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'''Zeuterin''' (''zū-tur-in'') is the trade name of an injectable product containing [[zinc gluconate]] and the amino acid [[arginine]], which is used for [[Neutering|sterilizing]] young male dogs without the removal of the testicles.<ref name="Macpherson 2012">{{cite book|editor1-last=Macpherson|editor1-first=CNL|editor2-last=Meslin|editor2-first=F-X|editor3-last=Wandeler|editor3-first=AI|title=Dogs, zoonoses and public health|date=2012|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire|isbn=9781845938352|page=265|edition=2nd|chapter=Chemosterilants}}</ref> The product is injected directly into the testicle,<ref name="Romich 2005"/> where the zinc gluconate destroys the [[Spermatozoon|sperm]] and causes [[inflammation]], which leads to [[fibrosis]] and causes sterility.<ref name ="ACCD 2015">{{cite web|title=Zeuterin/Esterilsol: Product profile and position paper|url=http://www.acc-d.org/docs/default-source/Research-and-Innovation/pppp-zeuterinesterilsol-revised-june2015-for-web.pdf?sfvrsn=2|website=Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs|access-date=2017-05-20|date=June 2015}}</ref> Sperm production continues for up to 60 days after product administration, and in some dogs does not stop completely,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tobias|first1=KM|last2=Johnston|first2=Spencer A.|title=Veterinary Surgery|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|location=London|isbn=9780323263375|page=1910|chapter=Nonsurgical sterilization techniques}}</ref> although the product is 99.6% effective when given to dogs aged 3-10 months of age.<ref name="Tobias 2011">{{cite book|last1=Tobias|first1=KM|title=Manual of Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781119949541|chapter=Chapter 29: Canine Castration - Chemical castration}}</ref> Following administration, the testicles atrophy; the degree of atrophy may vary noticeably between testicles.<ref name="Romich 2005" /> The male hormone, [[testosterone]], is produced in limited quantities following treatment with Zeuterin, but after two years, testosterone production is similar to that in untreated dogs.<ref name="Macpherson 2012"/> The continuing presence of testosterone means that, unlike surgical castration, chemical castration does not remove the risk of testosterone-associated disease, such as prostatic disease.<ref name="Romich 2005" />
This method of chemical castration is [[Contraindication|contraindicated]] in cases of undescended testicles ([[cryptorchidism]]), or if [[Scrotum|scrotal]] [[dermatitis]] or testicular disease is present.<ref name="Romich 2005">{{cite book|last1=Romich|first1=Janet Amundson|title=Fundamentals of pharmacology for veterinary technicians|date=2005|publisher=Thomson Delmar Learning|location=Clifton Park, NY|isbn=9781401842932|pages=162–4|chapter=Male hormone-like drugs}}</ref>
If the product is not injected correctly, scrotal ulceration and swelling may occur.<ref name="Macpherson 2012" /> The manufacturer, Ark Sciences, certifies veterinarians to use Zeuterin after they have completed a 5-hour course regarding the correct location and manner to inject the drug.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Quenqua|first1=Douglas|title=New Strides in Spaying and Neutering|url=https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/02/new-strides-in-spaying-and-neutering/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1|access-date=2017-05-20|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=2 December 2013|language=en}}</ref>
In the [[United States]], this product was approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]]  in 2003, under the trade name Neutersol, and was marketed from 2003 to 2005 by Pet Healthcare International.<ref name ="ACCD 2015"/> In 2005, Pet Healthcare International severed ties with its manufacturing partner Addison Biologicals, and production of the drug stopped.<ref name="acc">{{cite web |url=http://www.acc-d.org/Neutersol |title=Neutersol and Esterilsol: Injectable Sterilization for Male Dogs |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>  Ark Sciences acquired the intellectual property to Neutersol, rebranded it as Zeuterin,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ark Sciences Releases Canine Sterilization Drug|url=http://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/News/Ark-Sciences-Releases-Canine-Sterilization-Drug/|access-date=2017-05-20|publisher=Veterinary Practice News|date=18 February 2014|language=en}}</ref> and relaunched it in 2014.<ref name="Lau 2016"/> In 2016, Ark Sciences suspended distribution of Zeuterin.<ref name="Lau 2016">{{cite news|last1=Lau|first1=Edie|title=Zeuterin marketer falters two years after U.S. debut - VIN|url=http://news.vin.com/doc/?id=7308131|access-date=2017-05-20|publisher=The VIN News Service|date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
Outside of the United States, Zeuterin is known by the trade name Esterilsol.<ref name="Macpherson 2012"/>
Zeuterin is based work done by Mostafa S. Fahim to develop a "drug, herein called Kastrin" for use on mammals: "the present treatment can be used on male sheep, pigs, horses and other similar mammals having scrotal testes, including human males."<ref> Injectable male animal sterilant for selectively controlling the function of testes, US Patent 4156427A</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Dog medications]]