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{{short description|West wind god in Greek mythology}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| image = Affreschi_romani_-_pompei_-_nozze_zefiro_e_clori_particolare.JPG
| caption = Zephyrus on an antique fresco in [[Pompeii]]
| god_of = God of the West Wind
| Roman_equivalent = Favonius
| name = Zephyrus
| abode = [[Sky]]
| animals = Horse, swan
| script_name = Greek
| script = {{lang|grc|Ζέφυρος}}
| consort = [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]] ''or''<br>[[Flora (mythology)|Flora]]
| children = [[Pothos (mythology)|Pothos]], [[Balius and Xanthus]], [[Karpos|Carpus]], tigers
| parents = [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]]
| siblings = [[Anemoi|Winds]] ([[Boreas (god)|Boreas]], [[Eurus]], and [[Notus]]),  [[Eosphorus]], the Stars, [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]], [[Emathion]], [[Astraea (mythology)|Astraea]]
}}
In [[Greek mythology]] and [[Ancient Greek religion|religion]], '''Zephyrus''' ({{langx|grc|Ζέφυρος|Zéphuros|westerly wind}}), also spelled in English as '''Zephyr''', is the god and personification of the [[West wind]], one of the several wind gods, the [[Anemoi]]. The son of [[Eos]], the goddess of the dawn, and [[Astraeus]], Zephyrus is the most gentle and favourable of the winds, and is also associated with flowers, springtime and even procreation.<ref name=":brill" /> In myths, he is presented as the tender breeze, and he is known for his unrequited love for the [[Sparta]]n prince [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinthus]]. Although he along with [[Boreas (god)|Boreas]] are the two most prominent wind gods, their role in mythology is relatively limited.{{sfn|Kerenyi|1951|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/page/n231/mode/2up?view=theater 205]}}
Zephyrus, similarly to his brothers, also received a minor cult during ancient times, although his worship was fairly minor compared to others and he was overshadowed by the more important gods such as the [[Twelve Olympians]]. Nevertheless, traces of it are found in [[Classical Athens]] and surrounding regions and city-states, where it was usually joint with the cults of the other wind gods.
His equivalent in [[Roman mythology]] and religion is the god '''Favonius'''.
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
== Etymology ==
The ancient Greek noun {{lang|grc|ζέφυρος}} is the word for the wind that blows from the west.{{sfn|Liddell|Scott|1940|loc=s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*ze/furos Ζέφυρος]}} His name is attested in [[Mycenaean Greek]] as ze-pu<sub>2</sub>-ro ([[Linear B]]: {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀽𐁆𐀫}}}}),<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Казанскене | first1 = В. П. | last2 = Казанский | first2 = Н. Н | entry = ze-pu₂-ro | title = Предметно-понятийный словарь греческого языка. Крито-микенский период | url = https://www.academia.edu/40648657 | location = Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), Russia | publisher = Nauka | year = 1986 | page = 64 |language = Russian}}</ref> which points to a possible Proto-Hellenic form ''*Dzépʰuros''.{{sfn|Davis|Laffineur|2020|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} Further attestation of the god and his worship as part of the Anemoi is found in the word-forms {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀀𐀚𐀗𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊}}}}, {{Lang|gmy-latn|a-ne-mo-i-je-re-ja}}, {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀀𐀚𐀗𐄀𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊}}}}, {{Lang|gmy-latn|a-ne-mo i-je-re-ja}}, that is, "priestess of the winds", found on the [[Knossos|KN]] Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url = http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-ne-mo/ | title = a-ne-mo | last = Raymoure | first = K. A. | work = Linear B Transliterations | publisher = Deaditerranean. Dead Languages of the Mediterranean | access-date = 2014-03-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190212181702/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/a/a-ne-mo/ | archive-date = 2019-02-12 | url-status = dead}}{{cite web | url = https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/1 | title = KN Fp 1 + 31}}{{cite web | url = https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/13 | title = KN 13 Fp(1) (138)}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web | url = http://www.hf.uio.no/ifikk/english/research/projects/damos/ | title = DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo - Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas}}</ref>
Traditionally, 'Zephyros' has been linked to the word {{lang|grc|ζόφος}} (zóphos) meaning "darkness" or "west". Both in turn have been connected to the [[Proto-Indo-European]] root  ''*(h₃)yebʰ-'', meaning "to enter, to penetrate" (from which {{lang|grc|οἴφω}} (oíphō), meaning 'to have sex', also derives).{{sfn|Rix|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/lexikon-der-indogermanischen-verben/page/309/mode/1up?view=theater 309]}} It has been noted however that a development ''*Hi̯-'' → ''ζ-'' is unlikely, and most evidence in fact points to the contrary.{{sfn|Beekes|2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek/page/n540/mode/1up?view=theater 499]}}
It could also be of pre-Greek origin, though [[Robert S. P. Beekes|Beekes]] is not sure either way.{{sfn|Beekes|2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek/page/n540/mode/1up?view=theater 499]}} Due to his role as the west wind, his name and various derivatives of it were used to mean 'western',{{sfn|Beekes|2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek/page/n540/mode/1up?view=theater 499]}} like for example the Greek colony of [[Locri Epizephyrii]] in southern [[Italy]], west of [[Greece]].
