View source for Yamal (satellite constellation)

{{Other uses|Yamal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
'''Yamal''' ({{langx|ru|Яма́л}}) is a [[Communication satellite|communication]] and [[Satellite broadcasting|broadcasting]] system developed and operated by [[Gazprom Space Systems]]. Born out of the connectivity needs of the [[natural gas]] extraction giant [[Gazprom]], the system was spun off in its own company, and opened the network to third parties and even went into the public broadcasting industry. Yamal and [[Russian Satellite Communications Company]] (RSCC)'s [[Ekspress (satellite bus)|Ekspress]] constellation are the only two national satellite operators in Russia.<ref name=gazkom-about/>
== History ==
During 1997, even before the launch of their first satellites ([[Yamal 101]] and [[Yamal 102]]), [[Gazprom Space Systems|Gazkom]] was planning the second generation. At that time, they planned 24 satellites of the second generation. This extremely aggressive plan was scaled back by 2001 with a plan to launch four 200 series satellites. The first two, [[Yamal 201]] and [[Yamal 202]] planned to be launched by 2001 and the second pair, [[Yamal 203]] and [[Yamal 204]] by 2004. Yamal 201 and Yamal 203 were identical and be positioned at the 90° East orbital position and Yamal 202 and Yamal 204 were also twinned and be positioned at the 49° East position.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie1/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie2/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/>
Yamal 101 and Yamal 102 were launched together on 6 September 1999 at 16:36:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Site 81/23]] by a [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] directly to [[geostationary orbit]] (GEO).<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal101launch/><ref name=gsp-yamal101/> But a failure in the electrical system at [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panel]] deployment meant that Yamal 101 was lost right after the successful launch.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/><ref name=rsw-yamal/> Thus, [[Gazprom Space Systems|Gazkom]] registered Yamal 102 as Yamal 101. This has caused significant confusion but the records are clear that the satellite that failed was, in fact, the original Yamal 101.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/><ref name=satbeams-yamal101/>
Yamal 201 and Yamal 202 were launched on 24 November 2003 at 06:22:00 UTC from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Site 81/23]] by a [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] directly to [[geostationary orbit]].<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal201launch/> The launch and satellite deployment was successful and both were commissioned into service.<ref name=gsp-yamal201/>
By 2007, the program delays made Gazkom move to the [[Yamal 301]] and [[Yamal 302]] project, cancelling both Yamal 203 and Yamal 204. Those were more advanced versions of the spacecraft they would have to replace.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie4/> But by early 2008, [[Energia (corporation)|Energia]] and Gazkom enter into a disagreement over the cost and schedule of Yamal 301 and Yamal 302, which was even submitted to arbitrage. In the end, the contract with Energia is cancelled and a new [[Yamal-300K]] is hastily ordered from [[Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev|ISS Reshetnev]] for a 2009 launch date.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie5/>
In February 2009, Gazprom Space Systems announced a contract with [[Thales Alenia Space]] for two satellites: [[Yamal-401]] and [[Yamal-402]].<ref name=gsp-yamal401/> This was the first time a foreign supplier would build a satellite for domestic Russian market. After much lobby from Russian industry, the contract for the bus and integration of Yamal-401 is cancelled and awarded to ISS Reshetnev, but Thales is allowed to keep the payload supply.<ref name=gsp-yamal4012/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie6/>
Yamal 102, on 9 August 2010, was decommissioned and sent to a [[graveyard orbit]]. The satellite lasted 4079 days (11 years and 2 months), a bit short of the design life of 12.5 years.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal101launch/><ref name=energia-usp/>
Yamal-300K was launched along [[Luch 5B]] 2 November 2012, at 21:04:00 UTC from Baikonur Site 81/23 by a [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz (rocket stage)|Briz-M]] directly to geostationary orbit.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal300klaunch/> The launch and satellite deployment was successful and Yamal-300K was commissioned into service.<ref name=gsp-yamal300k/><ref name=rsw-yamal300k/>
