View source for Zhili

{{Short description|Direct-controlled regions of Ming and Qing dynasties}}
{{For|the modern province in approximately the same location|Hebei}}
{{Chinese
|pic=File:Qing_Dynasty_Zhili_map_1911.svg|picsize=250px |piccap=Capital: [[Beiping]] ([[Beijing]]) or [[Baoding]]
|t={{linktext|直隸}}|s={{linktext|直隶}} |w=Chih<sup>2</sup>-li<sup>4</sup> |p=Zhílì |l={{nowrap|Directly Ruled [Region]}}
}}
'''Zhili''', [[Wade–Giles|alternately]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as '''Chihli''', was a northern administrative region of China since the 14th century that lasted through the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]] until 1911, when the region was dissolved, converted to a [[Provinces of China|province]], and renamed [[Hebei]] in 1928.
==History==
The name ''Zhili'' means "directly ruled" and indicates regions directly ruled by the imperial government of China.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bird|first=Thomas|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2159833/more-beijings-backyard-hebei-china-where-historical|title=More than Beijing's backyard: Hebei in China, where historical treasures shine through the pollution|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|place=[[Hong Kong]]|date=2018-08-16|access-date=2024-04-01}} - See Jeremiah Jenne's statements.</ref> Zhili province was first constituted during the [[Ming dynasty]] when the capital of China was located at [[Nanjing]] along the [[Yangtze River]]. In 1403, the Ming [[Yongle Emperor]] relocated the capital to Beiping, which was subsequently renamed [[Beijing]].<ref name="peking">Susan Naquin, ''Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900'', p xxxiii</ref>  The region known as [[North Zhili]] was composed of parts of the modern provinces of [[Hebei]], [[Henan]], [[Shandong]], including the provincial-level municipalities of Beijing and [[Tianjin]]. There was another region located around the "reserve capital" Nanjing known as [[South Zhili]] that included parts of what are today the provinces of [[Jiangsu]] and [[Anhui]], including the provincial-level municipality of [[Shanghai]].
During the [[Qing dynasty]], Nanjing lost its status as the "second capital" and Southern Zhili was reconstituted as a regular province, [[Jiangnan Province|Jiangnan]], while Northern Zhili was renamed Zhili Province. In the 18th century the borders of Zhili province were redrawn and spread over what is today [[Beijing]], [[Tianjin]] and the provinces of [[Hebei]], Western [[Liaoning]], Northern [[Henan]], and the [[Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
After the collapse of [[Qing dynasty]], in 1911, the [[Nationalist government|National Government of the Republic of China]] converted Zhili into a province as [[Hebei|Zhili Province]]. In 1928 the National Government assigned portions of northern Zhili province to its neighbors in the north and renamed the remainder [[Hebei|Hebei Province]].
==See also==
{{Portal|China}}
* [[Sili Province]], a similar administrative region during the Han dynasty
* [[Zhongshu Sheng]], a similar administrative region during the Yuan dynasty
* [[North Zhili]] and [[South Zhili]], similar administrative regions during the Ming dynasty
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Republic of China edcp location map (disputed territories) Hopeh.svg |Zhili during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican era]]
File:CEM-36-Regno-della-China-2355.jpg| A 1682 map of the "Kingdom of China, Presently Called [[Cathay]] and [[Manzi (geography)|Mangi]]", using the names "Peking" (Beijing) and "Nangking" (Nanjing) to refer to the Northern and Southern Zhilis
File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-East-2570.jpg | The eastern half of [[Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville|D'Anville]]'s 1734 map of China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet, displaying "Pe-tche-li" (North Zhili) after its southern counterpart became known as "Kiang-nan" (Jiangnan)
File:Qing Dynasty 1820.png| The [[Qing Empire]] in 1820, with pinyin romanization
File:1861 Johnson Map of China - Geographicus - China-johnson-1861.jpg|A map from 1861, which shows "Chihli" (Zhili). The former Jiangnan had already been divided between "Kiangsu" (Jiangsu) and "Nganhwui" (Anhui)
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Zhili|Zhili|a travel topic}}
* {{in lang|en|zh}} [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4448 Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces] from 1821 to 1850
{{Defunct Chinese provinces}}
{{coord|display=title}}
[[Category:Administrative divisions of Imperial China]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Republic of China (1912–1949)]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1928]]