== Family ==
[[File:Zephyr_and_Flora,_c.1720,_by_Antonio_Corradini,_V&A.JPG|thumb|left|''Zephyr and Flora'', c. 1720, by Antonio Corradini, [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].]]
=== Parents ===
Zephyrus, like the rest of the wind gods, the [[Anemoi]] ([[Boreas (god)|Boreas]], [[Eurus]] and [[Notus]]) was said to be the son of [[Eos]], the goddess of the dawn, by her husband and first cousin [[Astraeus]], a minor god related to the stars.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D371 378], [[Hyginus]] [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 Preface]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.2.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 1.2.3]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater 6.28]</ref> The poet [[Ovid]] dubs the four of them 'the Astraean brothers' in reference to their paternity.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 14.545</ref>
He is thus also brother to the rest of Eos and Astraeus's children, namely the five star-gods and the justice goddess [[Astraea]]. His mortal half-brothers include [[Memnon]] and [[Emathion]], sons of his mother Eos by the Trojan prince [[Tithonus]]. The Athenian playwright [[Aeschylus]] however in his fifth-century BC play ''[[Oresteia#Agamemnon|Agamemnon]]'' writes that Zephyrus is the son of the goddess [[Gaia]] (the mother earth) instead (the father, if one exists at all, is not named).<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Oresteia#Agamemnon|Agamemnon]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Acard%3D681 690]</ref>
=== Consorts and offspring ===
[[File:Oberhausen - Gasometer - Der schöne Schein - Primavera (Botticelli) 03 ies.jpg|thumb|250px|Zephyrus with Chloris in ''[[Primavera (Botticelli)|Primavera]]'' by [[Sandro Botticelli]], ca. 1470s-1480s, oil on canvas.]]
In Greek tradition, Zephyrus became the consort of [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]], the goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. According to [[Nonnus]], a late-antiquity poet, together they became the parents of [[Pothos (mythology)|Pothos]],<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/396/mode/2up?view=theater 47.340]</ref> the god of desire, and according to [[Alcaeus of Mytilene]] (a six-century BC poet from the island of [[Lesbos]]), of [[Eros]] as well, though he is more commonly a son of [[Ares]] and [[Aphrodite]].<ref>[[Alcaeus of Mytilene]] fragment 149 [Page, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4uhBArQUknYC&pg=PA82 82].]</ref> In the same passage, Zephyrus is described as having golden hair.
By the [[Harpy]] [[Podarge]] (who is Iris's sister) he became the father of [[Balius and Xanthus]], the two fast, talking horses that were given to [[Achilles]],{{sfn|Smith|1873|loc=s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DZ%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dzephyrus-bio-1 Zephyrus]}}{{sfn|Grimal|1987|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas00grim/page/73/mode/2up?view=theater Balius]}} when he mated with her while she was grazing on a meadow near the banks of the Ocean, implied in the form of a mare.{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA58 58]}} [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]] also says that by a Harpy he had [[Arion (horse)|Arion]], the talking horse.<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica|Fall of Troy]]'' [https://archive.org/details/falloftroy00quin/page/208/mode/2up?view=theater 4.569]</ref> Like with the case of Eros, Arion's more common parentage is different, in this case the Olympians [[Demeter]] and [[Poseidon]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Areion | date = 2006 | access-date = May 28, 2023 | url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/areion-e133590 | last = Graf | first = Fritz | location = Columbus, Ohio | translator = Christine F. Salazar | doi= 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e133590 | publisher = Brill Reference Online | encyclopedia = [[Brill's New Pauly]] | editor-first1 = Hubert | editor-last1 = Cancik | editor-first2 = Helmuth | editor-last2 = Schneider}}</ref>
In some sources Zephyrus has a son named [[Karpos|Carpus]] ("fruit") by a nymph [[Horae|Hora]], who drowned in the [[Büyük Menderes River|Maeander]] river when the wind drove a wave right into his face, driving his lover [[Kalamos|Calamus]] into despair, who went on to take his life.<ref>[[Servius (grammarian)|Servius]] ''On Eclogues'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091%3Apoem%3D5%3Acommline%3D48 5.48]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''  [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/384/mode/2up?view=theater 11.385-481]</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | translator = Christine F. Salazar | url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/carpus-e609540?s | date = 2006 | access-date = April 14, 2023 | first1 = Alexandra | last1 = Frey | location = Hamburg | first2 = Menso | last2 = Folkerts | publisher = Brill Reference Online | encyclopedia= [[Brill's New Pauly]] | title = Carpus | doi = 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e609540 | editor-first1 = Hubert | editor-last1 = Cancik | editor-first2 = Helmuth | editor-last2 = Schneider}}</ref>{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|pages=278-2789}} According to [[Pseudo-Oppian]], he also became the genitor of tigers by an unnamed consort.<ref>[[Pseudo-Oppian|Oppian]], ''Cynegetica'' [https://archive.org/details/oppiancolluthust00oppiuoft/page/34/mode/2up?view=theater 1.320], [https://archive.org/details/oppiancolluthust00oppiuoft/page/142/mode/2up?view=theater 3.350]</ref>