On 8 December 2012, at 13:13:43 UTC, a Proton-M / Briz-M launches Yamal-402 to a [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO).<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal402launch/> The same day, [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] and [[International Launch Services]] (ILS) reported an anomaly during the launch in which the Briz-M stage failed 4 minutes before scheduled shut down on its fourth burn.<ref name=ils-pr20121208la/><ref name=nsf-20121208iply4s/> On 10 December 2012, specialists from [[Thales Alenia Space]] carried out maneuvers to bring the satellite into its designated orbit after a premature separation from Briz-M.<ref name=ria-russia20121211178063835/> On 15 December 2012, Yamal-402 was taken to its planned geostationary orbit at the [[altitude]] of 36,000&nbsp;km following a series of four adjustment operations.<ref name=ria-science20121215178170837/> The satellite lost 4 years of fuel to compensate for lower than expected orbit injection.<ref name=gsp-yamal402/>
In 2013, Gazprom Board decides a new plan. It requires two new satellites: [[Yamal-501]] and [[Yamal-601]].<ref name=gazkom-newprojects/> It also calls for a new seven spacecraft observation constellation of optical and radar [[low Earth orbit]] satellites called SMOTR.<ref name=gazkom-smotr/> And also requires for Gazprom Space Systems to develop its own satellite design and manufacturing capabilities.<ref name=gazkom-newprojects/>
In 2014, Gazprom announces a contract with Thales Alenia Space for a new satellite, Yamal-601.<ref name=gsp-yamal601/> On 5 June 2014, Yamal 201 failed and the clients had to be moved to other satellites of the network. The satellite lasted 3846 days (10 years and 6.5 months), short of the design life of 12.5 years.<ref name=energia-usp/><ref name=digitaltveurope-189962/><ref name=seradata-201406yamal201/> On 15 December 2014, at 00:16:00 UTC a Proton-M / Briz-M launches Yamal-401 directly to geostationary orbit. The launch is successful and the [[spacecraft]] is accepted into service.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal401launch/>
In 2015, history has repeated itself and the contract of Yamal-601 with Thales is cancelled and is assigned to ISS Reshetnev, but Thales is allowed to keep the payload supply, again.<ref name=gsp-yamal6012/> As a result of another change of decision, Thales Alenia Space was entrusted with the construction of the Yamal-601 entire system ([[satellite bus]] + [[payload]]). In the end, Thales Alenia Space developed and built the whole Yamal-601 satellite, both satellite bus and payload.<ref name=gsp-yamal601/><ref name="rsw-yamal601"/>
== Yamal satellite series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Satellite
! Bus
! Payload
! Order
! Launch
! Launch Vehicle
! Intended Orbit
! Launch Result
! Launch Weight
! Status
! Remarks
|-
! [[Yamal 101]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[SSL (company)|Space Systems/Loral]] ||  || 1999-09-06 || [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{success}} || {{cvt|1360|kg}} || {{bad|Failed at deployment}} || Dual launch with [[Yamal 102]]. Failed at solar panel deployment.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie1/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie2 /><ref name=gsp-yamal101/><ref name=rsw-yamal/><ref name=satbeams-yamal101/>
|-
! [[Yamal 102]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[SSL (company)|Space Systems/Loral]] ||  || 1999-09-06 || [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{success}} || {{cvt|1360|kg}} || {{failure|Retired on 9 August 2010}} || Dual launch with [[Yamal 101]].<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie1/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie2/><ref name=gsp-yamal101/><ref name=rsw-yamal/>
|-
! [[Yamal 201]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[Thales Alenia Space|Alcatel Space]] || 2001 || 2003-11-24 || [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{success}} || {{cvt|1360|kg}} || {{bad|Failed on 5 June 2014}} || Dual launch with [[Yamal 202]]. Failed on orbit.<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/><ref name=rsw-yamal/><ref name=gsp-yamal201/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie4/><ref name=digitaltveurope-189962/><ref name=seradata-201406yamal201/><ref name=rsw-proton2003yamal200/><ref name=satbeams-yamal201/>
|-
