View source for Yucatec Maya language

{{Short description|Mayan language spoken in Mexico and Belize}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Yucatec Maya
| nativename       = {{lang|yua|mayaʼ tʼaan}}<br>{{lang|yua|maayaʼ tʼaan}}
| states           = [[Mexico]], [[Belize]]
| region           = [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]], [[Quintana Roo]], [[Campeche]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|802,520|2}} including 775,000 in Mexico
| date             = 2020 census
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = American
| fam1             = [[Mayan languages|Mayan]]
| fam2             = [[Yucatecan languages|Yucatecan]]
| fam3             = Yucatec–Lacandon
| nation           = [[Mexico]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sep.gob.mx/work/resources/LocalContent/62817/12/ley_gen_derechos_ling_indigenas_2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208095913/http://www.sep.gob.mx/work/resources/LocalContent/62817/12/ley_gen_derechos_ling_indigenas_2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Ley General de Derechos Lingüisticos Indígenas|archive-date=February 8, 2007}}</ref>
| minority         =
| agency           = [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas|INALI]]
| iso3             = yua
| glotto           = yuca1254
| glottorefname    = Yucatec Maya
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Yucatec_map.svg
| mapcaption       = Location of Yucatec Mayan speaking areas on the [[Yucatan Peninsula]]
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Manuel speaking Yucatecan.webm|thumb|A Yucatec Maya speaker singing with a guitar.]]
'''Yucatec Maya''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|uː|k|ə|t|ɛ|k|_|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə}} {{respell|YOO|kə|tek|_|MY|ə}}; referred to by its speakers as {{lang|yua|mayaʼ}} or {{lang|yua|maayaʼ t’aan}} {{IPA|yua|màːjaʔˈtʼàːn||Maaya-t aan.ogg}}) is a [[Mayan languages|Mayan language]] spoken in the [[Yucatán Peninsula]], including part of northern [[Belize]]. There is also a significant diasporic community of Yucatec Maya speakers in [[San Francisco]], though most [[Maya Americans]] are speakers of other Mayan languages from [[Guatemala]] and [[Chiapas]].<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-mayan-indigenous-languages-20160725-snap-story.html Ancient Mayan languages are creating problems for today's immigration courts – LA Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Etymology ==
According to the Hocabá dictionary, compiled by American anthropologist [[Victoria Bricker]], there is a variant name {{lang|yua|mayab tʼàan}} {{IPA|[majabˈtʼàːn]}}, literally 'flat speech'<ref name="Bricker 1998 181">{{cite book|last=Bricker|first=Victoria|year=1998|title=Dictionary Of The Maya Language: As Spoken in Hocabá Yucatan|publisher=University of Utah Press|page=181|isbn=978-0874805697}}</ref>). A popular, yet false, alternative etymology of Mayab is ''ma ya'ab'' or 'not many, the few', which derives from [[New Age]] spiritualist interpretations of the Maya. The use of "Mayab" as the name of the language seems to be unique to the town of [[Hocabá Municipality|Hocabá]], as indicated by the Hocabá dictionary<ref name="Bricker 1998 181"/> and is not employed elsewhere in the region or in Mexico, by either Spanish or Maya speakers. As used in Hocabá, "Mayab" is not the recognized name of the language, but instead a "nickname" derived from a common nickname for the region, the Mayab ("Mayab, the land of pheasant and deer"), the use of which emerged in the colonial period. This use may also derive from the title of a self-published book by a Yucatec scholar, [[:es:Santiago Pacheco Cruz|Santiago Pacheco Cruz]] (1969).<ref>PACHECO CRUZ, SANTIAGO
1969 Hahil Tzolbichunil Pan Mayab. Merida: the author.</ref> The meaning and origins of "Maya" as the name of the language (versus Mayab) and as the ethnic identity (ethnonym) are complex questions — see etymology and social history of the word as ethnic identity and name of the language in Restall (2004)<ref name="Restall, Matthew 2004">Restall, Matthew, 2004. "Maya Ethnogenesis" Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, vol. 9 (1): 64–8.</ref> and Restall and Gabbert (2017).<ref name="Restall 2017. pp. 91–130">Restall, Matthew and Wolfgang Gabbert, 2017. "Maya Ethnogenesis and Group Identity in Yucatan, 1500–1900." In "The Only True People" Linking Maya Identities Past and Present. Edited by Bethany J. Beyyette and Lisa J. LeCount. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp.91–130.</ref>
[[Linguist]]s have added ''Yucatec'' to the name in order to clearly distinguish it from all other Mayan languages (such as [[Kʼicheʼ language|Kʼicheʼ]] and [[Itzaʼ language|Itzaʼ]]). Thus, the use of the term Yucatec Maya to refer to the language is scholarly or scientific nomenclature.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Maya or Mayans? Comment on Correct Terminology and Spellings |url=http://www.osea-cite.org/program/maya_or_mayans.php |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=OSEA-cite.org }}</ref> Native speakers do not qualify the language as ''Yucatec'', calling it "Maaya", "maayaʼ tʼàan", or "maasewal t'aan" (literally 'commoner language') in their language and simply ''(el) maya'' when speaking Spanish.