== Mythology ==
=== West Wind ===
[[File:The relief panels on the frieze of the Tower of the Winds. The wind god Zephyrus.jpg|thumb|left|Zephyrus relief from the [[Tower of the Winds]], [[Athens]].|upright=1.15]]
Zephyrus, along with his brother Boreas, is one of the most prominent of the Anemoi; they are frequently mentioned together by poets, and along with a third brother, [[Notus]] (the south wind) they were seen as the three useful and favourable winds (the east wind, Eurus, seen as bad omen).<ref name=":brill" /> They are the three wind gods mentioned by [[Hesiod]], as ancient Greeks avoided talking about Eurus.{{sfn|Kerenyi|1951|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/page/n231/mode/2up?view=theater 205]}} Zephyrus and Boreas were thought to dwell together in a palace in [[Thrace]].{{sfn|Smith|1873|loc=s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DZ%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dzephyrus-bio-1 Zephyrus]}}
In the ''[[Odyssey]]'' however, they all seem to dwell on the island of [[Aeolia (mythical island)|Aeolia]], as [[Zeus]] has tasked [[Aeolus (son of Hippotes)|Aeolus]] with the job of the keeper of the winds.{{sfn|Myrsiades|2019|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2bcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104 104]}} Aeolus receives [[Odysseus]] and his wretched crew, and hosts them for a month gracefully.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 1-45]</ref> As they part, Aeolus gives Odysseus a bag containing all the winds, except for Zephyrus himself, who is let free to blow Odysseus's ship gently back to [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]]; Odysseus's crewmates however foolishly open the bag, thinking it to contain some treasure, and set free all the other winds as well, blowing the ships back to Aeolia.{{sfn|Myrsiades|2019|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2bcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104 104]}} Many years later, right after Odysseus left [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]], the sea-god [[Poseidon]] in rage unleashed all four of them to cause a storm and raise great waves in order to drown Odysseus in the sea.{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA100 100]}}
[[File:Rutxhiel_Zéphyr_et_Psyché.jpg|thumb|''Zéphyr rapting Psyché'', 1814 by [[Henri-Joseph Ruxthiel]].|240px]]
In the ''[[Iliad]]'', Zephyrus is visited by his wife Iris in his home as he dines with his wind brothers to summon him, along with Boreas, so that they blow on [[Patroclus]]'s funeral pyre following his death, as Achilles prayed for their help when the pyre failed to kindle.<ref>[[Homer]], the ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D23%3Acard%3D192 23.192-225]</ref>{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA48 48]}} In the ''[[Dionysiaca]]'', all four live together with their father Astraeus; Zephyrus plays sweet notes with an [[aulos]] for Demeter when she pays them a visit.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater 6.28]</ref>
In the myth of [[Cupid and Psyche|Eros and Psyche]], Zephyrus serves [[Eros]], the god of love, by transporting his bride-to-be, the mortal princess [[Psyche (mythology)|Psyche]] with his soft breeze from the cliff she had been left in on an oracle's suggestion to Eros's palace.{{sfn|Kenney|1990|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bFNK7qX7l9QC&pg=PA49 49]}} Later, he also helps rather reluctantly Psyche's two sisters transport the same way to the palace as well, when Psyche wishes to see them again.{{sfn|Kenney|1990|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bFNK7qX7l9QC&pg=PA57 57]}} After Eros abandons Psyche over her betrayal, both sisters take advantage of the situation and each independently goes to the cliff (having both been lied to by Psyche that Eros wished to maker her his new wife), calling for Eros to make them his bride, and Zephyrus to take them to the palace. But this time Zephyrus does not act when they jump, and thus they both fall to their deaths, torn limb to limb and made food for the birds of prey and wild beasts below.{{sfn|Kenney|1990|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bFNK7qX7l9QC&pg=PA81 81-83]}}
Zephyrus seems to have had a connection to swans; in [[Philostratus the Elder]]'s works, he joins them twice in their song, once while they are carrying the [[Erotes]] and another when the young [[Phaethon]] is killed driving his father [[Helios]]'s fiery chariot.{{sfn|Roman|Roman|2010|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC&pg=PT533 521]}}{{sfn|Ferrari|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oXbG_4TRs8QC&pg=PA58 58]}} This apparently symbolizes the belief that swans took to singing when the mild west wind blew.<ref>{{cite book | title = Poetica | volume = 3-6 | publisher = Sanseido International | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4TlJAAAAYAAJ | page = 51 | date = 1975}}</ref>
=== Other myths ===
[[File:Hyacinthus and Zephyrus 3.jpg|thumb|Zephyr and Hyacinth engaging in [[intercrural sex]] on a red-figure vase (5th century BCE)]]
