View source for Yamato 000593

{{Short description|Meteorite found in Antarctica}}
{{Infobox meteorite
|Name= Yamato 000593
|Image= Yamato000593-Mars MeteoriteFoundOnEarth-NASA2012.jpg
|Image_caption= Yamato 000593 meteorite—{{convert|13.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The cube is {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} (NASA; 2012).
|Type= [[Achondrite]]
|Class= [[Martian meteorite]]<ref name="NASA-20140227" />
|Group= [[Nakhlite]]<ref name="NASA-20140227" />
|Structural_classification= [[Igneous rock|Igneous]]<ref name="Curation Office">[http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/mmc/Y000593.pdf Yamato meteorite] (PDF) The Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office, NASA.</ref>
|Composition = [[pyroxene]] 85% <ref name="Curation Office"/><br /> [[olivine]] 10%
|Shock= S3<ref name="Curation Office"/>
|Weathering= B<ref name="Meteoritical Society">{{cite web | url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=24355 | title = Meteoritical Bulletin Database - Yamato 000593 | access-date = February 28, 2014 | date = February 26, 2014 | work = The Meteoritical Society | publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute}}</ref>
|Country= [[Antarctica]]<ref name="NASA-20140227" />
|Region= [[Yamato Glacier]]<ref name="NASA-20140227" />
|Lat_Long= {{Coord|71|30|S|35|40|E|display=inline,title|region:EG_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki}} <ref name="Meteoritical Society"/><ref>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/metcat/search/detail.dsml?Key=Y299.000593&passed_Name=Yamato%20000593&index=&sort=Name&Grp=SNC&beginIndex=33&listPageURL=list.dsml%3Fsort%3DName%26beginIndex%3D30%26Grp%3DSNC& Yamato 000593] Natural History Museum, UK. ''The Catalogue of Meteorites.''</ref>
|Observed_fall= No
|Fall_date= 50,000 years ago<ref name="NASA-20140227" />
|Found_date= 2000<ref name="NASA-20140227" />
|TKW= {{convert|13.7|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="NASA-20140227" />
|Image2=
|Image2_caption=
}}
'''Yamato 000593''' (or '''Y000593''') is the [[List of Martian meteorites#List|second largest]] [[meteorite]] from [[Mars]] found on [[Earth]].<ref name="NASA-20140227">{{cite web |last=Webster |first=Guy |title=NASA Scientists Find Evidence of Water in Meteorite, Reviving Debate Over Life on Mars |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-065&1 |date=February 27, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=February 27, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="AJ-20140219">{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Lauren M. |last2=Gibson |first2=Everett K. |last3=Thomnas-Keprta|first3=Kathie L. |last4=Clemett |first4=Simon J. |last5=McKay |first5=David |title=Putative Indigenous Carbon-Bearing Alteration Features in Martian Meteorite Yamato 000593|date=February 19, 2014 |journal=[[astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume=14 |number=2 |pages=170–181 |doi=10.1089/ast.2011.0733 |pmid=24552234 |bibcode=2014AsBio..14..170W|pmc=3929347 }}</ref><ref name="SP-20140228">{{cite web |last=Gannon |first=Megan |title=Mars Meteorite with Odd 'Tunnels' & 'Spheres' Revives Debate Over Ancient Martian Life |url=http://www.space.com/24834-strange-mars-meteorite-life-evidence-debate.html |date=February 28, 2014 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=February 28, 2014 }}</ref> Studies suggest the [[Martian meteorite]] was formed about 1.3 billion years ago from a [[lava flow]] on [[Mars]].<ref name="Cohen 640">{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Benjamin E.|last2=Mark|first2=Darren F.|last3=Cassata|first3=William S.|last4=Lee|first4=Martin R.|last5=Tomkinson|first5=Tim|last6=Smith|first6=Caroline L.|date=2017-10-03|title=Taking the pulse of Mars via dating of a plume-fed volcano|journal=Nature Communications|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|pages=640|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00513-8|pmid=28974682|pmc=5626741|bibcode=2017NatCo...8..640C|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> An [[Impact event|impact]] occurred on Mars about 11 million years ago<ref name="Cohen 640"/> and ejected the meteorite from the Martian surface into [[outer space|space]]. The meteorite landed on Earth in [[Antarctica]] about 50,000 years ago. The [[mass]] of the meteorite is {{convert|13.7|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} and has been found to contain evidence of past [[Water on Mars|water]] alteration.<ref name="NASA-20140227" /><ref name="AJ-20140219" /><ref name="SP-20140228" /><ref name="NCID AA11182426">{{cite journal | title = Mineralogy and petrology of Yamato 000593: Comparison with other Martian nakhlite meteorites | journal = Antarctic Meteorite Research | date = March 2003 | first = T. | last = Mikouchi |author2=E. Koizumi |author3=A. Monkawa |author4=Y. Ueda  | volume = 16 | pages = 34–57|bibcode = 2003AMR....16...34M }}</ref>
At a microscopic level, spheres are found in the meteorite rich in [[carbon]] compared to surrounding areas lacking such spheres. The carbon-rich spheres and the observed micro-tunnels may have been formed by [[biotic material|biotic activity]], according to NASA scientists.<ref name="NASA-20140227" /><ref name="AJ-20140219" /><ref name="SP-20140228" />
==Discovery and naming==
