View source for Wrasse

{{short description|Family of ray-finned fishes}}
{{other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Wrasses
| image = Thalassoma lunare 1.jpg
| image_caption = [[Moon wrasse]], ''Thalassoma lunare'', a typical wrasse
| taxon = Labridae
| authority =  [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1816
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = [[#Genera|See text]].
}}
The '''wrasses''' are a [[family (biology)|family]], '''Labridae''', of marine [[ray-finned fish]], many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 81 genera, which are divided into nine subgroups or tribes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parenti |first1=Paolo |last2=Randall |first2=John E. |date=15 April 2011 |title=Checklist of the species of the families Labridae and Scaridae: an update |journal=Smithiana Bulletin |volume=13 |pages=29–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parenti |first1=Paolo |last2=Randall |first2=John E. |date=June 2000 |title=An annotated checklist of the species of the labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae |journal=Ichthyological Bulletin |issn=0073-4381 |hdl=10962/d1019894 |volume=68 |pages=1–97}}</ref><ref name=Cowman2009>
{{cite journal
| last1 = Cowman
| first1 = P.F.
| last2 = Bellwood |first2= D.R.
| last3 = van Herwerden |first3= L.
| year = 2009
| title = Dating the evolutionary origins of wrasse lineages (Labridae) and the rise of trophic novelty on coral reefs
| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.015
| pmid=19464378
| volume = 52
| issue = 3
| pages = 621–631
| bibcode = 2009MolPE..52..621C
}}</ref>
They are typically small, most of them less than {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, although the largest, the [[humphead wrasse]], can measure up to {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}. They are efficient carnivores, feeding on a wide range of small [[invertebrate]]s. Many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor1-last=Paxton |editor1-first=J.R. |editor2-last=Eschmeyer |editor2-first=W.N. |last1=Choat |first1=J.H. |last2=Bellwood |first2=D.R. |year=1998 |title=Encyclopedia of Fishes |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |isbn=978-0-12-547665-2 |page=211}}</ref> Juveniles of some representatives of the genera ''[[Bodianus]]'', ''[[Epibulus]]'', ''[[Cirrhilabrus]]'', ''[[Oxycheilinus]]'', and ''[[Paracheilinus]]'' hide among the tentacles of the free-living [[mushroom coral]]s and ''[[Heliofungia actiniformis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bos |first=Arthur R  |year=2012 |title=Fishes (Gobiidae and Labridae) associated with the mushroom coral''Heliofungia actiniformis'' (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Philippines |journal=Coral Reefs |doi=10.1007/s00338-011-0834-3 |volume=31 |page=133|doi-access=free |bibcode=2012CorRe..31..133B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bos |first1=AR |last2=Hoeksema |first2=BW |year=2015 |title=Cryptobenthic fishes and co-inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral ''Heliofungia actiniformis'' (Fungiidae) in the Davao Gulf, Philippines |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes  |doi=10.1007/s10641-014-0374-0 |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1479–1489|bibcode=2015EnvBF..98.1479B |s2cid=254466578 }}</ref>
== Taxonomy ==
===Etymology===