In the [[States of Mexico|Mexican states]] of [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]], some parts of [[Campeche]], [[Tabasco]], [[Chiapas]], and [[Quintana Roo]], Yucatec Maya is still the mother tongue of a large segment of the population in the early 21st century. It has approximately 800,000 speakers in this region. There were an additional 2,518 speakers of Yucatec Maya in Belize as of the 2010 national census.<ref>{{Cite report | author=The Statistical Institute of Belize | year=2013 | title=Belize Population and Housing Census Country Report | url=http://sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Census_Report_2010.pdf | publisher=The Statistical Institute of Belize | page=82 | accessdate=August 16, 2021
}}</ref>
Recently, scholars in the fields of history and anthropology have raised ethical and political questions about the continued use of the label "Yucatec Maya" to the language that is known and named by native speakers as simply "Maya" (see Castañeda (2021),<ref>Castañeda, Quetzil E. 2021. "Spiritual Seeking Maya: Toward a Decolonial Approach to New Age Maya Spiritualities." Revista Ciencias Sociales y Religion, vol. 21, forthcoming.</ref> Castillo Cocom (2021),<ref>Castillo Cocom, Juan A. with Quetzil E. Castañeda. 2021. "Visión etnográfica: Imaginar el iknal maya." Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, vol. 26 (1): 10–24.</ref> Hernandez Reyna and Castillo Cocom (2021),<ref>Hernandez Reyna, Miriam and Juan A. Castillo Cocom. 2021. ""Ser o no ser indígena": Oscilaciones identitarias dentro de la interculturalidad de Estado en México." Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, vol. 26 (1): 147–171.</ref> Restall (2004),<ref name="Restall, Matthew 2004"/> Restall and Gabbert (2017).<ref name="Restall 2017. pp. 91–130" /> These scholars argue, both explicitly and implicitly, that the use of "Yucatec Maya" manifests a continuation and propagation of neocolonial relationships, specifically the scientific imperialism of linguistics and the cultural hegemony of anglophone academia. The term "Yucatec Maya" was invented in the early-mid 20th century by linguists so as to not confuse themselves with the use of word "Maya" (the actual name of the language) when this was used to reference the ancestral language ([[proto-language]]) of all the [[Mayan languages]]; this ancestral language is now no longer called "Proto-Maya", but is instead called [[Proto-Mayan language|Proto-Mayan]]. The designation "Yucatec Maya" has been understood by generations of US scholars to refer to the Yucatan Peninsula. However, "Yucateco" amongst Mexicans, especially non-academics, has always primarily referenced the state of Yucatan (located in the northwestern corner of the Peninsula with the same name) and, in particular, the ethnic-national identity and culture of this state. Thus, Maya linguists from Quintana Roo, for example Jaime Chi and Edber Dzidz Yam, have identified that the term actually introduces confusion, given that in common understanding among Mexicans the name Maya refers to the peoples and language living throughout the Peninsula while the phrase "Yucatec Maya" would seem to denote a dialect of the Maya language that is spoken in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, in contrast to other regional dialects of Maya such as spoken in the states of Quintana Roo, or Campeche and in northern Belize. Thus, the above scholars argue, to continue to use the phrase "Yucatec Maya" to refer to either the people or the language instead of the proper name, that is, Maya, used by the speakers of this language would be an injustice. On the new politics of using Maya and not Mayan as an ethnic label see:<ref>[https://www.osea-cite.org/program/maya_or_mayans.php "Maya or Mayans" (OSEA)]</ref><ref>[https://belize.com/maya-or-mayan/ "Maya vs. Mayan – What Is The Most Accepted Term?" (Belize.com)]</ref><ref>[http://Maya%20vs.%20Mayan,%20By%20Laura%20Martin,%20Ph.D. "Maya vs. Mayan, By Laura Martin, Ph.D." (Mayatraditions.org)]</ref><ref>[https://www.naatikmexico.org/maya-or-mayan/ "Maya or Mayan" by Na'atik (naatikmexico.org)]</ref><ref>[https://yucatantoday.com/maya-mayas-or-mayan-clearing-confusion/?lang=en "Maya, Mayas, or Mayan? Clearing Up the Confusion" (Yucatantoday.com)]</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Conflicto Limitrofe Yucatan Campeche Quintana Roo.PNG|thumb|Yucatán Peninsula]]
Yucatec Maya forms part of the Yucatecan branch of the [[Mayan languages|Mayan language]] family. The Yucatecan branch is divided by linguists into the subgroups Mopan-itza and Yucatec-Lacandon. These are made up by four languages:
*[[Itzaʼ language|Itza]]
*[[Mopan language|Mopan]]
*Yucatec Maya
*[[Lacandon language|Lacandon]]
All the languages in the Mayan language family are thought to originate from an ancestral language that was spoken some 5,000 years ago, known as [[Proto-Mayan language|Proto-Mayan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/mayan-language-family|title=Mayan Language Family {{!}} About World Languages|website=aboutworldlanguages.com|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref>
The Maya had been in a stable decline when Spanish [[conquistador]]s arrived in 1517 AD. From 200 to 800 AD the Maya were thriving and making great technological advances. They created a system for recording numerals and hieroglyphs that was more complex and efficient than what had come before. They migrated northward and eastward to the Yucatán peninsula from [[Palenque]], [[Jaina Island|Jaina]], and [[Bonampak]]. In the 12th and 13th centuries, a coalition emerged in the Yucatán peninsula among three important centers, [[Uxmal]], [[Chichen Itza]], and [[Mayapan]]. The society grew and the people were able to practice intellectual and artistic achievement during a period of peace. When war broke out, such progress was stalled. By the 15th century, the city of [[Toltec|Tula]] had collapsed and was abandoned.
The Genoese explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] traded with Maya merchants off the coast of [[Yucatán]] during his [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|expedition]] for the Spanish Crown in 1502, but he never made landfall. During the decade following Columbus's first contact with the Maya, the first Spaniards to set foot on Yucatán soil did so by chance, as survivors of a shipwreck in the Caribbean. The Maya ritually sacrificed most of these men, leaving just two survivors, [[Gerónimo de Aguilar]] and [[Gonzalo Guerrero]], who somehow rejoined other Spaniards.<ref name=":0"/>
In 1519, Aguilar accompanied [[Hernán Cortés]] to the Yucatán island of [[Cozumel]], and also took part in the conquest of central Mexico. Guerrero became a Mexican legend as father of the first [[Mestizo]]: by Aguilar's account, Guerrero "went native". He married native women, wore traditional native apparel, and fought against the Spanish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Maya World Yucatec Culture and Society, 1550–1850|last=Restall|first=Matthew|year=1999|isbn=0-8047-3658-8|location=Stanford, California| publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
[[Francisco de Montejo]]'s military incursion of Yucatán took three generations and three wars with extended fighting, which lasted a total of 24 years.{{clarify|reason=24 years is not three generations; or does it refer to years of active fighting only?|date=May 2022}}
As the Spanish colonists settled more areas, in the 18th century they developed the lands for large maize [[plantation]]s and cattle farms. The elite lived in [[hacienda]]s and exported natural resources as commodities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isa.unc.edu/language-programs/yucatec-maya-institute/about-the-yucatan/yucatan-history/|title=Yucatan History|website=Institute for the Study of the Americas|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-02}}</ref> The Maya were subjects of the [[Spanish Empire]] from 1542 to 1821.