In his most notable myth, Zephyrus fell in love with a beautiful Spartan prince named [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinthus]], who nevertheless rejected him<ref>[[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:dialogues-of-the-gods#section14 14: Apollo and Hermes]</ref> and became the lover of another god, [[Apollo]].{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|pages=280-281}} One day that the prince and Apollo were playing a game of discus, Zephyrus deflected the course of Apollo's discus, redirecting it right onto Hyacinthus's head, fatally wounding him. His blood then became a new flower, the hyacinth.{{efn|The flower that the ancient Greeks believed Hyacinthus turned into was not however what is today known as the hyacinth, as the ancient description does not match.<ref>{{Citation | last = Raven | first = J. E. | year = 2000 | title = Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece | location = Oxford | publisher = Leopard Head Press | isbn = 978-0-904920-40-6 | pages = 26–27}}</ref> The flower most likely to have been the ancient hyacinth is the [[Delphinium|larkspur]], while other candidates include the [[Iris (plant)|iris]] and [[gladiolus italicus]].<ref>{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=FlbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 71—76] | title = Roots and Routes: Poetics at New College of California | first1 = Patrick James | last1 = Dunagan | first2 =  Marina | last2 = Lazzara | first3 =  Nicholas James | last3 = Whittington | publisher = Vernon Press | date = October 6, 2020 | location = [[Delaware]], [[United States]] | isbn = 978-1-64889-052-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FlbjDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>}} In some versions, Zephyrus is supplanted by his brother Boreas as the wind-god that bore a one-sided love for the beautiful prince.{{sfn|Smith|1873|loc=s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D17%3Aentry%3Dhyacinthus-bio-1 Hyacinthus]}} Zephyrus's role in this myth reflects his connection to flowers and springtime as the gentle west wind, who, in spite of his traditional gentleness, is nonetheless a harsh lover like all winds are.{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|pages=280-281}} Not every version of this tale features Zephyrus however, and his participation is a secondary narrative; in many of them he is absent, and Hyacinthus's death is a genuine accident on Apollo's part.{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA58 58]}}{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|pages=280-281}}
Another time, Zephyrus became lovers with another beautiful youth named [[Cyparissus]] ("cypress").<ref>[[Servius (grammarian)|Servius]], ''On the Aeneid'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D3%3Acommline%3D680 3.680]</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Rosemary M. Wright | title = A Dictionary of Classical Mythology: Summary of Transformations | website = mythandreligion.upatras.gr | url = http://mythandreligion.upatras.gr/english/m-r-wright-a-dictionary-of-classical-mythology/ | access-date = January 3, 2023 | publisher = [[University of Patras]]}}</ref> The youth, wanting to preserve his beauty, fled to Mount Cassium in [[Syria]], where he was transformed into a cypress tree.{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|pages=260-261}}{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA571 571]}} This myth which might be of Hellenistic origin seems to have been modeled after that of Apollo and [[Daphne]].{{sfn|Hard|2004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA571 571]}} It also, along with Zephyrus's role in Hyacinthus's story, fits the pattern–also fit by his brother Boreas–of a wind god appearing in the story of the creation of a plant.{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|pages=260-261}} In all other narratives however Zephyrus is absent, and the role of Cyparissus's divine partner is filled by Apollo; furthermore, Cyparissus is transformed into a cypress by Apollo at his own request after accidentally killing his own pet deer, which caused him much stress.{{sfn|Forbes Irving|1990|pages=260-261}}
Zephyrus also features in some of the dialogues by the satirical author [[Lucian]] of [[Samsat|Samosata]]; in the ''Dialogues of the Sea Gods'', he appears in two dialogues with his brother Notus, the god of the south wind. In the first, they discuss the Argive princess [[Io (mythology)|Io]] and how she was loved and got turned into a heifer by Zeus in order to hide from his jealous wife [[Hera]],<ref>[[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Sea Gods'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:dialogues-of-the-sea-gods#vii 7: South Wind and West Wind I]</ref> while in the second, Zephyrus enthusiastically recounts the scene he has just witnessed of how Zeus transformed into a bull, tricked another princess, the [[Phoenicia]]n [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]], into riding him, transported her to [[Crete]] and then mated with her while Notus expresses his jealousy and complains of seeing nothing noteworthy.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Sea Gods'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:dialogues-of-the-sea-gods#xv 15: South Wind and West Wind II]</ref>
== In ancient culture ==
=== Iconography ===
[[File:Pergamon-Altar - Pferde 3.jpg|thumb|The horses on the Pergamon Altar, Berlin.]]