The word "wrasse" comes from the [[Cornish language|Cornish]] word ''wragh'', a [[lenition|lenited]] form of ''gwragh'', meaning an old woman or hag, via [[Cornish dialect]] ''wrath''. It is related to the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''gwrach'' and [[Breton language|Breton]] ''gwrac'h''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wrasse &#124; Define Wrasse at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Wrasse |access-date=2012-06-28}}</ref>
=== Subgroups and tribes ===
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
* [[Cheilines]]
* [[Hypsigenyines]]
* [[Julidines]]
* [[Labrichthyines]]
* [[Labrines]]
* [[Novaculines]]
* [[Pseudocheilines]]
* [[Pseudolabrines]]
}}
{{div col end}}
=== Genera ===
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
* ''[[Acantholabrus]]''
* ''[[Achoerodus]]''
* ''[[Ammolabrus]]''
* ''[[Anampses]]''
* ''[[Anchichoerops]]''
* ''[[Austrolabrus]]''
* ''[[Bodianus]]''
* ''[[Centrolabrus]]''
* ''[[Cheilinus]]''
* ''[[Cheilio]]''
* ''[[Choerodon]]''
* ''[[Cirrhilabrus]]''
* ''[[Clepticus]]''
* ''[[Conniella]]''
* ''[[Coris (fish)|Coris]]''
* ''[[Ctenolabrus]]''
* ''[[Cymolutes]]''
* ''[[Decodon (fish)|Decodon]]''
* ''[[Diproctacanthus]]''
* ''[[Doratonotus]]''
* ''[[Dotalabrus]]''
* ''[[Epibulus]]''
* ''[[Eupetrichthys]]''
* ''[[Frontilabrus]]''
* ''[[Gomphosus]]''
* ''[[Halichoeres]]''
* ''[[Hemigymnus]]''
* ''[[Hologymnosus]]''
* ''[[Iniistius]]''
* ''[[Labrichthys]]''
* ''[[Labroides]]''
* ''[[Labropsis]]''
* ''[[Labrus]]''
* ''[[Lachnolaimus]]''
* ''[[Lappanella]]''
* ''[[Larabicus]]''
* ''[[Leptojulis]]''
* ''[[Macropharyngodon]]''
* ''[[Malapterus]]''
* ''[[Minilabrus]]''
* ''[[Notolabrus]]''
* ''[[Novaculichthys]]''
* ''[[Novaculoides]]''
* ''[[Novaculops]]''
* ''[[Ophthalmolepis]]''
* ''[[Oxycheilinus]]''
* ''[[Oxyjulis]]''
* ''[[Paracheilinus]]''
* ''[[Parajulis]]''
* ''[[Pictilabrus]]''
* ''[[Polylepion]]''
* ''[[Pseudocheilinops]]''
* ''[[Pseudocheilinus]]''
* ''[[Pseudocoris]]''
* ''[[Pseudodax]]''
* ''[[Pseudojuloides]]''
* ''[[Pseudolabrus]]''
* ''[[Pteragogus]]''
* ''[[Sagittalarva]]''
* ''[[Semicossyphus]]''
* ''[[Stethojulis]]''
* ''[[Suezichthys]]''
* ''[[Symphodus]]''
* ''[[Tautoga (fish)|Tautoga]]''
* ''[[Tautogolabrus]]''
* ''[[Terelabrus]]''
* ''[[Thalassoma]]''
* ''[[Wetmorella]]''
* ''[[Xenojulis]]''
* ''[[Xiphocheilus]]''
* ''[[Xyrichtys]]''
}}
{{div col end}}
===Timeline===
<timeline>
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bar:periodtop
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:[[Pleist.]]
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bar:eratop
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
PlotData=
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
color:eocene bar:NAM1  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	[[Labrodon]]
color:eocene bar:NAM2  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	[[Labrus]]
color:eocene bar:NAM3  from:	-48.6	till:	0	text:	[[Symphodus]]
color:oligocene bar:NAM4  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Cheilinus]]
color:miocene bar:NAM5  from:	-15.97	till:	0	text:	[[Bodianus]]
color:pliocene bar:NAM6  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	[[Oxyjulis]]
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from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:[[Paleocene]]
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:[[Eocene]]
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:[[Oligocene]]
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:[[Miocene]]
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:[[Plio.]]
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:[[Pleist.]]