The 41st [[Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition]] (JARE) found the meteorite in late December 2000 on the [[Yamato Glacier]] in the [[Queen Fabiola Mountains]], [[Antarctica]].<ref name="NASA-20140227" /><ref name="Imae 2003">{{cite journal | title = Yamato nahklites: Petrography and mineralogy | journal = Antarctic Meteorite Research | date = 2003 | first = N. | last = Imae |author2=Y. Ikeda |author3=K. Shinoda |author4=H. Kojima  | volume = 16 | pages = 13–33| bibcode = 2003AMR....16...13I | last5 = Iwata | first5 = Naoyoshi }}</ref>
==Description==
The mass of the meteorite is {{convert|13.7|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NASA-20140227" /> It is an unbrecciated cumulus [[igneous rock]] consisting predominantly of elongated [[augite]] crystals—a [[solid solution]] in the [[pyroxene]] group.<ref name="Imae 2003"/> Japanese scientists from the National Institute of Polar Research reported in 2003 that the meteorite contains [[iddingsite]], which forms from the weathering of basalt in the presence of liquid water.<ref name="Imae 2003"/> In addition, NASA researchers reported in February 2014 that they also found carbon-rich spheres encased in multiple layers of iddingsite, as well as microtubular features emanating from iddingsite veins displaying curved, undulating shapes consistent with bio-alteration textures that have been observed in terrestrial basaltic glass.<ref name="NASA-20140227" /> However, the scientific consensus is that "morphology alone cannot be used unambiguously as a tool for primitive life detection."<ref name=morphology>{{cite book | title = Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology II | journal = SPIE Proceedings | date = December 30, 1999 | first1 = Juan-Manuel Garcia-Ruiz | volume = Proc. SPIE 3755 | pages = 74–82 | doi = 10.1117/12.375088 | quote = It is concluded that "morphology cannot be used unambiguously as a tool for primitive life detection."| last1 = Garcia-Ruiz | editor-first1 = Richard B. | editor-last1 = Hoover | chapter = Morphological behavior of inorganic precipitation systems | s2cid = 84764520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Agresti | author2 = House | author3 = Jögi | author4 = Kudryavstev | author5 = McKeegan | author6 = Runnegar | author7 = Schopf | author8 = Wdowiak | title = Detection and geochemical characterization of Earth's earliest life | date = December 3, 2008 | publisher = NASA | url = http://astrobiology.ucla.edu/pages/res3e.html | work = NASA Astrobiology Institute | access-date = January 15, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schopf |first1=J. William |last2=Kudryavtsev |first2=Anatoliy B. |last3=Czaja |first3=Andrew D. |last4=Tripathi |first4=Abhishek B. |date=April 28, 2007 |title=Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=158 |issue=3–4 |pages=141–155 |url=http://www.cornellcollege.edu/geology/courses/greenstein/paleo/schopf_07.pdf |access-date=January 15, 2013 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009|bibcode = 2007PreR..158..141S }}</ref> Interpretation of morphology is notoriously subjective, and its use alone has led to numerous errors of interpretation.<ref name=morphology/> According to the NASA team, the presence of carbon and lack of corresponding cations is consistent with the occurrence of [[organic matter]] embedded in iddingsite.<ref name="AJ-20140219"/> The NASA researchers indicated that [[mass spectrometry]] may provide deeper insight into the nature of the carbon, and could distinguish between abiotic and biologic carbon incorporation and alteration.<ref name="AJ-20140219"/>
==Classification==
The Martian meteorite is an [[igneous rock]] classified as an [[achondrite]] type of the [[nakhlite]] group.<ref name="NASA-20140227" /><ref name="Curation Office"/>
==Images==
{{multiple image
| align     = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = PIA17953-MarsMeteoriteOnEarth-Yamato000593-Microtunnels-20140227.jpg
| width1    = 300
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Microscopic image of Y000593 meteorite shows [[iddingsite]] as evidence of [[Water on Mars|water]] alteration. It displays microtunnels that may have been formed by biotic activity  (February 27, 2014).
| image2    = PIA17954-MarsMeteoriteOnEarth-Yamato000593-20140227.jpg
| width2    = 300
| alt2      =
| caption2  =   Y000593 has areas with spheres (red) that have twice the [[carbon]] as areas without spheres (blue) (February 27, 2014).
| image3    = 407319main jsc2009e243553.jpg
| width3    = 300
| alt3      =
| caption3  = Microscopic image of the [[Nakhla meteorite|Nakhla]]-like surface of meteorite Yamato 000593 (November 2009).
}}
{{Clear}}
==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Allan Hills 84001]]
* [[Astrobiology]]
* [[Glossary of meteoritics]]
* [[Life on Mars (planet)|Life on Mars]]
* [[List of Martian meteorites]]
* [[List of meteorites on Mars]]
* [[Nakhla meteorite]]
* [[Panspermia]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*[http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/mmc/Y000593.pdf Yamato meteorite] (PDF) The Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office, NASA.
{{meteorites}}
{{Meteorites by name}}
{{Mars}}
{{Astrobiology}}
{{Extraterrestrial life}}
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[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Martian meteorites]]
[[Category:Meteorites found in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Natural history of Antarctica]]