View source for Yulu (viceroy)

{{Short description|Chinese viceroy}}
{{family name hatnote|Yulu|[[Hitara]]|lang=Manchu}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Yulu
|image=Yulu.jpg
| office           = [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Councilor]]
| term             = 1898
| predecessor      =
| successor        =
| office1           = [[Viceroy of Zhili]]
| term_start1       = 28 September 1898
| term_end1         = 27 July 1900
| predecessor1      = [[Ronglu]]
| successor1        = [[Li Hongzhang]]
| office2           = [[Ministry of Rites|Minister of Rites]]
| term_start2       = 7 September
| term_end2         = 28 September 1898
| alongside2        = Li Duanfen
| predecessor2      = Hūwaitabu
| successor2        = [[Qixiu]]
| office3           = Minister of [[Zongli Yamen]]
| term_start3       = 7 September
| term_end3         = 28 September 1898
| alongside3        =
| predecessor3      =
| successor3        =
| office4           = [[Viceroy of Sichuan]]
| term_start4       = 11 December 1897
| term_end4         = 11 July 1898
| predecessor4      = [[Li Bingheng]]
| successor4        = [[Kuijun]]
| office5           = [[:zh:盛京将军|General of Mukden]]
| term_start5       = 1889
| term_end5         = 1895
| predecessor5      = Qingyu
| successor5        = Iktangga
| office6           = [[Viceroy of Huguang]]<br>{{small|(acting)}}
| term_start6       = April 1885
| term_end6         = August 1889
| predecessor6      = [[Bian Baodi]] (acting)
| successor6        = [[Zhang Zhidong]]
| office7           = [[Viceroy of Sichuan]]<br>{{small|(acting)}}
| term_start7       = 6 September
| term_end7         = October 1887
| predecessor7      = [[Zeng Guoquan]] (acting)
| successor7        = Zeng Guoquan (acting)
| term_start8       = 8 February
| term_end8         = 16 February 1884
| predecessor8      = [[Zuo Zongtang]]
| successor8        = Zeng Guoquan (acting)
| office9           = [[Grand coordinator and provincial governor|Governor]] of [[Anhui]]
| term_start9       = 1874
| term_end9         = 1884
| predecessor9      = Wu Yuanbing
| successor9        = Lu Shijie (acting)
| birth_date = 1844
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death year and age|1900|1844}}
| death_place = [[Yangcun Subdistrict|Yangcun]], [[Tianjin]], [[Zhili]], China
| father = Chonglun
|module= {{chinese|child=yes
|t=裕祿
|s=裕禄
|p=Yùlù
|w=Yü-lu
|mnc= ᡞᠣᡞᠯᡠ
|mnc_rom=ioilu
}}
}}
'''Yulu''' ({{zh|t=裕祿}}, {{lang-mnc|ᡞᠣᡞᠯᡠ}}, 1844-1900), of the [[Hitara]] clan with the courtesy names Shoushan ({{lang|zh|壽山}}) and Zifu ({{lang|zh|子茀}}), was a native of the [[Manchu]] Plain Blue Banner and son of [[Chonglun]], the governor of [[Hubei]]. He once served as the inspector-general of [[Anhui]], [[Viceroy of Liangjiang]], governor of Anhui, [[Viceroy of Huguang]], general of [[Shengjing]], and governor of [[Sichuan]]. In 1898, he was awarded the title of grand minister of state, minister of rites, grand minister of the [[Zongli Yamen]]. Later he served as [[Viceroy of Zhili]].
