View source for World Confederation of Labour

{{Short description|International labour organization}}
{{Infobox organization
|name         = WCL/CMT
|location_country= International
|affiliation  = International
|members      = 26 million in 116 countries<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/029786116316424EC1256F0400387237?opendocument | title=Betwinner скачать приложение }}</ref>
|full_name    = World Confederation of Labour
|native_name  =
|image        = [[File:WCL CMT logo.svg|150px]]
|founded      = 19 June 1920
|dissolved    =  31 October 2006
|merged       =  [[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]]
|headquarters = [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
|key_people   =
|website      = [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/ www.cmt-wcl.org]
|footnotes    =
}}
The '''World Confederation of Labour''' ('''WCL''') was an international labour organization founded in 1920 and based in Europe. [[Fascism|Fascist]] governments of the 1930s repressed the federation and imprisoned many of its leaders, limiting operations until the end of [[World War II]]. In 2006 it became part of the [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC), ending its existence as an independent organization.
==History==
===Founding===
{{labor}}
The WCL was founded in [[The Hague]] in 1920 under the name of the '''International Federation of Christian Trade Unions''' (IFCTU) as a confederation of [[trade union]]s associated with the [[Christian democracy|Christian Democratic]] parties of [[Europe]].<ref name="wclhistory">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/ADE7EA5D9CAB04DAC1256E13004F24DF?OpenDocument "History."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164016/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/ADE7EA5D9CAB04DAC1256E13004F24DF?OpenDocument |date=2007-09-28 }} [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref> Originally catering to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] constituencies, the IFCTU was designed to provide an alternative to the secular trade unions in Europe at the time, basing its foundation on the ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' and the ''[[Quadragesimo anno]]''.<ref name="archives">[http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/w/10776752.php "World Confederation of Labour Archives"]. [[International Institute of Social History]]. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
The first [[statute]]s adopted by the group proclaimed its intention to struggle not only for workers' labour rights, but also values like human dignity, democracy, and international solidarity.<ref name="wclhistory"/> [[Jos Serrarens]] became the first secretary-general of the IFCTU; Joseph Scherrer was its first president.
===Rise of fascism and World War II===
In the late 1920s, global economic tumult compounded the growth of [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] governments in Europe, which the IFCTU opposed. In response, [[Nazi Germany|German]] officials of the 1930s sent the group's leaders to [[Nazi concentration camps]], and [[Benito Mussolini]] banned its [[Italian fascism|Italian]] affiliate.<ref name="wclhistory"/>
During [[World War II]], German forces occupying [[Netherlands#World War I & II|The Netherlands]] destroyed the organization's [[wikt:secretariat|secretariat]], and it became inactive until 1945.<ref name="wclhistory"/><ref name="archives"/> The federation had difficulty renewing ties with most of its affiliates in [[Eastern Europe]] after the end of the war.<ref>[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/ www.cmt-wcl.org] - official site.</ref><ref>[http://www.ictuglobalsolidarity.org/newsdetail.aspx?id=172 "New global realities demand a new kind of unionism"] co-authored by Willy Thys, WCL secretary-general, in 1996</ref><ref>[http://training.itcilo.it/actrav_cdrom1/english/global/standard/wclrep.htm Report on Trade Union Rights Worldwide - 1996-1997] issued by WCL</ref><ref>[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/vEmFilingList1CACat1CACat2SATitle?OpenView&lst=sges-5v6lp9&unid=EBC2D280FCBCC968C1256E1A00577DC3 The World of Trade Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164212/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/vEmFilingList1CACat1CACat2SATitle?OpenView&lst=sges-5v6lp9&unid=EBC2D280FCBCC968C1256E1A00577DC3 |date=2007-09-28 }} - WCL newsletter archive (2004-2006).</ref>
===Cold War era===
When the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) was founded in September 1945, it invited the IFCTU to join. Delegates to an October congress in [[Brussels]] voted to reject the invitation, on the grounds that the WFTU's global unity was "too artificial".<ref name="wclhistory"/>
The matter of affiliation with the [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]] (ICFTU) is in dispute. The website of the WCL reports that it "preferred to remain independent," particularly in order to criticize both capitalist and communist abuses.<ref name="wclhistory"/> However, according to the [[International Institute of Social History]], member unions of the ICFTU were opposed to affiliating with the Christian organization.<ref name="archives"/>
===WCL reformation===
In the late 1950s, the IFCTU found itself working more frequently with [[Islam|Muslim]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] workers in Asia and Africa. In 1959, the IFCTU convened a seminar in [[Saigon]] to determine the possibilities for points of unity among world religions in matters of social behaviour.<ref name="wclhistory"/>
In 1968, delegates to the organization's 16th congress in [[Luxembourg]] voted to transform it into the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). Breaking with the federation's strictly Christian ideology of the past, the newly adopted Declaration of Principles stated it would henceforth be guided by "either a spiritual concept based on the conviction that man and universe are created by God, or other concepts that lead together with it to a common effort to build a human community united in freedom, dignity, justice and brotherhood."<ref name="wclhistory"/>
===Globalization and ITUC merger===
As [[globalization]] became more of a threat to union membership throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the WCL increased its efforts to carry out a similar global unification of labour leadership. Its 1993 congress in [[Mauritius]] attempted to lay out a concrete strategy for responding to business attacks on organized labour around the world. The WCL soon obtained consultative status within the [[International Labour Organization]] and joined the International Council of the [[World Social Forum]].<ref name="wclhistory"/>
The WCL was formally dissolved on 31 October 2006 when it merged with the [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]] (ICFTU) to form the [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC).