[[File:Mayan languages tree en.svg|thumb|Language tree]]
During the colonization of the Yucatán peninsula, the Spanish believed that in order to evangelize and govern the Maya, they needed to reform Yucatec Maya. They wanted to shape it to serve their ends of religious conversion and social control.<ref name="hanks">{{Cite journal|last=Hanks|first=William F.|date=2012-01-01|title=BIRTH OF A LANGUAGE: The Formation and Spread of Colonial Yucatec Maya|jstor=24394197|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=449–471|doi=10.3998/jar.0521004.0068.401|s2cid=163746525}}</ref>
Spanish religious [[Missionary|missionaries]] undertook a project of linguistic and social transformation known as ''reducción'' (from Spanish ''reducir).'' <!--  a term not widely recognized by historians.  What does this mean? Most historians don't use it? Why?--> The missionaries translated [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Christian religious texts from Spanish into Yucatec Maya and created [[neologism]]s to express Catholic religious concepts. The result of this process of ''reducción'' was ''Maya reducido'', a semantically transformed version of Yucatec Maya.<ref name="hanks"/> Missionaries attempted to end Maya religious practices and destroy associated written works. By their translations, they also shaped a language that was used to [[religious conversion|convert]], subjugate, and govern the Maya population of the Yucatán peninsula. But Maya speakers appropriated ''Maya reducido'' for their own purposes, resisting colonial domination. The oldest written records in Maya reducido (which used the [[Roman alphabet]]) were written by Maya notaries between 1557 and 1851. These works can now be found in the United States, Mexico, and Spain in libraries and archives.<ref name=":0" />
==Phonology==
A characteristic feature of Yucatec Maya, like other Mayan languages, is the use of [[ejective consonant]]s: {{IPA|/pʼ/, /tʼ/, /kʼ/}}. Often referred to as [[glottalization|glottal]]ized consonants, they are produced at the same place of oral articulation as their non-ejective stop counterparts: {{IPA|/p/, /t/, /k/}}. However, the release of the lingual closure is preceded by a raising of the closed glottis to increase the air pressure in the space between the glottis and the point of closure, resulting in a release with a characteristic ''popping'' sound. The sounds are written using an [[apostrophe]] after the letter to distinguish them from the plain consonants (''tʼàan'' "speech" vs. ''táan'' "forehead"). The apostrophes indicating the sounds were not common in written Maya until the 20th century but are now becoming more common. The Mayan ''b'' is also glottalized, an implosive {{IPA|/ɓ/}}, and is sometimes written ''bʼ'', but that is becoming less common.
Yucatec Maya is one of only three Mayan languages to have developed [[tone (linguistics)|tone]], the others being [[Uspantek language|Uspantek]] and one dialect of [[Tzotzil language|Tzotzil]]. Yucatec distinguishes short vowels and long vowels, indicated by single versus double letters (ii ee aa oo uu), and between high- and low-tone long vowels. High-tone vowels begin on a high pitch and fall in phrase-final position but rise elsewhere, sometimes without much vowel length. It is indicated in writing by an acute accent (íi ée áa óo úu). Low-tone vowels begin on a low pitch and are sustained in length; they are sometimes indicated in writing by a grave accent (ìi èe àa òo ùu), though the 2014 [[INALI]] orthography uses no accent.
Also, Yucatec has contrastive laryngealization ([[creaky voice]]) on long vowels, sometimes realized by means of a full intervocalic glottal stop and written as a long vowel with an apostrophe in the middle, as in the plural suffix ''-oʼob''.
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|[[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]
| {{IPAlink|ɓ}} {{angbr|b}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>plain</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|k}}
| {{IPAlink|ʔ}} {{angbr|ʼ}}
|-
! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|pʼ}} {{angbr|pʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}} {{angbr|tʼ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}} {{angbr|kʼ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>plain</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|ts}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{angbr|ch}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}} {{angbr|tsʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} {{angbr|chʼ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPAlink|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|x}}
|
| {{IPAlink|h}} {{angbr|j}}
|-
! colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|w}} ~ {{IPAlink|v}} {{angbr|w}}{{efn|the letter {{angbr|w}} may represent the sounds {{IPA|[w]}} or {{IPA|[v]}}. The sounds are interchangeable in Yucatec Mayan although {{IPA|/w/}} is considered the proper sound.}}
| {{IPAlink|l}} {{angbr|l}}
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}} {{angbr|r}}
|
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}
Some sources describe the plain consonants as aspirated, but Victoria Bricker states "[s]tops that are not glottalized are articulated with lung air without aspiration as in English spill, skill, still."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bricker|first=Victoria|year=1998|title=Dictionary Of The Maya Language: As Spoken in Hocabá Yucatan|publisher=University of Utah Press|page=XII|isbn=978-0874805697}}</ref>
===Vowels===
In terms of vowel quality, Yucatec Maya has a straightforward five vowel system:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|- align="center"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|- align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|a}}
|}
For each of these five vowel qualities, the language contrasts four distinct vowel "shapes", i.e. combinations of [[vowel length]], [[tone (linguistics)|tone]], and [[phonation]]. In the standard orthography first adopted in 1984,<ref>[http://www.cofemersimir.gob.mx/expediente/20612/mir/43270/anexo/3733913]{{dead link|date=August 2020}}</ref> vowel length is indicated by digraphs (e.g. "aa" for IPA {{IPA|[aː]}}).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Short, neutral tone !! Long, low tone !! Long, high tone !! Creaky voiced ('glottalized,<br>rearticulated'), long, high tone
|-
| pik 'eight thousand' {{IPA|[pik]}} || miis 'cat' {{IPA|[mìːs]}} || míis {{IPA|[míːs]}} 'broom; to sweep' || niʼichʼ {{IPA|[nḭ́ːtʃʼ]}} 'to get bitten'
|}
In fast-paced speech, the glottalized long vowels may be pronounced the same as the plain long high vowels, so in such contexts ''ka’an'' {{IPA|[ká̰ːn]}} 'sky' sounds the same as ''káan'' {{IPA|[káːn]}} 'when?'.