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:[[Holocene|H.]]
bar:era
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:[[Paleogene]]
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
</timeline>
==Description==
[[File:Britannica Wrasse.jpg|thumb|left|Lips of ''Labrus festivus''|alt=Drawing of wrasse profile showing eye, lips, and teeth]]
Wrasses have [[Fish jaw|protractile mouths]], usually with separate jaw teeth that jut outwards.<ref name="wainwright">
{{cite journal |last1=Wainwright |first1=Peter C. |last2=Alfaro |first2=Michael E. |last3=Bolnick |first3=Daniel I. |last4=Hulsey |first4=C. Darrin |year=2005 |title=Many-to-One Mapping of Form to Function: A General Principle in Organismal Design? |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |doi=10.1093/icb/45.2.256 |pmid=21676769 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=256–262|doi-access=free }}</ref> Many species can be readily recognized by their thick lips, the inside of which is sometimes curiously folded, a peculiarity which gave rise to the German name of "lip-fishes" (''Lippfische''),<ref name="eb1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Wrasse|volume=28|page=839}}</ref> and the Dutch name of ''lipvissen''. The [[dorsal fin]] has eight to 21 spines and six to 21 [[soft rays]], usually running most of the length of the back. Wrasses are [[sexually dimorphic]]. Many species are capable of [[Sequential hermaphroditism|changing sex]]. Juveniles are a mix of males and females (known as initial-phase individuals), but the largest adults become territory-holding (terminal-phase) males.<ref name="wainwright"/>
The wrasses have become a primary study species in fish-feeding [[biomechanics]] due to their jaw structures.  The nasal and [[Mandible|mandibular]] bones are connected at their posterior ends to the rigid [[neurocranium]], and the superior and inferior articulations of the [[maxilla]] are joined to the anterior tips of these two bones, respectively, creating a loop of four rigid bones connected by moving joints.  This "[[four-bar linkage]]" has the property of allowing numerous arrangements to achieve a given mechanical result (fast [[jaw protrusion]] or a forceful bite), thus decoupling [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] from function.  The actual morphology of wrasses reflects this, with many lineages displaying different jaw morphology that results in the same functional output in a similar or identical ecological niche.<ref name="wainwright"/>
==Distribution and habitat==
Most wrasses inhabit the tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, though some species live in temperate waters: the [[Ballan wrasse]] is found as far north as Norway.  Wrasses are usually found in shallow-water habitats such as [[coral reef]]s and rocky shores, where they live close to the substrate.
==Reproductive behavior==
Most labrids are [[Dichogamy|protogynous]] [[hermaphrodite]]s within a [[Harem (zoology)|haremic]] [[mating system]].<ref name=Robertson1978>
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Robertson
| first1 = D.R.
|last2=Warner |first2=R.R.
| year = 1978
| title = Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean II: the parrotfishes (Scaridae)
| journal = Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
| doi = 10.5479/si.00810282.255
| volume = 255
| issue = 255
| pages = 1–26
}}</ref><ref name=Kazancioglu2010>
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kazancioglu
| first1 = E.
| last2=Alonzo |first2=S.H.
| year = 2010
| title = A comparative analysis of sex change in Labridae supports the size advantage hypothesis
| journal = Evolution
| doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01016.x
| pmid=20394662
| volume = 64
| issue = 8
| pages = 2254–226
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> A good example of this reproductive behavior is seen in the [[California sheephead]].  Hermaphroditism allows for complex mating systems.  Labroids exhibit three different mating systems: [[Bachelor group|polygynous]], [[Lek (biology)|lek-like]], and [[Promiscuity#Other animals|promiscuous]].<ref name=Colin1992>
{{cite journal
| last1 = Colin
| first1 = P.L.
|last2=Bell |first2=L. J.
| year = 1992
| title = Aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes (Pisces, Labroidei) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands with notes on other families (corrected reprint.)
| journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes
| doi = 10.1007/BF00005881
| volume = 33
| issue = 3
| pages = 330–345
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Group spawning and pair spawning occur within mating systems. The type of spawning that occurs depends on male body size.<ref name="Kazancioglu2010"/> Labroids typically exhibit [[Broadcast spawner|broadcast spawning]], releasing high numbers of [[plankton]]ic eggs, which are broadcast by [[Tide|tidal]] currents; adult labroids have no interaction with offspring.<ref name=Hanel2002>
{{cite journal
| last1 = Hanel
| first1 = R. |last2=Westneat |first2=M. W. |last3=Sturmbauer |first3=C.
|date=December 2002
| title = Phylogenetic relationships, evolution of broodcare behavior, and geographic speciation in the Wrasse tribe Labrini.
| journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution
| doi = 10.1007/s00239-002-2373-6
| pmid =  12486536
| volume = 55
| issue = 6
| pages = 776–789
| bibcode = 2002JMolE..55..776H | s2cid = 3002410 }}</ref> Wrasses of a particular subgroup of the family Labridae, Labrini, do not exhibit broadcast spawning.
