods" due to his condition, [[hypertrichosis]]. Some of his children were also afflicted. It is believed that his marriage to the lady Catherine inspired the fairy tale ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]''.
In [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Winter's Tale]]'' (1611), the dance of twelve "Satyrs" at the rustic sheep-shearing (IV.iv), prepared by a servant's account:
{{quote|Masters, there is three carters, three shepherds, three neat-herds, three swine-herds, that have made themselves all men of hair, they call themselves Saltiers,<ref>''Sault'', "leap".</ref> and they have a dance which the wenches say is a gallimaufrey<ref>''Gallimaufrey'', "jumble, medley".</ref> of gambols...}}
The account conflates wild men and satyrs. Shakespeare may have been inspired by the episode of [[Ben Jonson]]'s [[masque]] ''[[Oberon, the Faery Prince]]'' (performed 1 January 1611), where the satyrs have "tawnie wrists" and "shaggy thighs"; they "run leaping and making antique action."<ref>J. H. P. Pafford, note at IV.iv.327f in ''The Winter's Tale'', The Arden Shakespeare, 1963.</ref>
==Modern literary representations==
The term ''wood-woses'' or simply ''Woses'' is used by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] to describe a fictional race of wild men, the [[Drúedain]], in his books on [[Middle-earth]]. According to Tolkien's [[legendarium]], other men, including the [[Rohirrim]], mistook the Drúedain for [[Goblin (Middle-earth)|goblins]] or other wood-creatures and referred to them as Púkel-men (Goblin-men). He allows the fictional possibility that his Drúedain were the "actual" origin of the wild men of later traditional folklore.<ref name="Shippey 2005">{{cite book |last=Shippey |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shippey |title=The Road to Middle-Earth |date=2005 |edition=Third |orig-year=1982 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0261102750 |pages=74, 149}}</ref><ref name="The Ride of the Rohirrim" group=T>[[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien, J. R. R.]], ''[[The Return of the King]]'', Book 5, ch. 5, "The Ride of the Rohirrim".</ref>
British poet [[Ted Hughes]] used the form ''wodwo'' as the title of a poem and a 1967 volume of his collected works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ann.skea.com/timeline.htm|title=Ted Hughes: Timeline|access-date=2009-05-21 }}</ref>
The fictional character [[Tarzan]] from [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]' 1912 novel ''[[Tarzan of the Apes]]'' has been described as a modern version of the wild man archetype.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wild Men in the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/wildmeninmiddlea00bern|url-access=registration|last=Bernheimer|first=Richard|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1952|isbn=9780674734234|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildmeninmiddlea00bern/page/3 3]}}</ref>
==Modern documented representations==
A documented [[feral child]] was Ng Chhaidy living [[Nudity|naked]] in the jungle of [[India]]; her hair and fingernails grew for 38 years until she had become a "wild woman".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kautlr |first1=Ruhani |last2=Bhutia |first2=Lhendup G. |title=Mizoram's Wild Flower |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/mizorams-wild-flower/|journal=Open Magazine |date= 19 August 2012 |access-date= 2012-08-20}}</ref>
==Interpretation==
The Wild Man has been discussed in [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] terms as representative of the "potentialities lurking in the heart of every individual, whether primitive or civilized, as his possible incapacity to come to terms with his socially provided world."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wild man within : an image in western thought from the renaissance to.|last=E.|first=Novak, Maximillian|date=1972|publisher=Univ Of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=0822984407|location=[Place of publication not identified]|pages=35|oclc=948757535}}</ref>
==Heraldry and art==
===Late Medieval and Renaissance===
<gallery mode=nolines>
File:Gargouille Cathédrale de Moulins 060709 06.jpg|Gargoyle, [[Moulins Cathedral]]
File:Wilden-Fünf (Meister der Spielkarten).png|The Five of Wild Men, by the [[Master of the Playing Cards]], before 1460
File:Christian den Førstes sekret 1449.png| An early example of the wild man acting as an heraldic [[supporter]] appears in the seal of [[Christian I of Denmark]] (1450)
File:Ensba-Quatre-États-Sauvage-Mn090-61317.JPG|Wild family, miniature by [[Jean Bourdichon]], from a set showing ''The Four States of Society''
File:Wilder Mann mit Wappen 1589.jpg| Wild-man supporter from 1589 (arms of the [[Rau von Holzhausen|Holzhausen family]])
File:Wild Man, design for a Stained Glass Window by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg| Classicized ''Wild Man'' design for a stained-glass window, studio of [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], {{circa|1525}}–1528 ([[British Museum]])