===Stress===
Mayan words are typically stressed on the earliest syllable with a long vowel. If there is no long vowel, then the last syllable is stressed. Borrowings from other languages such as Spanish or Nahuatl are often stressed as in the original languages.
===Debuccalization===
An important [[morphophonology|morphophonological]] process in Yucatec Maya is the [[dissimilation]] of identical consonants next to each other by [[debuccalization|debuccalizing]] to avoid [[geminate consonant]]s. If a word ends in one of the [[glottalization|glottalized]] plosives /pʼ tʼ kʼ ɓ/ and is followed by an identical consonant, the final consonant may dispose of its [[point of articulation]] and become the glottal stop /ʔ/. This may also happen before another plosive inside a common idiomatic phrase or [[compound word]]. Examples: {{IPA|[majaɓˈtʼàːn]}} ~ {{IPA|[majaʔˈtʼàːn]}} 'Yucatec Maya' (literally, "flat speech"), and ''náak’-'' {{IPA|[náːkʼ-]}} (a prefix meaning 'nearby') + ''káan'' {{IPA|[ká̰ːn]}} 'sky' gives {{IPA|[ˈnáːʔká̰ːn]}} 'palate, roof the mouth' (so literally "nearby-sky").
Meanwhile, if the final consonant is one of the other consonants, it debuccalizes to /h/: ''nak'' {{IPA|[nak]}} 'to stop sth' + ''-kúuns'' {{IPA|[-kúːns]}} (a [[causative]] suffix) gives ''nahkúuns'' {{IPA|[nahˈkúːns]}} 'to support sb/sth' (cf. the [[homophone]]s ''nah'', possessed form ''nahil'', 'house'; and ''nah'', possessed form ''nah'', 'obligation'), ''náach’'' {{IPA|[náːtʃ]}} 'far' + ''-chah'' {{IPA|[-tʃah]}} (an [[inchoative]] suffix) gives ''náahchah'' {{IPA|[ˈnáːhtʃah]}} 'to become distant'.
This change in the final consonant is often reflected in orthographies, so {{IPA|[majaʔˈtʼàːn]}} can appear as ''maya’ t’àan'', ''maya t'aan'', etc.
===Acquisition===
Phonology acquisition is received idiosyncratically. If a child seems to have severe difficulties with affricates and sibilants, another might have no difficulties with them while having significant problems with sensitivity to semantic content, unlike the former child.<ref name="Straight, Henry Stephen 1976 207-18">Straight, Henry Stephen (1976) "The Acquisition of Maya Phonology Variation in Yucatec Child Language" in Garland Studies in American Indian Linguistics. pp.207–18</ref>
There seems to be no incremental development in phonology patterns. Monolingual children learning the language have shown acquisition of aspiration and deobstruentization but difficulty with sibilants and affricates, and other children show the reverse. Also, some children have been observed fronting palatoalveolars, others retract lamino-alveolars, and still others retract both.<ref name="Straight, Henry Stephen 1976 207-18"/>
Glottalization was not found to be any more difficult than aspiration. That is significant with the Yucatec Mayan use of ejectives. Glottal constriction is high in the developmental hierarchy, and features like [fricative], [apical], or [fortis] are found to be later acquired.<ref name="Straight, Henry Stephen 1976">Straight, Henry Stephen 1976</ref>
==Grammar==
Like almost all Mayan languages, Yucatec Maya is verb-initial. Word order varies between [[Verb–object–subject|VOS]] and VSO, with VOS being the most common. Many sentences may appear to be SVO, but this order is due to a [[topic–comment]] system similar to that of Japanese. One of the most widely studied areas of Yucatec is the semantics of time in the language. Yucatec, like many other languages of the world ([[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Greenlandic language|Kalaallisut]], arguably [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] and others) does not have the grammatical category of [[Grammatical tense|tense]]. Temporal information is encoded by a combination of [[grammatical aspect|aspect]], inherent lexical aspect (''[[Lexical aspect|aktionsart]]''), and pragmatically governed conversational inferences. Yucatec is unusual in lacking temporal connectives such as 'before' and 'after'. Another aspect of the language is the core-argument marking strategy, which is a '[[fluid S]] system' in the typology of Dixon (1994)<ref>{{cite book |author=Dixon, Robert M. W.   |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon |year=1994 |title=Ergativity |url=https://archive.org/details/ergativity0000dixo   |url-access=registration   |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-44898-0}}</ref> where intransitive subjects are encoded like agents or patients based upon a number of semantic properties as well as the perfectivity of the event.
===Verb paradigm===
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class Ia: Transitive verbs of action or state<ref>{{cite book |author=Tozzer, Alfred M. |author-link=Alfred Tozzer |year=1977 |title=A Maya Grammar |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |location=New York |isbn=0-486-23465-7}}</ref> ('het', to open [something])
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin het-ik (tan-in)
| I am opening something
|-
!rowspan=3|Past
!Simple
| Tin het-ah (t-in)
| I opened something
|-
!Recent
| Tzʼin het-ah (tzʼon-in)
| I have just opened something
|-
!Distant
| In het-m-ah
| I opened something a long time ago
|-
!rowspan=3|Future
!Simple
| Hēn het-ik-e (he-in)
| I shall open something
|-
!Possible
| Kin het-ik (ki-in)
| I may open something
|-
!Going-to future
| Bin in het-e
| I am going to open something
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative
| Het-e
| Open it!