Sex change in wrasses is generally female-to-male, but experimental conditions have allowed for male-to-female sex change. Placing two male ''Labroides dimidiatus'' wrasses in the same tank results in the smaller of the two becoming female again.<ref name =Kuwamura2002>
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kuwamura
| first1 = T.
|last2=Tanaka |first2=N. |last3=Nakashima |first3=Y. |last4=Karino |first4=K. |last5=Sakai |first5=Y
| year=2002
| title = Reversed sex-change in the protogynous reef fish Labroides dimidiatus
| journal = Ethology
| doi = 10.1046/j.1439-0310.2002.00791.x
| volume = 108
| issue = 5
| pages = 443–450
| bibcode = 2002Ethol.108..443K
}}</ref> Additionally, while the individual to change sex is generally the largest female,<ref name=Munday2009>
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Munday
| first1 = P. L.
|last2=Ryen |first2=C. A. |last3=McCormick |first3=M. I. |last4=Walker |first4=S. P. W.
| year=2009
| title = Growth acceleration, behaviour and otolith check marks associated with sex change in the wrasse ''Halichoeres miniatus''
| journal = Coral Reefs
| doi = 10.1007/s00338-009-0499-3
| volume = 28
| issue = 3
| pages = 623–634
| bibcode = 2009CorRe..28..623M
| s2cid = 38928952
}}</ref> evidence also exists of the largest female instead "choosing" to remain female in situations in which she can maximize her evolutionary fitness by refraining from changing sex.<ref name=Munoz2003>
{{Cite journal
| last1 = Munoz
| first1 = R. C.
|last2=Warner |first2=R. R.
| year=2003
| title = A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew
| journal = American Naturalist
| doi = 10.1086/374345
| pmid =  12858282
| volume = 161
| issue = 5
| pages = 749–761
| s2cid = 33000631
}}</ref>
===Broodcare behavior of the tribe===
The subgroup Labrini arose from a basal split within family Labridae during the [[Eocene|Eocene period]].<ref name="Cowman2009"/> Subgroup Labrini is composed of eight genera, wherein 15 of 23 species exhibit broodcare behavior,<ref name="Hanel2002"/> which ranges from simple to complex parental care of spawn; males build algae nests or crude cavities, ventilate eggs, and defend nests against [[conspecific]] males and predators.<ref name="Hanel2002"/> In species that express this behavior, eggs cannot survive without parental care.<ref name=Taborsky1987>
{{cite journal
| last1 = Taborsky
| first1 = M. |last2=Hudde |first2=B. |last3=Wirtz |first3=P.
| year = 1987
| title = Reproductive behavior and ecology of ''Symphodus (Crenilabrus) ocellatus'', a European wrasse with four types of male behavior
| journal = Behaviour
| doi = 10.1163/156853986x00063
| volume = 102
| issue = 1–2
| pages = 82–118
}}</ref> Species of ''[[Symphodus]], [[Centrolabrus]]'', and ''[[Labrus]]'' genera exhibit broodcare behavior.