Like all the other wind gods, Zephyrus is represented in ancient Greek art with wings,<ref>{{cite book | first = John | last = Boardman | title = The Athenian Red-Figure Vases: The Archaic Period | publisher = Thames & Hudson | location = London, UK | isbn = 9780500201435 | date = 1985 | page = 230}}</ref> due to which he is sometimes hard to distinguish from Eros, another winged youthful god, though tellingly unlike Zephyrus Eros is not depicted pursuing males.{{sfn|Gantz|1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/early-greek-myth-a-guide-timothy-gantz/page/94/mode/2up?view=theater 94]}} In ancient vases, he is most commonly pursuing the young Hyacinthus or already holding him in his arms in an erotic and sexual manner; on a red-figure vase in the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]], Zephyrus's erect penis thrusts into the folds of the young man's clothes as they fly together,{{sfn|Dover|1989|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fstPVlTPBRQC&pg=PA98 98]}} while vase 95.31 from the same museum depicts intercrural sex between the two.{{sfn|Beazley|1918|page=[https://archive.org/details/atticredfigured00beazgoog/page/n114/mode/2up?view=theater 98]}} Various other vases also show scenes of Zephyrus grabbing and seizing Hyacinthus.{{sfn|Dover|1989|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fstPVlTPBRQC&pg=PA75 75]}}{{sfn|Dover|1989|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fstPVlTPBRQC&pg=PA93 93]}}
On the [[Tower of the Winds]], a clocktower/horologion in the Roman agora of Athens, the frieze depicts Zephyrus alongside seven more of the wind gods above the sundials. Zephyrus is presented as a beardless youth carrying a cloak full of flowers.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Noble | first1 = Joseph V. | last2 = de Solla Price | first2 = Derek J. | title = The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds | journal = [[American Journal of Archaeology]] | date = 1968 | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 345{{ndash}}355 | doi = 10.2307/503828 | jstor = 503828 | s2cid = 193112893 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/503828 | via = JSTOR | issn = 0002-9114}}</ref>
On the [[Pergamon Altar]], which depicts the battle of the gods against the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]] (known as the Gigantomachy), Zephyrus and the other three wind gods are shown in the shape of horses who pull the chariot of the goddess Hera in the eastern frieze of the monument;<ref>''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73ac4ebff2462-9 617 (Venti)]</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Max | last = Kunze | title = Der grosse Marmoraltar von Pergamon | trans-title = The Large Marble Altar of Pergamon | publisher = Staatliche Museem zu Berlin | language = German | location = Berlin | date = 1988 | pages = 23–24}}</ref> the equine forms of the Anemoi are also found in [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]]'s works, where the four brothers pull Zeus's chariot instead.<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica|Fall of Troy]]'' [https://archive.org/details/falloftroy00quin/page/500/mode/2up?view=theater 12.189]</ref>
=== Cult ===
Ancient cult of the wind gods is attested in several ancient Greek states.{{sfn|Farnell|1909|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/415/mode/2up?view=theater 416]}} According to the geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], the Winds were jointly worshipped in the town of [[Titani|Titane]], in [[Sicyon]], where the local priest offered sacrifice to them,{{sfn|Farnell|1909|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/417/mode/2up?view=theater 417]}}<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.12.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.12.1]</ref> and in [[Coroneia (Boeotia)|Coronea]], a town in [[Boeotia]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D34%3Asection%3D3 9.34.3]</ref> It is also known that the citizens of [[Laciadae]] in [[Attica]] had erected an altar for Zephyrus.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.37.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 1.37.2]</ref> According to a fragment doubtfully attributed to the fifth-century BC poet [[Bacchylides]], a [[Rhodes|Rhodian]] farmer named Eudemus built a temple in honour of the west wind god, in gratitude for his help.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Silver | first1 = Isidore | date = 1945 | title = Du Bellay and Hellenic Poetry | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/459286 | journal = [[Modern Language Association|PMLA]] | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | jstor = 459286 | pages = 949–50 | doi = 10.2307/459286 | s2cid = 163633516 | access-date = May 25, 2023}}</ref>
== Favonius ==
[[File:Sandro Botticelli - The Birth of Venus (detail) - WGA2772.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of Zephyrus with [[Aura (mythology)|Aura]] from [[Sandro Botticelli]]'s ''[[The Birth of Venus]]''.]]