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class Ia: Intransitive verbs of action or state ('het', to open)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin het-el (tan-in) / Het-el-in-kah (het-l-in-kah)
| I am performing the act of opening
|-
!rowspan=2|Past
!Simple
| Het-en / Tʼ-het-en
| I opened
|-
!Recent
| Tzʼin het-el
| I have just opened
|-
!rowspan=2|Future
!Simple
| Hēn het-el-e (he-in)
| I shall open
|-
!Going-to future
| Ben-het-ăk-en
| I am going to open
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative
| Het-en
| Open!
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class Ia: Passive verbs of action or state ('het', to be opened)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tun het-s-el (tan-u)
| It is being opened
|-
!colspan=2|Past
| Het-s-ah-b-i / Het-s-ah-n-i
| It was opened
|-
!colspan=2|Future
| Hu het-s-el-e (he-u) / Bin het-s-ăk-i
| It will be opened
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class Ib: Transitive verbs of action or state with causal ('kim', to kill [something])
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin kim-s-ik (tan-in)
| I am killing something
|-
!rowspan=3|Past
!Simple
| Tin kim-s-ah (t-in)
| I killed something
|-
!Recent
| Tzʼin kim-s-ah (tzʼon-in)
| I have just [killed] something
|-
!Distant
| In kim-s-m-ah
| I killed something a long time ago
|-
!rowspan=3|Future
!Simple
| Hēn kim-s-ik-e (he-in)
| I shall kill something
|-
!Possible
| Kin kim-s-ik (ki-in)
| I may kill something
|-
!Going-to future
| Bin in kim-s-e
| I am going to kill something
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative
| Kim-s-e
| Kill it!
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class Ia: Intransitive verbs of action or state with causal ('kim', to die)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin kim-il (tan-in) / Kim-il-in-kah
| I am dying
|-
!rowspan=2|Past
!Simple
| Kim-i / Tʼ-kim-i
| He died
|-
!Recent
| Tzʼu kim-i
| He has just died
|-
!rowspan=2|Future
!Simple
| Hēn kim-il-e (he-in)
| I shall die
|-
!Going-to future
| Bin-kim-ăk-en
| I am going to die
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative
| Kim-en
| Die!
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class Ia: Passive verbs of action or state ('kim', to be killed)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin kim-s-il (tan-in)
| I am being killed
|-
!colspan=2|Past
| Kim-s-ah-b-i / Kim-s-ah-n-i
| He was killed
|-
!colspan=2|Future
| Hēn kim-s-il-e (he-in) / Bin kim-s-ăk-en
| I shall be killed
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class II: Verbs in t-al, "endowed with" ('kux', to live)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin kux-t-al (tan-in)
| I am living
|-
!colspan=2|Past
| Kux-t-al-ah-en / Kux-l-ah-en
| I lived
|-
!rowspan=2|Future
!Simple
| Hēn kux-t-al-e (he-in)
| I shall be living
|-
!Going-to future
| Bin kux-tal-ăk-en
| I am going to live
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative
| Kux-t-en / Kux-t-al-en
| Live!
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class IIIa: Transitive nominal verbs ('tzʼon', gun)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin tzʼon-ik (tan-in)
| I am shooting something
|-
!rowspan=3|Past
!Simple
| Tin tzʼon-ah (t-in)
| I shot something
|-
!Recent
| Tzʼin tzʼon-ah (tzʼok-in)
| I have just shot something
|-
!Distant
| In tzʼon-m-ah
| I shot something a long time ago
|-
!rowspan=3|Future
!Simple
| Hēn tzʼon-ik-e (he-in)
| I shall shoot something
|-
!Possible
| Kin tzʼon-ik (ki-in)
| I may shoot something
|-
!Going-to future
| Bin in tzʼon-e
| I am going to shoot something
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative
| Tzʼon-e
| Shoot it!
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class IIIa: Intransitive nominal verbs ('tzʼon', gun)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin tzʼon (tan-in)
| I am shooting
|-
!rowspan=3|Past
!Simple
| Tzʼon-n-ah-en
| I shot
|-
!Recent
| Tzʼin tzʼon (tzʼok-in)
| I have just shot
|-
!Distant
| Tzʼon-n-ah-ah-en
| I shot a long time ago
|-
!rowspan=2|Future
!Simple
| Hēn tzʼon-e (he-in)
| I shall shoot
|-
!Going-to future
| Bin-tzʼon-ăk-en
| I am going to shoot
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Imperative
| Tzʼon-en
| Shoot!
|}
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|+Class IIIa: Passive nominal verbs ('tzʼon', gun)
!colspan=2| Phase
!colspan=2| Example
|-
!colspan=2|Present
| Tin tzʼon-ol (tan-in)
| I am being shot
|-
!colspan=2|Past
| Tzʼon-ah-b-en / Tzʼon-ah-n-en
| I was shot
|-
!colspan=2|Future
| Hēn tzʼon-ol-e (he-in)
| I shall be shot
|}
==Orthography==
The Maya were literate in [[pre-Columbian]] times, when the language was written using [[Maya script]]. The language itself can be traced back to proto-Yucatecan, the ancestor of modern Yucatec Maya, [[Itza language|Itza]], [[Lacandon language|Lacandon]] and [[Mopan language|Mopan]]. Even further back, the language is ultimately related to all other Maya languages through [[proto-Mayan]] itself.
Yucatec Maya is now written in the [[Latin script]]. This was introduced during the [[Spanish Conquest of Yucatán]] which began in the early 16th century, and the now-antiquated conventions of [[Spanish orthography]] of that period ("Colonial orthography") were adapted to transcribe Yucatec Maya. This included the use of {{angle bracket|x}} for the [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|postalveolar fricative]] sound (which is often written in English as {{angle bracket|sh}}).