! [[Yamal 202]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[Thales Alenia Space|Alcatel Space]] || 2001 || 2003-11-24 || [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{success}} || {{cvt|1320|kg}} || {{success|Operational}} || In November 2019, after 16 years of working in 49° East position the satellite was transferred to a new orbital position of 163.5° East.<ref name="gazprom-spacesystems.ru">{{cite web |url=https://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/ru/news/9059/ |title=Газпром космические системы / Новости / Управление спутником "Ямал-601" передано специалистам "Газпром космические системы" |website=www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722120136/https://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/ru/news/9059/ |archive-date=2019-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cableman.ru/content/sputnik-yamal-601-vveli-v-ekspluatatsiyu|title=Спутник "Ямал-601" ввели в эксплуатацию}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tv41.ru/vystavka-ibc-2019-v-amsterdame |title=Выставка «IBC-2019» в Амстердаме |website=tv41.ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003051536/http://tv41.ru/vystavka-ibc-2019-v-amsterdame |archive-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{youTube|ZXoCLdcyuek|Выставка «IBC-2019» в Амстердаме}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/ru/infrastructure/?ELEMENT_ID=3497|title = Газпром космические системы / Инфраструктура}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/en/infrastructure/?ELEMENT_ID=4142|title = Gazprom Space Systems / Infrastructure}}</ref> Dual launch with [[Yamal 201]].<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/><ref name=rsw-yamal/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie4/><ref name=rsw-proton2003yamal200/><ref name=gsp-yamal202/><ref name=gazprom-yamal202/><ref name=satbeams-yamal202/>
|-
! [[Yamal-300K]]
| [[Ekspress (satellite bus)|Ekspress-1000HTA]] ||  || 2009 || 2012-11-02 || [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz (rocket stage)|Briz-M]] || [[Geostationary orbit]] || {{success}} || {{cvt|1870|kg}} || {{success|Operational}} || Launched along [[Luch 5B]].<ref name=gsp-yamal300k/>
|-
! [[Yamal-402]]
| [[Spacebus|Spacebus-4000C3]] || [[Thales Alenia Space]] || 2009 || 2012-12-08 || [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz (rocket stage)|Briz-M]] || [[Geostationary orbit]] || {{partial failure}} || {{cvt|5250|kg}} || {{success|Operational}} || Satellite lost 4 years of fuel to compensate for lower than expected orbit injection.<ref name=nsf-20121208iply4s/><ref name=gsp-yamal402/>
|-
! [[Yamal-401]]
| [[Ekspress (satellite bus)|Ekspress-2000]] || [[Thales Alenia Space]] || 2010 || 2014-12-15 || [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz (rocket stage)|Briz-M]] || [[Geostationary orbit]] || {{success}} || {{cvt|2976|kg}} || {{success|Operational}} || <ref name=gsp-yamal4012/> Replaced a cancelled satellite. The satellite that this satellite replaced was also named Yamal-401.
|-
! [[Yamal-601]]
| [[Spacebus|Spacebus-4000C4]] || [[Thales Alenia Space]] || 2015 || 2019-05-30 || [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz (rocket stage)|Briz-M]] || [[Geostationary orbit]] || {{success}} || {{cvt|5700|kg}} || {{success|Operational}}<ref name="gazprom-spacesystems.ru"/> || <ref name=gsp-yamal601/><ref name="rsw-yamal601"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/06/10/newly-launched-russian-telecom-satellite-relying-on-backup-thrusters/|title=Newly-launched Russian telecom satellite relying on backup thrusters| publisher=Spaceflight Now | first=Stephen | last=Clark | date=10 June 2018 | accessdate=1 May 2022}}</ref> See the other Yamal-601 entry for more information about the Yamal-601 satellite project
|-
! [[Yamal-501]]
| {{NA}} ||  || {{NA}} || {{planned}}|| {{NA}} || {{NA}} || {{planned}} || {{NA}} || {{planned}} || <ref name=gazkom-newprojects/>
|-
|}
===Cancelled Satellites===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Satellite
! Bus
! Payload
! Order
! Launch
! Launch Vehicle
! Intended Orbit
! Launch Result
! Launch Weight
! Status
! Remarks
|-
! [[Yamal-601]]
| [[Ekspress (satellite bus)|Ekspress-2000]] ||  || 2015 || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz-M]] || [[Geostationary orbit]] || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || {{NA}} || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || <ref name=gsp-yamal6012 /> Originally, the build of Yamal-601 satellite was contracted to Thales Alenia Space. Then, a change was investigated; namely, the build of the satellite's bus was suggested to be given to ISS Reshetnev, with Thales Alenia Space still providing the payload. This new Reshetnev-developed satellite (which is the satellite this table entry is about) was to be called also Yamal-601. But in the end, these plans were cancelled (thus the satellite of this entry is labeled as cancelled) and Thales Alenia Space developed an built the satellite as originally planned (see the other Yamal-601 entry which is labeled success).