Zephyrus's Roman equivalent was called '''Favonius''' (the "favouring") who held dominion over plants and flowers, however 'Zephyrus' was also commonly used by Romans. Some later authors would also describe him as having wings in his head.{{sfn|Smith|1873|loc=s.v. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DU%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dventi-bio-1 Venti]}} The Roman poet [[Horace]] writes:<ref>[[Horace]], ''Odes'' 3.7.</ref>
{{Verse translation|quid fles, Asterie, quem tibi candidi
primo restituent vere Favonii?|Why do you weep, Asterie, for the man whom the bright west winds
will restore to you at the beginning of spring?|lang=la}}
Unlike Greek authors, Roman writers held that Zephyrus/Favonius married not Iris but rather a local vegetation and fertility goddess named [[Flora (mythology)|Flora]] (identified and linked by Ovid with a minor Greek nymph named [[Chloris]] and her legend{{sfn|Grimal|1987|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas00grim/page/165/mode/2up?view=theater Flora]}}) after abducting her while she tried to run away and escape him; he gave her dominion over flowers, thus making amends for his violence and abduction of her.<ref name=":brill">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Brill's New Pauly]] | publisher = Brill Reference Online | url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zephyrus-e12216400 | doi = 10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12216400 | last = Rausch | first = Sven | location = Hamburg | title = Zephyrus | date = 2006 | editor-first1 = Hubert | editor-last1 = Cancik | editor-first2 = Helmuth | editor-last2 = Schneider | translator = Christine F. Salazar | access-date = April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'' [https://archive.org/details/ovidsfasti00oviduoft/page/274/mode/2up?view=theater 5.195-212]</ref>
Some analysts have suggested that Carpus, the son Zephyrus had by Hora/a Hora (season goddess), is supposed to have been actually mothered by Flora/Chloris instead, although this is not confirmed in any ancient text.{{sfn|Guirand|Graves|1987|page=[https://archive.org/details/newlarousseencyc00robe/page/137/mode/2up?view=theater 138]}}
== Genealogy ==
{{chart top|Zephyrus's family tree<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132&ndash;138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337&ndash;411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453&ndash;520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901&ndash;906, 915&ndash;920]; Caldwell, pp. 8&ndash;11, tables 11&ndash;14.</ref>|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]|HYP=[[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!|RIV | |OCE | |HEL | |SEL | |EOS |y |AST | |PAL | |PER |RIV=<small>The&nbsp;[[Potamoi|Rivers]]</small>|OCE=<small>The&nbsp;[[Oceanids]]</small>|HEL=[[Helios]]|SEL=[[Selene]]<ref>Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371&ndash;374], in the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99&ndash;100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.</ref>|EOS=[[Eos]]|AST=[[Astraeus]]|PAL=[[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]|PER=[[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ZEP | |ASR | |PLA |ZEP='''ZEPHYRUS''' <br><small>Anemoi</small>|ASR=[[Astraea]]<ref>Astraea is not mentioned by Hesiod, instead she is given as a daughter of Eos and Astraeus in [[Hyginus]] ''Astronomica'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.25.1 2.25.1].</ref>|PLA=Stars}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{chart|!| | | | |CRO |y|RHE | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | |COE=[[Coeus]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]|CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|v|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|v|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | }}
{{chart|!|HES |!|HER | |HAD |!|ZEU | | | |LET | |AST | |HES=[[Hestia]]|HER=[[Hera]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]|LET=[[Leto]]|AST=[[Asteria (Titaness)|Asteria]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|!| | |DEM | | | | | |POS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DEM=[[Demeter]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | |IAP |y|CLY | | | | | |MNE |~|y|~|ZEU |~|y|~|THE |IAP=[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]|CLY=[[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]]&nbsp;(or&nbsp;[[Asia (mythology)|Asia]])<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507&ndash;511], Clymene, one of the [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.</ref>|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]|ZEU=(Zeus)|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | | | |!}}
{{chart|ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI | | | | |MUS | | | |HOR |ATL=[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]<ref>According to [[Plato]], ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d&ndash;114a], Atlas was the son of [[Poseidon]] and the mortal [[Cleito]].</ref>|MEN=[[Menoetius (Greek mythology)|Menoetius]]|PRO=[[Prometheus]]<ref>In [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444&ndash;445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446&ndash;447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538&ndash;539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of [[Themis]].</ref>|EPI=[[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]|MUS=<small>The&nbsp;[[Muses]]</small>|HOR=<small>The&nbsp;[[Horae]]</small>}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Zephyrus in Art" class="center" heights="150">
File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Flora And Zephyr (1875).jpg|''[[Flora and Zephyr (Bouguereau)|Flora and Zephyr]]'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], oil on canvas.