==Areas of activity==
The WCL had nine areas of labour activity where it focused work.
===Human rights and international labour standards===
The WCL worked to enforce respect for international law, especially as codified by the ILO. The organization also sought to introduce labour standards into international trade policies.<ref name="hrils">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/BD5C08C8D2DA260DC1256EC3003710BB?opendocument "Human Rights & International Labour Standards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164053/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/BD5C08C8D2DA260DC1256EC3003710BB?opendocument |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
===Women workers===
The World Women's Committee of the WCL convened "representatives from the continents" annually to advocate for women workers and address problems specific to female labourers.<ref name="women">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/2CC825C7E7277015C1256ED0004C99FD?opendocument "Women Workers"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164133/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/2CC825C7E7277015C1256ED0004C99FD?opendocument |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
=== Child labour ===
The WCL worked in support of the Global March Against [[child labor|Child Labour]]<ref name="march">[http://www.globalmarch.org/news/icftu.php3 "ICFTU and Global March strategy meeting outcomes on combating child labour"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814064910/http://www.globalmarch.org/news/icftu.php3 |date=2007-08-14 }}. [http://www.globalmarch.org/ Global March Against Child Labour]. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref> and advocated for [[Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999|ILO Convention 182]], which addressed serious forms of child labour. The organization also assisted with the First World Congress of Child Workers.<ref name="children">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/F6354BA86F6B20F9C1256ED2002698D3?opendocument "Child labour"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164032/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/F6354BA86F6B20F9C1256ED2002698D3?opendocument |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
===Migrant workers===
The rights of migrants — as humans and as workers — was a particular focus of the WCL's work, especially given its increased presence in a globalized economy.<ref name="globalmigrant">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/04DCCAAB4924DFACC1256EDA002E1455?OpenDocument "Migration: one of the faces of globalisation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164159/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/04DCCAAB4924DFACC1256EDA002E1455?OpenDocument |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
===Economics and society===
Pursuant to the rise of globalization and interest in taking a larger view of [[macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] policy, the WCL set up a socio-economic programme to address issues of such a scope. In addition to advocacy around matters at the [[World Trade Organization]], the federation sought to reform the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref name="wclimf">"WCL relations with IMF and World Bank Group: Evaluation and Recommendations". Online in [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/0/bb66470ff5e4a59ec125713b003c84ba/$file/relations%20imf%20et%20wbg_en.pdf?openelement PDF format] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163948/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/0/bb66470ff5e4a59ec125713b003c84ba/%24file/relations%20imf%20et%20wbg_en.pdf?openelement |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
===Informal economy===
Workers in a society's [[informal economy]] — 60 to 90% of the active work population of Africa, according to the ILO<ref name="wclinformal">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/BB4897E52AC53AF7C1256EDD002A4B4E?opendocument "Informal Economy"]. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref> — function outside of regulatory and government oversight. The WCL worked to help train local advocates and provide relief to workers in need, including a recycling program for informal economy workers in Brazil.<ref name="wclrecycle">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/BE735913A535AF2DC1256FAC00376E61?OpenDocument "Brazil: trade union launches recycling project for informal economy workers"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164121/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/BE735913A535AF2DC1256FAC00376E61?OpenDocument |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
===Training===
The WCL worked to provide [[capacity building]] among its various member organizations, training local unionists in areas of recruitment, dues systems, and communications.<ref name="wcltraining">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/0D3450368FF1D3E2C1256E3E0056EE25?opendocument "Capacity Building"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164105/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/0D3450368FF1D3E2C1256E3E0056EE25?opendocument |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref>
===Trade action===
The information clearinghouse of the WCL, Trade Action served to promote training; facilitate exchange of knowledge and advice; and support members' participation at meetings of international institutions. It also produced a newsletter, ''The World of Trade Action''.
===International solidarity foundation===
The WCL created the International Solidarity Foundation (ISF) to promote cross-country worker unity and provide emergency assistance (from a Solidarity Fund, established in 1958) to organizations in need. After the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], the ISF launched a solidarity campaign to assist workers and organizers in the region.<ref name="wcltsunami">[http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/9FB45A7BB3F308A7C1256F800045E702?OpenDocument "Jointly with the WCL, the ISF launches a solidarity campaign in Asia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164146/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/9FB45A7BB3F308A7C1256F800045E702?OpenDocument |date=2007-09-28 }}. [http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?opendocument Conféderation Mondiale du Travail/World Confederation of Labour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820050347/http://www.cmt-wcl.org/cmt/ewcm.nsf/_/960E6974C0844F84C1256E3D004B42AA?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-20 }}. Retrieved on August 19, 2007.</ref> The foundation worked in partnership with a variety of other groups, including the [[Confederation of Christian Trade Unions]], the [[Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond]], and the [[National Trade Union Confederation (Romania)]].