|-
! [[Yamal 203]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[Thales Alenia Space|Alcatel Space]] || 2001 || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || {{cvt|1360|kg}} || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || <ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/><ref name=rsw-yamal/><ref name=gsp-yamal201/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie4/><ref name=gsp-energiyausp/>
|-
! [[Yamal 204]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[Thales Alenia Space|Alcatel Space]] || 2001 || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || [[Proton-K]] / [[Blok D|Blok DM-2M]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || {{cvt|1320|kg}} || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || <ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3/><ref name=rsw-yamal/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie4/><ref name=gsp-yamal202/><ref name=gsp-energiyausp/>
|-
! [[Yamal 301]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[NEC]] [[Toshiba]] Space/Tesat Spacecom || 2003 || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || [[Proton-M]] / [[Blok DM-03]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || {{cvt|1330|kg}} || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || <ref name=rsw-yamal/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie5/><ref name=gsp-energiyausp/><ref name=gsp-yamal301/>
|-
! [[Yamal 302]]
| [[Energia (corporation)|RSC Energia]]<br />[[USP (satellite bus)|USP]] || [[NEC]] [[Toshiba]] Space/Tesat Spacecom || 2003 || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || [[Proton-M]] / [[Blok DM-03]] ||[[Geostationary orbit]] || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || {{cvt|1330|kg}} || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || <ref name=rsw-yamal/><ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie5/><ref name=gsp-energiyausp/><ref name=gsp-yamal302/>
|-
! [[Yamal-401]]
| [[Spacebus|Spacebus-4000C3]] || [[Thales Alenia Space]] || 2009 || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || [[Proton-M]] / [[Briz (rocket stage)|Briz-M]] || [[Geostationary orbit]] || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || {{cvt|4900|kg}} || {{dropped|Cancelled}} || <ref name=gsp-yamal401/> Was cancelled. This satellite's role was replaced by another, later satellite that also was named Yamal-401.
|-
|}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Telecommunications in Russia]]
* [[Gazprom Space Systems]] – Satellite communication division of the Russian oil giant [[Gazprom]] and owner of the Yamal system
* [[Russian Satellite Communications Company]] – Satellite communication company of the [[Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation]] and the only other Russian satellite operator
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=digitaltveurope-189962>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltveurope.net/189962/russian-satellite-failure-leads-to-channels-move/|title=Russian satellite failure leads to channels move |publisher=Digital TV Europe|date=9 June 2014|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=energia-usp>{{cite web|url=http://www.energia.ru/en/automatic/usp.html|title=Universal Space Platform|publisher=RSC Energia|access-date=2016-07-20|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617151847/http://www.energia.ru/en/automatic/usp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=gazkom-about>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/en/about/|title=About Company|publisher=Gazprom Space Systems|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name=gazkom-newprojects>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/en/new_projects/|title=New Projects|publisher=Gazprom Space Systems|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name=gazkom-smotr>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/en/new_projects/smotr/|title=SMOTR|publisher=Gazprom Space Systems|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name=gazprom-yamal202>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/en/infrastructure/?ELEMENT_ID=4142|title=Yamal-202 technical performance|publisher=Gazprom Space Systems|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-energiyausp>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=RKK Energiya: USP (Victoria)|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/energiya_usp.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20 |date=2015-10-16}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal101>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 101, 102|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-101.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal201>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 201, 203|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-201.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal202>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 202, 204|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-202.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal300k>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 300K|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-300k.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal301>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 301|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-301.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal302>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 302|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-302.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal401>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 401|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-401.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal4012>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 401|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-401-2.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal402>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 402|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-402.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal601>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 601|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-601.