==Life==
A boy named Li Liu was the son of a rebel named Li Mao-tz'e (Li Maozi) who rebelled on the border of Henan (Honan) and Anhui (Anhwei) provinces in 1872. Li Liu was captured when he was 6 years old by Qing government forces in Anhui (Anhwei) and handed over to Yulu (Yu Luh), the governor of Anhui. He was imprisoned in the office of the district magistrate of [[Huaining County|Huaining]] (Hwaining) until he reached 11 years old in 1877 and was then ordered to be handed to the [[Imperial Household Department]] for castration. His case appeared on 28 November 1877 in the [[Peking Gazette]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=China. Hai guan zong shui wu si shu |title=Medical Reports, Issues 9–16 |date=1875 |publisher=Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs. |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2B9BAQAAMAAJ&q=castrated+sons+imperial+household&pg=RA5-PA52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, Volume 25 |date=1880 |pages=98, 99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLIRAAAAYAAJ&q=castrated+sons+imperial+household&pg=PA99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=United States. Congress. House |title=House Documents, Otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2d Session-49th Congress, 1st Session, Volume 24 |page=4,5 |series=United States congressional serial set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpkFAAAAQAAJ&q=castrated+sons+imperial+household&pg=RA7-PA4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Correspondence Respecting the Alleged Existence of Chinese Slavery in Hong Kong: Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty|volume=3185 |series= Series C  |date=1882 |publisher=G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hswPjsESizYC&q=castrated+sons+imperial+household&pg=PA60 |language=en}}</ref>
In 1900, when the [[Boxer Rebellion]] expanded from Shandong to Zhili, Yulu sent troops to encircle and suppress it, adopting the method of "executing everyone regardless of their leader". At that time, there was a folk song among the people: "When you encounter Mei Dongyi, every family has no food to eat; "With Fan Tiangui, every family is a master." Mei Dongyi and Fan Tiangui were both officers of the Qing Army under the direct control of the Qing Dynasty. Under Yulu's suppression, the Boxers continued to suppress more and more people, and Qing army deputy general Yang Futong was attacked and killed by the group members. The Boxers were supported by conservative officials Prince of Duan [[Zaiyi]], [[Gangyi]], [[Zhao Shuqiao]] and others in Beijing . They entered Beijing to attack foreigners in churches. This led to the ministers of various countries asking Seymour, the commander of the British army in Tianjin, to lead a coalition of various countries to Beijing to protect the embassy. On the one hand, it requires all countries to send more troops to China.{{citation needed|date= October 2023}}
It is remembered that Huanglien Shengmu garnered respect for the [[Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)|Red Lanterns]] after a confrontation with Zhili Governor-General Yulu.<ref name="Paul A. Cohen 1997">Paul A. Cohen, ''History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth'', ACLS Fellows’ Publications (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 271.</ref> Yulu was resistant to Boxer intervention against foreigners. After resisting Boxer efforts even when fighting had already begun in Tianjin, Huanglien Shengmu confronted him. She argued for his support and condemned him for his opposition to the Boxers. In a triumphant success, he conceded to the Boxers and promised his future support to the Rebellion.<ref name="Paul A. Cohen 1997"/> Historian Paul Cohen notes that Huanglien Shengmu's confrontation is significant because she was both a working-class person talking up to a ruling-class person, and also a female in a highly patriarchal society talking down to a male with unusual success.<ref>Paul A. Cohen, ''History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth'', ACLS Fellows’ Publications (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 273.</ref>
On June 17, the coalition forces [[Battle of the Taku Forts (1900)|attacked the Dagu Fort]], and the fort guard [[Luo Rongguang]] fired back. On June 18, [[Dong Fuxiang]]'s [[Gansu Army]] and Seymour's Army fought fiercely in [[Battle of Langfang|Langfang]] . Seymour's Army retreated to Tianjin, and the war actually broke out. On June 19, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered Yulu: "Foreign soldiers from various countries want to occupy the Dagu Fort. The situation is urgent and the war has begun. The governor must urgently recruit volunteers, consolidate the people's hearts, and help the officers and soldiers defend and resist. , Don't be afraid to look around and let foreign soldiers come in."
Starting from June 17, Yulu commanded the front army of Nie Shicheng's armed guards and the left army of Ma Yukun 's armed guards to besiege the Tianjin concession area, intending to put pressure on the Western powers and force them to withdraw their troops. On June 27, Dagu reinforcements and Seymour's army gathered in the Tianjin Concession and turned from defense to offense. On July 9,[[Nie Shicheng]] was killed in action. On July 13, Yulu and [[Ma Yukun]] were defeated and fled to [[Battle of Beicang|Beicang]]. On the 14th, [[Battle of Tientsin|Tianjin fell]]. They fled in early August . He went to [[Battle of Yangcun|Yangcun]] and committed suicide by taking poison.