==Affiliated secretariats==
The federation had numerous affiliated trade secretariats, which changed over time. They were smaller than those affiliated to the [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]] (ICFTU), and some unions affiliated to the WCL chose instead to affiliate to an ICFTU secretariat.<ref name="coldrick" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Secretariat in 1932<ref>{{cite book |title=Labour Year Book |date=1932 |publisher=Labour Publications Department |location=London |page=411}}</ref> || Secretariat in 1979<ref name="coldrick">{{cite book |last1=Coldrick |first1=Percy |last2=Jones |first2=Philip |title=The International Directory of the Trade Union Movement |date=1979 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |isbn=0871963744 |pages=128&ndash;154}}</ref> || Affiliated membership in 1979<ref name="coldrick" />
|-
| [[International Federation of Christian Agricultural Workers' Unions]] || [[World Federation of Agricultural Workers]] || 3,397,000
|-
| [[International Federation of Christian Employees' Trade Unions]] || [[World Federation of Trade Unions of Non-Manual Workers]] || 400,000
|-
| [[International Federation of Christian Factory and Transport Workers' Trade Unions]] || [[World Organisation for Energy, Chemical and Miscellaneous Industries]] || 150,000
|-
| International Federation of Christian Trade Unions of Workers in the Food and Drink Trades
|rowspan=2| [[World Federation of Workers in Food, Drink, Tobacco and Hotel Industries]]
|rowspan=2| 250,000
|-
| International Federation of Christian Tobacco Workers
|-
| [[International Federation of Christian Workers in the Graphical Trades]] || [[International Christian Federation of Trade Unions in the Graphic and Paper Industries]] || 36,000
|-
| International Federation of Christian Landworkers' Trade Unions || ''N/A'' || ''N/A''
|-
| International Federation of Christian Leather Workers' Trade Unions || ''N/A'' || ''N/A''
|-
| [[International Federation of Christian Trade Unions of Metal Workers]] || [[World Federation for the Metallurgic Industry]] || 500,000
|-
| [[International Christian Miners' Federation]] || [[International Federation of Christian Miners' Unions]] || 220,000
|-
| [[International Federation of Christian Trade Unions of Post, Telegraph and Telephone Workers]] || [[International Federation of Employees in Public Service]] || 3,500,000
|-
| [[International Federation of Christian Trade Unions of Railway and Tramway Men]] || [[International Federation of Trade Unions of Transport Workers]] || 600,000
|-
| International Federation of Christian Trade Unions in the Clothing and Allied Trades
|rowspan=2| [[International Federation Textile-Clothing|International Federation of Textile and Clothing Workers' Unions]]
|rowspan=2| 400,000
|-
| International Federation of Christian Trade Unions of Textile Workers
|-
| International Federation of Christian Workers in the Building Trades
|rowspan=2| [[World Federation of Building and Woodworkers Unions]]
|rowspan=2| 330,000
|-
| International Federation of Christian Woodworkers
|-
| ''Founded 1963'' || [[World Confederation of Teachers]] || 1,000,000
|}
==Leadership==
===General Secretaries===
:1920: [[Jos Serrarens]]
:1952: [[August Vanistendael]]
:1968: Jean Brück
:1976: [[Jan Kułakowski]]
:1989: Carlos Custer
:1996: Willy Thys
===Presidents===
:1920: [[Josef Scherrer]]
:1928: [[Bernhard Otte]]
:1933: [[Henri Pauwels]] and [[Jules Zirnheld]]
:1937: [[Jules Zirnheld]]
:1946: [[Gaston Tessier]]
:1961: [[Maurice Bouladoux]]
:1973: [[Marcel Pepin]]
:1981: [[Johnny Tan]]
:1989: [[Willy Peirens]]
:1997: [[Fernand Kikongi]]
:2001: Basile Mahan Gahé
==See also==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
* [[List of federations of trade unions]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.odis.be/lnk/en/AE_289 Archives of the European Organisation of the World Confederation of Labour] in [https://www.odis.eu ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures]
* [http://www.odis.be/lnk/en/AE_785 Archives of the International Organisation of the World Confederation of Labour] in [https://www.odis.eu ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures]
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| year      = 2005
| title     = Trade Unions of the World
| editor    = ICTUR
| editor-link    = International Centre for Trade Union Rights
| display-editors = etal
| edition   = 6th
| publisher = John Harper Publishing
| location  = London, UK
| isbn        = 0-9543811-5-7
}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:World Confederation of Labour| ]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1920]]
[[Category:Trade unions disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Christian trade unions]]
[[Category:International and regional union federations]]