File:Hermitage hall 241 - 33 - Luigi Bienaimé - Zephyrus.jpg|Statue of Zephyrus in Hermitage Hall.
File:Mosaico de Océano (48928130318).jpg|Zephyrus and Boreas surround [[Oceanus]] in a mosaic from Portugal.
File:John Gibson-group of statues-Hermitage.jpg|Zephyrus, Psyche and Eros, statue by [[John Gibson (sculptor)|John Gibson]].
File:Zephyr, Greek god of the west wind.jpg|Zephyrus, 1878 engraving.
File:Łazienki - Pałac Myślewicki - 05.jpg|Statue of Zephyrus in Poland.
File:Antonio Balestra - Zephyrus, Flora and Cupid.jpg|Zephyrus, Flora and Cupid by Antonio Balestra.
File:Boucher - Venus mit Bacchus, Ariadne und Zephir, 12168.png|Zephyrus with Venus, Ariadne and Bacchus, eighteenth century.
File:Hyacinthus and Zephyrus 2.jpg|Zephyrus and Hyacinthus red-figure, 440-420 BC.
File:Hyacinthus and Zephyrus.png|Hyacinthus and Zephyrus. Attic Red Figure Kylix. Attributed to Manner of [[Douris Painter]], 500-450 B.C.
File:Antonio_Bonazza-Zephyrus-Upper_Gardens_of_Peterhof.jpg|Statue of Zephyrus in the gardens of Peterhof.
File:Ca'_Rezzonico_-_Zefiro_e_Flora_(Inv.103)_-_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg|''Zéphyr et Flore'' by [[Sebastiano Ricci]], oil on canvas.
File:Zephyrus,_the_west_wind;_in_the_summer_brings_very_sultry_weather,_but_in_the_spring_is_pleasant,_warm,_and_favorable_to_-_Stuart_James_&_Revett_Nicholas_-_1762.jpg|Engraving of Zephyrus.
File:Tiepolo,_Giovanni_Battista_-_The_Triumph_of_Zephyr_and_Flora_-_1734-35.jpg|''Zéphyr et Flore'', by [[Giambattista Tiepolo]], ca. 1730-1735 in [[Ca' Rezzonico]], [[Venice]].
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{portal|Ancient Greece|Ancient Rome|Mythology}}
* [[Bacab]]
* [[Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór]]
* [[Norðri, Suðri, Austri and Vestri]]
* [[Vayu]]
* [[List of wind deities]]
== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Aeschylus]], ''Aeschylus'', with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 1926.
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=C431BA809CA4DEA22A15DA9C666F3400?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0022%3atext%3dLibrary Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* {{cite book | title = Attic red-figured vases in American museums | first = John Davidson | last = Beazley | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | date = 1918 | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/atticredfigured00beazgoog/}}
* {{cite book | author-link = Robert S. P. Beekes | last = Beekes | first = Robert S. P. | title = Etymological Dictionary of Greek | location = Leiden, the Netherlands | publisher = [[Brill Publications]] | date = 2009 | volume = 1 | isbn = 978-90-04-17420-7 | series = Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series | editor = Lucien van Beek | url = https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek}}
* {{cite book | editor-first1 = Brent | editor-last1 = Davis | editor-first2 = Robert | editor-last2 = Laffineur | title = Neoteros: Studies in Bronze Age Aegean Art and Archaeology in Honor of Professor John G. Younger on the Occasion of his Retirement | isbn = 978-90-429-4179-3 | date = March 13, 2020 | publisher = ISD LLC | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiyEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | author-link = Lewis Richard Farnell | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford]] at the [[Clarendon Press]] | date = 1909 | title = The Cults of the Greek States | volume = V | first = Lewis Richard | last = Farnell | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/mode/}}
* {{cite book | first = Gloria | last = Ferrari | title = Alcman and the Cosmos of Sparta | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-226-66867-3 | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | location = USA | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oXbG_4TRs8QC}}
* {{cite book | title = Metamorphosis in Greek Myths | location = Oxford, New York, Toronto | first = Paul M. C. | last = Forbes Irving | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]], [[Clarendon Press]] | date = 1990 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 0-19-814730-9}}
* {{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/early-greek-myth-a-guide-timothy-gantz/ | author-link = Timothy Gantz | last = Gantz | first = Timothy | year = 1996 | title = Early Greek Myth: A guide to literary and artistic sources | location = Baltimore, MD | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | postscript = ;}} in two volumes: (Vol.&nbsp;1) {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}}; (Vol.&nbsp;2) {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}}.