==Cleaner wrasse==
<!-- {{see also|Bluestreak cleaner wrasse}} {{see also|Labroides}} -->
[[File:Cleaning station.JPG|Cleaner wrasses, ''Labroides'' sp., working on gill area of dragon wrasse ''[[Novaculichthys taeniourus]]'', on a reef in [[Hawaii]]|thumb|right|alt=Photo of two small wrasses cleaning large wrasse's gills]]
Cleaner wrasses are the best-known of the [[cleaner fish]]. They live in a [[cleaning symbiosis]] with larger, often predatory, fish, grooming them and benefiting by consuming what they remove. "Client" fish congregate at wrasse "[[cleaning station]]s" and wait for the cleaner fish to remove [[gnathiidae|gnathiid]] parasites, the cleaners even swimming into their open mouths and gill cavities to do so.<ref name=smart>[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/the-fish-that-makes-other-fish-smarter/554924/ "The Fish That Makes Other Fish Smarter"] by [[Ed Yong]], ''The Atlantic'', March 7, 2018</ref>
Cleaner wrasses are best known for feeding on dead tissue, scales, and [[ectoparasite]]s, although they are also known to '[[Cheating (biology)|cheat]]', consuming healthy tissue and mucus, which is energetically costly for the client fish to produce.  The [[bluestreak cleaner wrasse]], ''Labroides dimidiatus'', is one of the most common cleaners found on tropical reefs.  Few cleaner wrasses have been observed being eaten by predators, possibly because parasite removal is more important for predator survival than the short-term gain of eating the cleaner.<ref>Trivers, R. L. 1971</ref>
In a 2019 study, cleaner wrasses passed the [[mirror test]], the first fish to do so.<ref>{{cite web |title=A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2178329-a-species-of-fish-has-passed-the-mirror-test-for-the-first-time/}}</ref> However, the test's inventor, American psychologist [[Gordon G. Gallup]], has said that the fish were most likely trying to scrape off a perceived parasite on another fish and that they did not demonstrate self-recognition. The authors of the study retorted that because the fish checked themselves in the mirror before and after the scraping, this meant that the fish had self-awareness and recognized that their reflections belonged to their own bodies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-07|title=This tiny fish can recognize itself in a mirror. Is it self-aware?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/fish-cleaner-wrasse-self-aware-mirror-test-intelligence-news/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071929/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/fish-cleaner-wrasse-self-aware-mirror-test-intelligence-news/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 17, 2018|access-date=2020-05-11|website=Animals|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ye|first=Yvaine|title=A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2178329-a-species-of-fish-has-passed-the-mirror-test-for-the-first-time/|access-date=2020-05-11|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="rxiv-fish">{{Cite journal|last1=Kohda|first1=Masanori|last2=Takashi|first2=Hatta|last3=Takeyama|first3=Tmohiro|last4=Awata|first4=Satoshi|last5=Tanaka|first5=Hirokazu|last6=Asai|first6=Jun-ya|last7=Jordan|first7=Alex|date=2018-08-21|title=Cleaner wrasse pass the mark test. What are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/21/397067|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=397067|doi=10.1101/397067|doi-access=free}}</ref> In a 2024 study, "mirror-naive" bluestreak cleaner wrasse were reported to initially show aggression to wrasse photographs sized 10% larger or 10% smaller than themselves, regardless of size. However, upon viewing their reflections in a mirror, they avoided confronting photographs 10% larger than they were.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kobayashi |first=Taiga |last2=Kohda |first2=Masanori |last3=Awata |first3=Satoshi |last4=Bshary |first4=Redouan |last5=Sogawa |first5=Shumpei |date=2024-09-11 |title=Cleaner fish with mirror self-recognition capacity precisely realize their body size based on their mental image |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70138-7 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=20202 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-70138-7 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11390716 }}</ref>
==Tool use==
Studies show that some wrasse species are capable of [[Tool use by animals|tool use]], using rocks to smash open [[sea urchin]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/article/science/are-fish-intelligent-crows-chimps-or-people/ |title=Are Fish As Intelligent As Crows, Chimps... Or People? |last=Gertz |first=Emily |date=June 19, 2014 |website=[[Popular Science]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=R. P. |date=2015-12-23 |title=Tool use by a temperate wrasse, California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jfb.12856 |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=805–810 |doi=10.1111/jfb.12856 |pmid=26693945 |issn=0022-1112}}</ref>
==Significance to humans==
In the Western Atlantic coastal region of North America, the most common food species for indigenous humans was the [[tautog]], a species of wrasse.<ref name="eb1911"/> Wrasses today are commonly found in both public and home [[Aquarium|aquaria]]. Some species are small enough to be considered [[reef safe]]. They may also be employed as cleaner fish to combat [[Sea lice|sea-lice]] infestations in [[Aquaculture of salmon|salmon farms]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sea Lice |publisher=Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation |url=http://www.scottishsalmon.co.uk/science/sea_lice%284%29.aspx |access-date=8 June 2011 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915164124/http://www.scottishsalmon.co.uk/science/sea_lice(4).aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Commercial fish farming of cleaner wrasse for sea-lice pest control in commercial salmon farming has developed in Scotland [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33872443 as lice busters], with apparent commercial benefit and viability.
