View source for Yanartaş

{{Short description|Geographical feature in Kemer, Antalya, Turkey}}
[[File:Chimaera_(7023446981).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Constantly flaming Yanartaş]]
'''Yanartaş''' ({{IPA|tr|janaɾˈtaʃ|}}, [[Turkish language|Turkish]] for "flaming stone") is a geographical feature near the [[Olympos (Lycia)|Olympos]] valley and [[national park]] in [[Antalya Province]] in southwestern [[Turkey]]. It is the site of dozens of small fires which burn constantly from vents in the rocks on the side of the mountain. Directly below the fires are the ruins of the temple of [[Hephaistos]], the Greek god who was associated with fire through his role as the blacksmith to the gods.  To see the fires and the ruins, visitors must first go to the entrance at the foot of the mountain. The site is at the top of an easy one kilometre climb. Most people visit at night, when the fires are at their most spectacular.
In ancient times sailors could navigate by the flames, but today they are more often used to brew [[tea]].
==Location==
The location is 80&nbsp;km southwest  of [[Antalya]], near the town of [[Çıralı]]. The area is located on a track popular with hikers and trekkers on the [[Lycian Way]].
==Fires==
The fires are grouped over an area of 5000 m<sup>2</sup> and are fueled by gas emissions which have been burning for at least 2500 years. These emissions seem to change seasonally: vents and flames are more vigorous in winter months. This is a common characteristic of such seeps, where gas flux is typically modulated by gas pressure build-up induced by [[groundwater recharge]] and changes in [[atmospheric pressure]].<ref name="Hosgormez08">{{cite journal | first1 = H. | last1 = Hosgormez | first2 = G. | last2 = Etiope | first3 =  M. N. | last3 = Yalçin | title = New evidence for a mixed inorganic and organic origin of the Olympic Chimaera fire (Turkey): a large onshore seepage of abiogenic gas | journal = Geofluids | volume = 8 | number = 4 |date=November 2008 | pages = 263–273 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2008.00226.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=geoFluids2>{{cite journal |last1=Etiope |first1=Giuseppe
|last2=Ionescu |first2=Artur |date=18 Sep 2014|url=https://zenodo.org/record/896241 |editor1-last=Manning |editor1-first=Craig  |editor2-last=Person |editor2-first=Mark |editor3-last=Worden |editor3-first=Richard  |title=Low-temperature catalytic CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation with geological quantities of ruthenium: a possible abiotic CH4 source in chromitite-rich serpentinized rocks |journal=Geofluids |volume=15
|issue=3
|pages=438–452
|type=Journal |doi=10.1111/gfl.12106 |issn=1468-8123  |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Gas composition==
The vents emit mainly [[methane]] (87%). The rest is made of [[hydrogen]] (7.5–11%), [[nitrogen]] (2–4.9%), light [[alkanes]] (0.57%), [[carbon dioxide]] (0.01–0.07%) and [[helium]] (80 ppmv). These proportions and the isotopic composition indicates a mix from two origins, in equal part:<ref name="Hosgormez08" />
* an organic thermogenic gas, related to type III [[kerogen]] occurring in [[Palaeozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]] organic-rich sedimentary rocks,
* an abiogenic gas produced by low-temperature [[serpentinization]] in the Tekirova ophiolitic unit.
==Source of gas==
Abiotic methane ordinarily forms at temperatures much higher than those that occur in the rocks at Yanartaş. However, [[ruthenium]] is present in the igneous rocks under the flames, and is believed to act as a catalyst, permitting the formation of methane at the lower temperatures (i.e., below 100&nbsp;°C) that occur at Yanartaş.<ref name=geoFluids2/>
These vents represent the biggest emission of abiogenic methane discovered on land so far. The emissions do not have a volcanic origin, since methane is not related to [[mantle (geology)|mantle]] or [[magma]] degassing.<ref name="Hosgormez08" />
==The Chimera==
{{Main|Mount Chimaera}}
In the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Homer]] tells the story of a fire-breathing monster called the [[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]], who was "in the fore part a lion, in the hinder a serpent, and in the midst a goat, breathing terrifying, blazing fire.” The place where she lived was called [[Mount Chimaera]].<ref>Homer, Iliad 6.180–182</ref>
An Irish-born British naval officer named [[Francis Beaufort]] surveyed the region in 1811 and concluded that Yanartaş was the fabled mountain, citing the ancient Roman writer Pliny, who had made the same claim. Although Beaufort's theory has several supporters, other authorities disagree.<ref>Francis Beaufort, ''Karamania, or a brief description of the south coast of Asia Minor'' (London, 1817) pp.46-7. The debate over whether this is the location of the mythical Mount Chimaera is discussed in detail here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Chimaera/ </ref>
==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[Çıralı]]
*[[Lycia]]
*[[Kemer]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Books==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title = The Large Wavelength Deformations in the Lithosphere: Materials for a History of the Evolution of Thought from the Earliest Times to Plate Tectonics p. 310 Endnotes|isbn=978-0-8137-1196-6|author= A.M. Celal Sengör|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]| year= 2003}}
* {{cite book |title = Lycian Turkey |isbn=978-0-510-03205-0|author= George E. Bean|publisher=[[Ernest Benn]], [[London]]| year= 1978}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{refbegin}}
*[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064&layout=&loc=chimaera-geo Smith's Classical Dictionary]
*[https://turkeyphotoguide.com/cirali Pictures of Yanar taş]
*[http://www.turkeygo.com/2010/06/chimaira-yanartas.html Pictures of Chimaira]
{{refend}}
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[[Category:Landforms of Antalya Province]]
[[Category:Persistent natural fires]]
[[Category:Geology of Turkey]]
[[Category:Kemer District]]