File:Wild Men and Moors (Detail 09 of 12).jpg| Tapestry: Wild Men and Moors, {{circa|1440}} ([[Museum of Fine Arts Boston]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blackcentraleurope.com/sources/1000-1500/wild-men-and-moors-ca-1440/ |title=Wild men and moors (ca. 1440) – Black Central Europe |last=Bowersox |first=Jeff |website=Black Central Europe |date=13 February 2017 |publisher=Black Central European Studies Network |access-date={{Date}} |quote=}}</ref>
</gallery>
===Heraldry===
<gallery mode=nolines>
<!-- OK, THAT'S MORE THAN ENOUGH OF THESE! -->
File:Coat of arms of Antwerp (City).svg| The city of [[Antwerp]]<!-- ??? , [[Antwerp (province)|BE-VAN]],--> introduced supporters for its coat of arms during 1881, with a "wild woman" and a wild man<ref>de Vries, H. ''Wapens van de Nederlanden''. Amsterdam, 1995.</ref>
File:Cernykostelec.jpg| Arms of [[Kostelec nad Černými lesy]], [[Central Bohemian Region|Central Bohemia]]
File:Wildermann thaler.jpg| 17th-century [[Thaler]] coin from [[Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] with the traditional wild-man design on coins from the mints in the [[Harz]] Mountains
File:Lappeenranta.vaakuna.svg| Canting coat of arms of the city of [[Lappeenranta]], [[Finland]]: the Swedish name of the city is ''Villmanstrand'', originally spelled as ''Viltmanstrand''
File:Royal Coat of Arms of Greece (1863-1936).svg| The German [[Glücksburg dynasty]] used [[Heracles]] as a Hellenic version of a wild man when they became the royal family of [[Greece]]
File:S-Hertogenbosch wapen.svg| Coat of arms of the Dutch municipality of [['s-Hertogenbosch]] (den Bosch), capital of the province of [[North Brabant]]
File:Murray Clan Badge.png| Wild man, blazoned "demi-savage", on crest of Scottish [[clan Murray]]
<!--  Please don't add any more here, this is not a list but a careful selection of seven images to show the diversity  -->
</gallery>
==See also==<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
{{Div col}}
* [[Am Fear Liath Mòr]]
* [[Basajaun]]
* [[Bigfoot]]
* [[Bugbear]]
* [[Caveman]]
* [[Enkidu]]
* [[Fangga]]
* [[Green Man]]
* [[Hamadryad]]
* [[Human zoo]]
* [[Krampus]]
* [[Leshy]]
* [[List_of_cryptids#Hominid|List of hominid cryptids]]
* [[Moss people]]
* [[Nittaewo]]
* [[Noble savage]]
* [[Straw bear]]
* [[Tengu]]
* [[Valentine and Orson]]
* [[Yeren]]
* [[Yeti]]
* [[Tarzanide]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|group=T}}
* {{cite book | author= Husband, Timothy | title= ''The wild man: medieval myth and symbolism'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1986 | isbn=9780870992544 | url=http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105863/rec/1}}
* Bartra, Roger, ''Wild Men in the Looking Glass: The Mythic Origins of the European Otherness'', Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 1994.
* Bartra, Roger, ''The Artificial Savage: Modern Myths of the Wild Man'', Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 1997.
* Richard Bernheimer, ''Wild men in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1952; New York : Octagon books, 1979, {{ISBN|0-374-90616-5}}
* [[Rachel Bromwich]] (2006). ''Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain''. University Of Wales Press. {{ISBN|0-7083-1386-8}}.
* Timothy Husband, ''The wild man : medieval myth and symbolism'', Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Cloisters, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980, {{ISBN|0-87099-254-6}}, {{ISBN|0-87099-255-4}}
* Rebecca Martin, ''Wild Men and Moors in the Castle of Love: The Castle-Siege Tapestries in Nuremberg, Vienna, and Boston'',  Thesis (Ph.D.), [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|Chapel Hill/N. C.]], 1983
* [[Norris J. Lacy]] (1991). ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia''. New York: Garland. {{ISBN|0-8240-4377-4}}.
* O. V. Belova, ''Slavic antiquity. Ethnolinguistic dictionary'' by Ed. by N. I. Tolstoi; The Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia, 1999. {{ISBN|5-7133-0982-7}}
* Yamamoto, Dorothy (2000). ''The Boundaries of the Human in Medieval English Literature''. Oxford.
==Further reading==
* Bergholm, Anna Aune Alexandra. "King, Poet, Seer: Aspects of the Celtic Wild Man Legend in Medieval Literature". In: ''FF Network''. 2013; Vol. 43. pp. 4-9.
==External links==
{{Wiktionary|wild man}}
{{Wiktionary|woodwose}}
{{Commons category|Wild man}}
{{Heraldic creatures}}
{{German folklore}}
{{Fantasy fiction}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Wild men| ]]
[[Category:Celtic legendary creatures]]
[[Category:English legendary creatures]]
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[[Category:Slavic legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Germanic legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Medieval European legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Heraldic beasts]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Iconography]]
[[Category:Slovene mythology]]
[[Category:Mythic humanoids]]
[[Category:Fauns]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Nebuchadnezzar II]]
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[[Category:Mythology of Heracles]]
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