In colonial times a "reversed c" {{angle bracket|ɔ}} was often used to represent {{IPA|/t͡sʼ/}} (the [[alveolar ejective affricate]]). This sound is now represented by {{angle bracket|tzʼ}} in the revised [[Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala|ALMG]] orthography and {{angle bracket|tsʼ}} in the [[INALI]] orthography.
==Examples==
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Yucatec Maya
! colspan="2" | [[English language|English]]
|-
! <small>Standard<br />pronunciation</small>
! <small>Pronunciation of<br />western Yucatán,<br />northern Campeche<br /> and Central Quintana Roo</small>
! <small>Normal translation</small>
! <small>Literal translation</small>
|-
| Bix a beel?
| Bix a beej?
| How are you?
| How is your road?
|-
| Maʼalob, kux teech?
|
| Good, and you?
| Not bad, as for you?
|-
| Bey xan teen.
|
| Same with me.
| Thus also to me.
|-
| Tuʼux ka bin?
|
| Where are you going?
| Where do you go?
|-
| T(áan) in bin xíimbal.
|
| I am going for a walk.
|
|-
| Bix a kʼaabaʼ?
|
| What is your name?
| How are you named?
|-
| In kʼaabaʼeʼ Jorge.
|
| My name is Jorge.
| My name, Jorge.
|-
| Jach kiʼimak in wóol in wilikech.
|
| Pleased to meet you.
| Very happy my heart to see you.
|-
| Baʼax ka waʼalik?
|
| What's up?
| What (are) you saying?<br />What do you say?
|-
| Mix baʼal.
| Mix baʼaj.
| Nothing.<br />Don't mention it.
| No thing.
|-
| Bix a wilik?
|
| How does it look?
| How you see (it)?
|-
| Jach maʼalob.
|
| Very good.
| Very not-bad
|-
| Koʼox!
|
| Let's go! (For two people – you and I)
|
|-
| Koʼoneʼex!
|
| Let's go! (For a group of people)
|
|-
| Baʼax a kʼáat?
|
| What do you want?
|
|-
| (Tak) sáamal.
| Aasta sáamaj.
| See you tomorrow.
| Until tomorrow.
|-
| Jach Dios boʼotik.
|
| Thank you.<br />God bless you very much.
| Very much God pays (it).
|-
| Wakax
|
| Cow
|Cow
|}
==Use in modern media and popular culture==
Yucatec-language programming is carried by the [[National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples|CDI]]'s radio stations [[XEXPUJ-AM]] ([[Xpujil, Campeche]]), [[XENKA-AM]] ([[Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo]]) and [[XEPET-AM]] ([[Peto, Yucatán]]).
The 2006 film ''[[Apocalypto]]'', directed by [[Mel Gibson]], was filmed entirely in Yucatec Maya. The script was translated into Maya by [[Hilario Chi Canul]] of the Maya community of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, who also worked as a language coach on the production.
In the video game ''[[Civilization V: Gods & Kings]]'', Pacal, leader of the Maya, speaks in Yucatec Maya.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
In August 2012, the Mozilla Translathon 2012 event brought over 20 Yucatec Mayan speakers together in a localization effort for the [[Google Endangered Languages Project]], the [[Mozilla]] browser, and the [[MediaWiki]] software used by [[Wikipedia]] and other [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] projects.<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Alexis Santos
| title = Google, Mozilla and Wikimedia projects get Maya language translations at one-day 'translathon'
| work = Engadget
| access-date = 2012-08-21
| date = 2013-08-13
| url = https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/13/google-mozilla-wikimedia-yucatec-maya-language-translations/
}}</ref>
''[[Baktun (telenovela)|Baktun]]'', the "first ever Mayan [[telenovela]],"  premiered in August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Munoz
| first = Jonathan
| title = First ever Mayan telenovela premieres this summer
| work = Voxxi
| access-date = 2013-08-02
| date = 2013-07-09
| url = http://www.voxxi.com/first-ever-mayan-telenovela-premieres/
}}</ref><ref name=NYT80113>{{cite news|title=A Culture Clings to Its Reflection in a Cleaned-Up Soap Opera|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/world/americas/a-culture-clings-to-its-reflection-in-a-cleaned-up-soap-opera.html|access-date=August 2, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 1, 2013|first=Randal C.|last=Archibold}}</ref>
[[Jesús Pat Chablé]] is often credited with being one of the first Maya-language rappers and producers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mayan MCs transform a lost culture into pop culture|url=http://www.macleans.ca/culture/arts/mayan-mcs-transform-a-lost-culture-into-pop-culture/|date=30 September 2014|access-date=1 October 2017|first=David|last=Agren}}</ref>
In the 2018 video game ''[[Shadow of the Tomb Raider]]'', the inhabitants of the game's Paititi region speak in Yucatec Maya (while immersion mode is on).{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
The modern [[bible]] edition, the ''[[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]]'' was released<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/mexico/The-New-World-Translation-of-the-Holy-Scriptures-Released-in-Maya/|title=The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures Released in Maya|date=November 1, 2019|website=Jw.org}}</ref> in the Maya language in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/whats-new/New-World-Translation-Released-in-Maya-Telugu-and-Tzotzil/|title=New World Translation Released in Maya, Telugu, and Tzotzil|date=October 28, 2019|website=jw.org}}</ref> It's distributed without charge, both [https://www.jw.org/yua/j%C3%B3o%CA%BCsa%CA%BCanilo%CA%BCob/biblia-maya/ printed and online editions].