==Parasites==
As all fish, labrids are the [[host (biology)|hosts]] of a number of [[Fish diseases and parasites|parasites]]. A list of 338 parasite taxa from 127 labrid fish species was provided by Muñoz and Diaz in 2015.<ref>Muñoz G., Diaz P.E. 2015: Checklist of parasites of labrid fishes (Pisces: Labridae). Viña del Mar, Chile. [http://www.cienciasdelmar.cl/images/academicos/Publicaciones/gabriela_munoz/CHECKLISt_TM.pdf PDF]. {{open access}}</ref> An example is the [[nematode]] ''[[Huffmanela ossicola]]''.
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="110">
File:Giant Napoleon Wrasse in Shark Point Dive Site, Apo Reef, Philippines.jpg|Giant Napoleon wrasse ''[[Cheilinus undulatus]]'' in [[Apo Reef]], [[Philippines]]
File:Humphead wrasse melb aquarium.jpg|Humphead wrasse, ''[[Cheilinus undulatus]]'', Melbourne Aquarium
File:Coris gaimard real.jpg|Yellowtail wrasse, ''[[Coris gaimard]]'', [[Hawaii]]
File:Coris gaimard and Labroides phthirophagus.JPG|A yellowtail coris wrasse, ''Coris gaimard'', is being cleaned by ''[[Labroides phthirophagus]]'' in [[Hawaii]].
File:Bird Wrasse.jpg|Bird wrasse, ''[[Gomphosus varius]]'', [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona (Hawaii)]]
File:Gomphosus.jpg|''[[Gomphosus varius]]''
File:Birdmouth wrasse.jpg|''[[Gomphosus caeruleus]]'' swimming with a [[yellow goatfish]]
File:Bluhead Wrasse.jpg|Bluehead wrasse, [[Belize Barrier Reef]]
File:Clown wrasse coris aygula.JPG|Clown wrasse, ''[[Coris aygula]]'', [[Red Sea]]
File:Anampses cuvieri.jpg|Pearl wrasse, ''[[Anampses cuvieri]]'', [[Hawaii]]
File:Ladim u0.gif|Bluestreak wrasse, ''[[Labroides dimidiatus]]''
File:Six-line wrasse.jpg|Six-line wrasse '', [[Pseudocheilinus hexataenia]]''
File:A history of Scandinavian fishes (9661319663).jpg|[[Cuckoo wrasse]] and [[corkwing wrasse]] by [[Wilhelm von Wright]]
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |year=2002 |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2011-05-18}}
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Labridae}}
{{Wikispecies|Labridae}}
* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=362 FishBase info for Labridae]
* [http://www.livescience.com/835-fish-hire-cleaning-service.html How Fish Hire a Cleaning Service]
* [http://www.danapointfishcompany.com/rock-wrasse-halichoeres-semicinctus/ Male and Female Images or Rock Wrasse Fish]
* Smith, J.L.B. 1957. [http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018950 List of the fishes of the Family Labridae in the Western Indian Ocean]. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 7. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
* {{sealifephotos|125541|Wrasses}}
{{Diversity of fish}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q208722}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Labridae| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]