* {{cite book | author-link = Pierre Grimal | last = Grimal | first = Pierre | title = The Dictionary of Classical Mythology | date = 1987 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 0-631-13209-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas00grim/mode/2up?view=theater | location = New York, USA | translator = A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Guirand | first1 = Felix | translator1 = Richard Aldington | translator2 = Delano Ames | last2 = Graves | first2 = Robert | date = December 16, 1987 | title = New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology | publisher = Crescent Books | isbn = 0517004046 | url = https://archive.org/details/newlarousseencyc00robe/}}
* {{cite book | last = Hard | first = Robin | title = The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology" | publisher = [[Psychology Press]] | date = 2004 | isbn = 9780415186360 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC}}
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes''. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]]; ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* {{cite book | title = Apuleius: Cupid and Psyche | series = Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics | author-link = E. J. Kenney | first = Edward J. | last = Kenney | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | date = December 8, 1990 | isbn = 0-521-26038-8 | location =  Cambridge, New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bFNK7qX7l9QC}}
* {{cite book | title =  The Gods of the Greeks | date = 1951 | publisher = Thames and Hudson | location = [[London]], UK | author-link = Károly Kerényi | first = Karl | last = Kerenyi | url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7346/mode/2up?view=theater}}
* {{cite book | last = Kunze | first = Max | title = [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC)]] | volume = VII.1. | publisher = Artemis Verlag | location = Zürich and Munich | date = 1994 | isbn = 3-7608-8751-1}}
* {{cite book | first1 = Henry George | last1 = Liddell | first2 = Robert | last2 = Scott | title = [[A Greek-English Lexicon]], revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie | location = Oxford | publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] | date = 1940 | author1-link = Henry Liddell | author2-link = Robert Scott (philologist)}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057 Online version at Perseus.tufts project.]
* [[Lucian]], ''The Works of Lucian of Samosata'', translated by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler, Oxford: [[The Clarendon Press]], 1905.
* [[Maurus Servius Honoratus]], ''In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii;'' recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* {{cite book | title = Reading Homer's Odyssey | first = Kostas | last = Myrsiades | publisher = [[Bucknell University Press]] | date = April 5, 2019 | isbn = 9781684481361 | location = Pennsylvania, USA | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2bcDwAAQBAJ}}
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], III Books XXXVI-XLVIII. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Pseudo-Oppian|Oppian]], ''Cynegetica'' in [[Oppian]], [[Colluthus]], [[Tryphiodorus]]. Oppian, Colluthus, and Tryphiodorus. Translated by A. W. Mair. Loeb Classical Library 219. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928. [https://archive.org/details/oppiancolluthust00oppiuoft/mode/2up?view=theater Online version at Internet Archive.]
* [[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Ovid's Fasti]]: With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer'', London: W. Heinemann LTD; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1959. [https://archive.org/stream/ovidsfasti00oviduoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* {{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4uhBArQUknYC | title = Lyrica Graeca Selecta | first = Denys Lionel | last = Page | series = Oxford Classical Texts | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = Oxford, New York | date = 1968 | isbn = 0-19-814567-5}}
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy'', translated by A.S. Way, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1913. [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* {{cite book | author-link = Helmut Rix | last = Rix | first = Helmut | date = 2001 | title = Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben | trans-title = Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs | language = German | edition = 2 | location = Wiesbaden | publisher = Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag | isbn = 3895002194 | url = https://archive.org/details/lexikon-der-indogermanischen-verben/}}
* {{cite book | first1 = Luke | last1 = Roman | first2 = Monica | last2 = Roman | title = Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-8160-7242-2 | publisher = Infobase Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC}}
* {{cite book | author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) | last = Smith | first = William | title = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] | location = London, UK | date = 1873 | publisher = John Murray, printed by Spottiswoode and Co.}} [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA Online version at the Perseus.tufts library.]
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{commons category|Zephyrus}}
* [https://www.theoi.com/Titan/AnemosZephyros.html ZEPHYRUS from the Theoi Project]
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000533 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Zephyrus)]
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000533 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 40 images of Flora and Zephyrus)]
{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Greek gods]]
[[Category:Anemoi]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Children of Eos]]
[[Category:Avian humanoids]]
[[Category:Children of Gaia]]
[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Personifications in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Deeds of Apollo]]
[[Category:Deeds of Eros]]
[[Category:Spring deities]]
[[Category:Summer deities]]
[[Category:Cupid and Psyche]]
[[Category:Horse deities]]
[[Category:Deeds of Poseidon]]
[[Category:Wind gods]]