On December 4, 2019, the Congress of [[Yucatán]] unanimously approved a measure requiring the teaching of the Maya language in schools in the state.<ref>{{citation|website=La Jornada|date=Dec 4, 2019|title=Congreso de Yucatán aprueba enseñanza obligatoria de lengua maya |language=es|trans-title=Congress of Yucatan approves obligatory instruction in the Maya language |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/estados/2019/12/04/congreso-de-yucatan-aprueba-ensenanza-obligatoria-de-lengua-maya-1305.html#.Xehuqs29kTI.twitter}}</ref>
Yucatec Maya is spoken by the fictional underwater kingdom of [[Talokan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Talokan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=What Language Do The People From Talokan Speak In 'Black Panther: Wakanda Forever'? |url=https://www.hercampus.com/culture/black-panther-wakanda-forever-talokan-language-culture/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=www.hercampus.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and its [[Namor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|king Kukulkan]] in the 2022 film ''[[Black Panther: Wakanda Forever]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Jenna |date=2022-11-03 |title=Wakanda Forever Cast and Crew Interview |url=https://www.vitalthrills.com/wakanda-forever-cast/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=VitalThrills.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Yucatec Maya Sign Language]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. -->
* {{Cite book|last=Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo|title=Diccionario maya : maya-español, español-maya|date=2001|publisher=Porrúa|isbn=970-07-2741-6|edition=4|location=México|oclc=48778496}}
* {{cite book |author=Blair, Robert W.   |author2=Refugio Vermont Salas; Norman A. McQuown (rev.) |year=1995 |orig-year=1966 |title=Spoken Yucatec Maya |location=Chapel Hill, NC |publisher=Duke University—University of North Carolina |series=Program in Latin American Studies |url=http://isa.unc.edu/language-programs/yucatec-maya-institute/resources |format=Book I + Audio, Lessons I-VI; Book II + Audio, Lessons VII-XII}}
* {{cite web |author=Bolles, David |year=1997 |title=Combined Dictionary–Concordance of the Yucatecan Mayan Language |publisher=Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI) (revised 2003) |url=http://www.famsi.org/reports/96072/index.html |access-date=2007-02-01}}
* {{cite web |author=Bolles, David   |author2=Alejandra Bolles |year=2004 |title=A Grammar of the Yucatecan Mayan Language |publisher=The Foundation Research Department |work=Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI) (revised online edition, 1996 Lee, New Hampshire) |url=http://www.famsi.org/research/bolles/grammar/index.html |access-date=2007-02-01}}
* {{cite book |author=Bricker, Victoria |author2=Eleuterio Poʼot Yah |author3=Ofelia Dzul de Poʼot |year=1998 |title=A Dictionary of the Maya Language as Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán |location=Salt Lake City |publisher=[[University of Utah Press]] |isbn=0-87480-569-4 }}
* {{cite thesis |author=Brody, Michal   |year=2004 |title=The fixed word, the moving tongue: variation in written Yucatec Maya and the meandering evolution toward unified norms |hdl=2152/1882 |edition=PhD thesis, UT Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Digital Repository |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] |oclc=74908453|type=Thesis }}
* {{cite book |author=Coe, Michael D. |author-link=Michael D. Coe |year=1992 |title=Breaking the Maya Code |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-05061-9 |oclc=26605966 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/breakingmayacode00coem_0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Curl, John   |year=2005 |title= Ancient American Poets - The Songs of Dzitbalche |url= http://red-coral.net/Dzit.html |location= Tempe |publisher=[[Bilingual Press]] |isbn=1-931010-21-8}}
* {{cite book |author=McQuown, Norman A.   |year=1968 |chapter=Classical Yucatec (Maya) |pages=201–248 |title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics |editor=Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) |others=[[Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)|R. Wauchope]] (General Editor) |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-73665-7 |oclc=277126}}
* {{cite book |author=Tozzer, Alfred M.   |author-link=Alfred Tozzer |year=1977 |orig-year=1921 |title=A Maya Grammar |edition=unabridged republication |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=0-486-23465-7 |oclc=3152525}}
{{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->
===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Chamberlain |first=Robert S. |title=The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan, 1517-1550 |location=Washington |publisher=Carnegie Institute |year=1948}}
* {{cite book |last=Clendinnen |first=Inga |title=Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517–1570 |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003}}
* {{cite journal |last=Clendinnen |first=Inga |title=Landscape and World View: The Survival of Yucatec Maya Culture Under Spanish Conquest |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=22 |number=3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1980 |pages=374–393|doi=10.1017/S0010417500009403 |s2cid=145575895 }}
* {{cite book |last=de Landa |first=Diego |title=Yucatan: Before and After the Conquest |location=New York |publisher=Dover |year=1978 |editor-first=William |editor-last=Gates |translator-first=William |translator-last=Gates}}
* {{cite book |last=de Las Casas |first=Bartolomé |title=In Defense of the Indians |location=Dekalb |publisher=Northern Illinois University Press |year=1992 |translator-first=Stafford |translator-last=Poole}}
* {{cite book |last=Díaz del Castillo |first=Bernal |title=The History of the Conquest of New Spain |location=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=2008 |editor-first=David |editor-last=Carrasco |translator-first=David |translator-last=Carrasco}}
* {{cite book |last=Farriss |first=Nancy M. |chapter=Sacred Power in Colonial Mexico: The Case of Sixteenth Century Yucatan |title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Europe and the Americas 1492–1650 |editor-first=Warwick |editor-last=Bray |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993}}
* {{cite book |last=Farriss |first=Nancy M. |title=Maya Society Under Colonial Rule: The Collective Enterprise of Survival |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1984}}
* {{cite book |last=Garcia Bernal |first=Manuela Cristina |title=La Sociedad de Yucatán, 1700–1750 |location=Seville |publisher=Escuela Estudios Hispano-Americanos |year=1972}}
* {{cite book |last=Gibson |first=Charles |title=The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1964}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hanks |first=William F. |title=Authenticity and Ambivalence in the Text: A Colonial Maya Case |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=13 |number=4 |publisher=Blackwell |year=1986 |pages=721–744|doi=10.1525/ae.1986.13.4.02a00080 }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Hunt |first=Martha Espejo-Ponce |title=Colonial Yucatan: Town and Region in the Seventeenth Century |type=PhD Dissertation |location=Los Angeles |publisher=University of California |year=1974}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Grant D. |title=Maya Resistance to Colonial Rule: Time and History on a Colonial Frontier |location=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Lockhart |editor-first=James |translator-last=Lockhart |translator-first=James |title=We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico |volume=1 |location=Eugene, OR |publisher=Wipf and Stock |year=1993}}