Manchu banner garrisons were annihilated on 5 roads by Russians as they suffered most of the casualties. Manchu Shoufu killed himself during the battle of Peking and the Manchu [[Lao She]]'s father was killed by western soldiers in the battle as the Manchu banner armies of the Center Division of the Guards Army, [[Hushenying|Tiger Spirit Division]] and [[Peking Field Force]] in the Metropolitan banners were slaughtered by the western soldiers. Baron von Ketteler, the German diplomat was murdered by Captain Enhai, a Manchu from the Tiger Spirit Division of Aisin Gioro Zaiyi, Prince Duan and the Inner city Legation Quarters and Catholic cathedral ([[Church of the Saviour, Beijing]]) were both attacked by Manchu bannermen. Manchu bannermen were slaughtered by the Eight Nation Alliance all over Manchuria and Beijing because most of the Manchu bannermen supported the Boxers in the Boxer rebellion.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Rhoads |first1=Edward J. M. |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |date=2017 |publisher=University of Washington Press |series=Studies on Ethnic Groups in China |isbn=978-0295997483 |page=72 |url={{Google books|OXQkDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> There were 1,266 households including 900 [[Daur people|Daurs]] and 4,500 Manchus in [[Sixty-Four Villages East of the River]] and [[Blagoveshchensk]] until the [[Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre]] committed by Russian [[Cossack]] soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:俄罗斯帝国总参谋部. 《亚洲地理、地形和统计材料汇编》|trans-title=General Staff of the Russian Empire. Compilation of Geographical, Topographical and Statistical Materials in Asia|publisher=Russian Empire|year=1886|volume=XXXI|page=185}}</ref> Many Manchu villages were burned by Cossacks in the massacre according to Victor Zatsepine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Andrew |title=On Russia-China Border, Selective Memory of Massacre Works for Both Sides |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/world/europe/russia-china-border.html |agency=The New York Times |date=March 26, 2020}}</ref>
Western and Japanese soldiers mass raped Manchu women and Mongol banner women in the Tartar Banner inner city of Beijing in [[siheyuan]] [[hutong]]s in the city. Sawara Tokusuke, a Japanese journalist wrote in  "Miscellaneous Notes about the Boxers,"<ref name=sawara/>{{rp|268}} about the rapes of Manchu and Mongol banner girls like when Manchu bannerman Yulu was killed in Yangcun and his seven daughters gang raped in the Heavenly palace.<ref name=sawara>{{cite book|title=Compiled Materials on the Boxers (Yihetuan wenxian huibian)|chapter=Miscellaneous Notes about the Boxers" (Quanshi zaji)|last=Tokusuke|first=Sawara|publisher=Dingwen|year=1973}}</ref>{{rp|268}} A daughter and wife of Mongol banner noble [[Chongqi (official)|Chongqi]] of the [[Arute Hala|Alute clan]] were gang raped.<ref name=sawara/>{{rp|266}} Multiple relatives including his son Baochu killed themselves after he killed himself on 26 August 1900. (Fang 75).<ref>{{cite book|author=Chao-ying Fang|chapter=Chongqi|title=Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period|orig-date=1644|date=2018|publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group|pages=74–75}}</ref>
Manchu royals, officials and officers like [[Yuxian (Qing dynasty)|Yuxian]], [[Qixiu]], [[Zaixun, Prince Zhuang]] and Captain [[Clemens von Ketteler#Boxer rebellion and death|Enhai]] (En Hai) were executed or forced to commit suicide by the Eight Nation Alliance. Manchu official [[Gangyi]]'s execution was demanded but he already died.<ref>{{cite book |first = Erxun |last = Zhao |script-title = zh:《清史稿》 |trans-title = Draft History of Qing |publisher = Zhonghua Book Compary |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-7101007503 |url = http://book.douban.com/subject/1024528/ |series = 点校本二十四史·清史稿 }}</ref> Japanese soldiers arrested Qixiu before he was executed.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:《拳亂紀聞》|author=原篤介|quote=「兵部尚書啟秀因曾力助舊黨，並曾奏保五臺山僧人普靜為聖僧，調令攻襲什庫，八月廿七日為日兵拘禁。」}}</ref> Zaixun, Prince Zhuang was forced to commit suicide on 21 February 1901.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qingchao.net/lishi/yihetuan/|script-title=zh:清朝历史|trans-title=Qing Dynasty History|date=2011-06-30|publisher=qingchao.net|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703000215/http://www.qingchao.net/lishi/yihetuan/|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjxch.gov.cn/pub/xch_wenziban/B/xcly/xcly_4/200812/t20081209_1131407.html|script-title=zh:平安里仅有八十余年历史|publisher=Government of Xicheng District|access-date=2022-08-28|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131319/http://www.bjxch.gov.cn/pub/xch_wenziban/B/xcly/xcly_4/200812/t20081209_1131407.html}}</ref> They executed Yuxian on 22 February 1901.<ref>{{cite book|author = Paul Henry Clements|title = The Boxer rebellion: a political and diplomatic review| publisher = AMS Press| location = New York| year = 1979| isbn = 978-0404511609| language =en}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Paul A.|last=Cohen|title=History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York|isbn=0-231-10651-3|postscript=.|page=55}}</ref>
On 31 December 1900 German soldiers beheaded the Manchu captain Enhai for killing [[Clemens von Ketteler]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|yaOknKJ3bNgC|plainurl=yes}}|title=Protection of officials of foreign states according to international law|author=Franciszek Przetacznik|year=1983|publisher=BRILL|page=229|isbn=90-247-2721-9|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Posthumous dishonour was conferred upon Gangyi.<ref name="auto"/>
==Family==
*His father was Chonglun, the governor of Hubei Province.