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=gsp-yamal6012>{{cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Yamal 601|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/yamal-601-2.htm|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2016-07-20|date=2016-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name=ils-pr20121208la>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-declares-proton-launch-anomaly-yamal-402|title=ILS Declares Proton Launch Anomaly|publisher=ILS|date=8 December 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal101launch>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Proton-K 6 septembre 1999|trans-title=6 September 1999 Proton-K |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lancements/1999/06091999/06091999.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal201launch>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Proton-K 24 novembre 2003|trans-title=24 November 2003 Proton-K |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lancements/2003/24112003/24112003.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal300klaunch>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Proton-M 2 novembre 2012|trans-title=2 November 2012 Proton-M |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lancements/2012/02112012/02112012.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal401launch>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Proton-M 15 décembre 2014|trans-title=15 December 2014 Proton-M |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lancements/2014/15122014/15122014.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamal402launch>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Proton-M 8 décembre 2012|trans-title=8 December 2012 Proton-M |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/lancements/2012/08122012/08122012.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie1>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Yamal / Histoire / Nécessité de renouvellement|trans-title=Yamal / History / The necessity of renewal |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/satellites/yamal/hist/hist.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie2>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Yamal / Histoire / La plate-forme universelle|trans-title=Yamal / History / The universal platform |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/satellites/yamal/hist/hist.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie3>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Yamal / Histoire / Premier tir, premier revers|trans-title=Yamal / History / The first setbacks |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/satellites/yamal/hist/hist.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie4>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Yamal / Histoire / La deuxième génération|trans-title=Yamal / History / The second generation |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/satellites/yamal/hist/hist.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie5>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Les Yamal-300|trans-title=The Yamal-300|url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/satellites/yamal/hist/hist.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika |language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=kosmonavtika-yamalhistorie6>{{cite web|last1=Pillet|first1=Nicolas|title=Yamal-400: le succès français|trans-title=Yamal-400 the French success |url=http://www.kosmonavtika.com/satellites/yamal/hist/hist.html|publisher=Kosmonavtika|language=fr|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
<ref name=nsf-20121208iply4s>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/12/ils-proton-m-launches-yamal-402-satellite/|title=ILS Proton-M launches with Yamal-402 satellite|last=Bergin|first=Chris |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=8 December 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=ria-russia20121211178063835>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20121211/178063835.html|title=Thales Makes Second Attempt to Adjust Yamal Orbit|agency=RIA Novosti|date=10 December 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=ria-science20121215178170837>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/science/20121215/178170837.html|title=Troubled Russian Satellite Reaches Designated Orbit|agency=RIA Novosti|date=15 December 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=rsw-proton2003yamal200>{{cite web|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Proton missions in 2003|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_2003.html#yamal200|publisher=RussiaSpaceWeb.com|access-date=2016-07-20|date=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=rsw-yamal>{{cite web|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Yamal communication satellites|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/yamal.html|publisher=RussiaSpaceWeb.com|access-date=2016-07-20|date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=rsw-yamal300k>{{cite web|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Yamal 300K|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ekspress1000n.html#yamal300k|publisher=RussiaSpaceWeb.com|access-date=2016-07-20|date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=satbeams-yamal101>{{cite web|title=Yamal 101|url=https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=25896|publisher=Satbeams|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=satbeams-yamal201>{{cite web|title=Yamal 201|url=https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=28094|publisher=Satbeams|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=satbeams-yamal202>{{cite web|title=Yamal 201|url=https://www.satbeams.com/satellites?norad=28089|publisher=Satbeams|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=seradata-201406yamal201>{{cite web|url=http://seradata.com/SSI/2014/06/yamal-201-may-have-failed-in-orbit-as-customers-are-moved-to-other-satellites/|last=Todd|first=David|title=Yamal 201 may have failed in orbit as customers are moved to other satellites|publisher=Seradata Space Intelligence|date=10 June 2014|access-date=2016-07-20|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921020038/http://seradata.com/SSI/2014/06/yamal-201-may-have-failed-in-orbit-as-customers-are-moved-to-other-satellites/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="rsw-yamal601">{{cite web|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Proton launches Yamal-601|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/yamal601.html|publisher=RussiaSpaceWeb.com|access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.gazprom-spacesystems.ru/en/about/ JSC Gazprom Space Systems]
{{Yamal}}
[[Category:Yamal satellites|*]]
[[Category:Communications satellites of Russia]]
[[Category:Gazprom Space Systems]]