* {{cite book |last=Lockhart |first=James |title=The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |last=Restall |first=Matthew |title=The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2009}}
* {{cite journal |last=Restall |first=Matthew |title=A History of the New Philology and the New Philology in History |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=38 |number=1 |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2003a |pages=113–134|doi=10.1353/lar.2003.0012 |s2cid=145366292 }}
* {{cite book |last=Restall |first=Matthew |title=Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquistadors |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003b}}
* {{cite book |last=Restall |first=Matthew |chapter=Intercultural and Indigenous Testaments |title=Dead Giveaways: Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica and the Andes |editor-first=Susan |editor-last=Kellogg |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last2=Restall |location=Salt Lake City |publisher=University of Utah Press |year=1998a}}
* {{cite book |last=Restall |first=Matthew |title=Maya Conquistador |location=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |year=1998b}}
* {{cite book |last=Restall |first=Matthew |title=The Maya World: Yucatec Culture and Society, 1550–1850 |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1997}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Restall |editor-first1=Matthew |editor-first2=Lisa |editor-last2=Sousa |editor-first3=Kevin |editor-last3=Terraciano |title=Mesoamerican Voices: Native Language Writings from Colonial Mexico, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Guatemala |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Restall |first1=Matthew |first2=John F. IV |last2=Chuchiak |title=A Reevaluation of the Authenticity of Fray Diego de Landa's ''Relación de las cosas de Yucatán'' |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=49 |number=3 |year=2002 |pages=651–670|doi=10.1215/00141801-49-3-651 |s2cid=162762326 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ricard |first=Robert |title=The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico: An Essay on the Apostolate and the Evangelizing Methods of the Mendicant Orders in New Spain, 1523–1572 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1966 |translator-first=Lesley Byrd |translator-last=Simpson}}
* {{cite book |last1=Scholes |first1=France V. |first2=Ralph L. |last2=Roys |title=The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel: A Contribution to the History and Ethnography of the Yucatan Peninsula |edition=2nd |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1968}}
* {{cite book |last1=Scholes |first1=France V. |first2=Ralph L. |last2=Roys |title=Fray Diego de Landa and the Problem of Idolatry in the Yucatan |series=Cooperation in Research |volume=501 |location=Washington |publisher=Carnegie Institution |year=1938}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sharer |first1=Robert J. |first2=Loa P. |last2=Traxler |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6th |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2006}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=J. Eric S. |title=Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: Introduction |location=Washington |publisher=Carnegie Institution |year=1950}}
* {{cite book |last=Trouillot |first=Michel-Rolph |title=Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History |location=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |last=Vogt |first=Evon Z. |chapter=The Maintenance of Maya Distinctiveness |title=The Indian in Latin American History: Resistance, Resilience, and Acculturation |editor-first=John E. |editor-last=Kizca |location=Wilmington, DE |publisher=Scholarly Resources |year=1993}}
==External links==
{{Incubator|code=yua}}
* [https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124378 Yucatec Maya Collection of William Blunk-Fernández and Michael Carrasco] at the [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America]]. Contains six audio recordings totaling 1.5 hours of spoken Yucatec Maya.
* [https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124490 Mesospace Collection of Juergen Bohnemeyer] at the [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America]]. Contains 19 video recordings. Content restricted, but may be available for researcher use.
* [https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124468 Mayan Languages Collection] of [[Victoria Bricker]] at the [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America]]. Contains 714 archival files, including audio recordings and transcriptions, from the languages [[Chʼol language|Chʼol]], [[Tzotzil language|Tzotzil]], and Yucatec Maya. The recordings include "(1) histories of the Caste War of Yucatan of 1847–1901 and local manifestations of the Mexican Revolution of 1917–1921; (2) legends; (3) astronomical lore; (4) medical lore; (5) autobiographies; (6) conversations; (7) and songs (both traditional and original) from a number of different towns in the peninsula."
* [https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124464 Yucatec Maya Collection of Melissa Frazier] at the [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America]]. Contains 60 audio recordings of narratives, collected "to establish a collection of spoken Yucatec Maya that will be helpful to anyone who studies the language."
* [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/yuca1254 Yucatec Maya DoReCo corpus] compiled by Stavros Skopeteas. Audio recordings of narrative texts, with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level and translations.
===Language courses===
In addition to universities and private institutions in Mexico, (Yucatec) Maya is also taught at:
*[http://www.osea-cite.org/program/maya_overview.php OSEA – The Open School of Ethnography and Anthropology]
*[http://home.uchicago.edu/~johnlucy The University of Chicago]
*[http://www.leidenuniv.nl Leiden University, Netherlands]
*[http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/4772 Harvard University]
*[http://anthropology.tulane.edu/courses.cfm Tulane University]
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~mlcp/courses.php#Maya Indiana University (Minority Languages & Culture Program)]
*[http://www.wisc.edu University of Wisconsin–Madison]
*[http://isa.unc.edu/maya/maya_main.asp The University of North Carolina]
*[http://www.inalco.fr/ina_gabarit_rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=47 INALCO, Paris, France]
Free online dictionary, grammar and texts:
*[http://www.famsi.org/reports/96072/index.html FAMSI © 2001: David Bolles]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220202011939/https://www.uqroo.mx/libros/maya/diccionario.pdf University of Quintana Roo, 2009 (pdf)]
{{Languages of Mexico}}
{{Languages of Belize}}
{{Mayan languages}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Yucatec Maya language| ]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Mayan languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Mexico]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Central America]]
[[Category:Languages of Belize]]
[[Category:Corozal District]]
[[Category:Orange Walk District]]
[[Category:Verb–object–subject languages]]
[[Category:Tonal languages]]