*His wife was from the [[Hešeri]] family. Her father is Longshan from the Manchu bordered blue banner. His uncle Daoguang was a Jinshi in the 18th year of the Reform Movement of 1898. Her aunt was a concubine of the [[Daoguang emperor]] .
*Eldest son Xichen
*The second son, Xiyuan [[w:zh:熙元]], was a [[Jinshi]] in the Jichou year of Guangxu. He became a [[Shujishi]] in 1889.<ref>{{Cite book|title=《大清德宗同天崇运大中至正经文纬武仁孝睿智端俭宽勤景皇帝实录》/ "The Chronicles of emperor Dezong of Great Qing"}}</ref> Xiyuan and his family, wife and sister in law committed suicide in Beijing in 1900 after the Eight Nation Alliance took over the city.
*The third son, Xiyan, was a Jinshi in the Renchen year of Guangxu.
*The fourth son is Xizheng; his wife is Wanyan; his father is Songshen, a Jinshi of Wuchen year of Tongzhi, in the Imperial Household Department's Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner
*Xirui (mourn)
*Xiwen
*Xifu
*The ninth son, Xijun, was the heir his brother Yuhui from the Yulu clan. He succeeded the Duke Chengen of Queen Xiao Shurui's Xitala clan and married the fourth daughter of Prince Qing [[Yikuang]] . He died in the 26th year of Guangxu's reign (1900).<ref>《清實錄‧德宗景皇帝實錄》，卷460。《清史稿》，卷167。</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/%E7%86%99%E4%BF%8A-%E4%B9%9D-%E5%96%9C%E5%A1%94%E8%87%98/6000000011589852889 |title=全球家譜：熙俊(九) 喜塔臘 |accessdate=2016-05-02 |archive-date=2016-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611111703/https://www.geni.com/people/%E7%86%99%E4%BF%8A-%E4%B9%9D-%E5%96%9C%E5%A1%94%E8%87%98/6000000011589852889 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*A daughter of the Hitara family married [[Niohuru]] Enhao. His father was the imperial guard and General Guangke of Hangzhou. His aunt Niohuru was the filial Empress Zhenxian ([[Empress Dowager Ci'an]]) of Emperor Xianfeng. His grandfather was Muyanga.
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:裕禄.jpg|Yulu, a Governor of [[Anhui]]
File:Yulu.jpg|A photograph of Yulu
File:熙元.jpg|Xiyuan, Yulu's son and professor in [[Hanlin Academy]]
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|title=Governor of Anhui|before=[[Wu Yuanbing]]|after=[[Lu Shijie]]|years=1874&ndash;1884}}
{{succession box|title=[[Viceroy of Liangguang]]|before=[[Zuo Zongtang ]]|after=[[Zeng Guoquan]]|years=1884}}
{{succession box|title=[[Viceroy of Huguang]]|before=[[Bian Baodi]]|after=[[Zhang Zhidong]]|years=1885&ndash;1889}}
{{succession box|title=General of Mukden|before=[[Qingyu]]|after=[[Iktangga]]|years=1889&ndash;1895 }}
{{succession box|title=[[Viceroy of Sichuan]]|before=[[Li Bingheng]]|after=[[Kuijun]]|years= 1897&ndash;1898}}
{{succession box|title=[[Minister of Rites]]|before=[[Waitabu]]|after=[[Qixiu]]|years=1898}}
{{succession box|title=[[Viceroy of Zhili]]|before=[[Ronglu]]|after=[[Li Hongzhang]]|years=1898&ndash;1900}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yulu}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Hubei]]
[[Category:Grand Councillors of the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty diplomats]]
[[Category:19th-century Chinese diplomats]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Huguang]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Zhili]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Liangjiang]]
[[Category:Ministers of Zongli Yamen]]
[[Category:Manchu Plain White Bannermen]]
[[Category:Suicides in the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Suicides by poison]]